Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U....
Transcript of Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U....
![Page 1: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Transformation of a Synthetic Chemist into an Oil Chemist
Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCSBioproducts and Biosystems Engineering
University of Minnesota
AOCS Annual MeetingA.E. Bailey Award Lecture
MinneapolisMay 07, 2018
![Page 2: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Presentation - Outline
I Introduction: - Research Chronology
K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M.
II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston UniversityA. Molecular Probes to study the micro-environmentB. Synthesis and molecular packing of Glycerol derivativesC. Single crystal structures of mixed chain TAGD. Influence of TAG structure on glycerol conformation
III Industrial Applications: -at Cargill, GM and U of MA. Low VOC Paints and CoatingsB. Synthetic LubricantsC. Cholesterol free animal fatsD. Bio-plasticizers
IV Summary
![Page 3: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Research Chronology
1976-80 Ph.D. Kurukshetra University1980-81 New York Poly, New York1981-91 Boston University, Boston1991-03 Cargill, MPLS2003-04 General Mills, MPLS2005- Univ. of Minnesota, MPLS
Andhra
Kurukshetra
New Delhi
New York
Boston
Minneapolis
![Page 4: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Potential Anti-inflammatory AgentsPh.D. Thesis: >140 new compounds synthesized
Kurukshetra University1976-1980
![Page 5: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fluorescent Molecular Probes
J.C.S. Chem. Comm. 759-760, 1981.J.C.S. Chem. Comm. 758-759, 1981.
Ar = Aromatic
P.I.N.Y.1980-81
ExcimerMonomerCyclodextrins
Micelle
![Page 6: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Lipids – Synthesis, Molecular Packing and Properties
1-acetyl-3-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol
1-palmitoyl-3-acetyl-sn-glycerol
Stereospecific Glycerol Derivatives
Boston University 1981 -91
![Page 7: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 1078-1084, (1984).
2 2 n 3
3 2 14
2 2 14 3
n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,16
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-acyl-sn-glycerols (PPX)
Stereospecific sn-Glycerol Derivatives
sn- Tri- , Di-, and Mono-acylglycerols: TAG, DAG and MAGOOX, OXO, SXS and other homologues
![Page 8: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Polymorphism – Molecular PackingAbility to crystallize into more than one crystal state
Subcell
β β' α
Characterization: XRD, IR, and Raman
Properties: melting temperature, enthalpy, stability, volume, bloom, hardness, texture, mouth feel, graininess,lubricity, air-entrapment
![Page 9: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Polymorphism – PP10
42.5 °C
Liquid
47 °C
37 °C
β 56Å β2’ 37Åβ3’ 37Å
β1’ 111Å
39 °C
α 40.4Å
21 °C
![Page 10: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ref: Larsson K.(1963)
Single Crystal structures of TAG (C10, C12)
Glycerol //
End Methyl Plane
Trilauroyl (C12) Glycerol
β
![Page 11: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Crystal Structures – PP2
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89, 8083, 1992.
β
12
3
1
3
2
Glycerol ┴
![Page 12: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Crystal Structure – PP14 (myrsitoyl)
J Lipid Res. 42, 338-345, 2001
β'2
PP
P
P M M
P PP
Hybrid O ┴
P M M
![Page 13: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
30?
OOPOOS
OPOOSO
Glycerol //Glycerol ┴
Influence of Glycerol Conformation
TAG Enthalpy(Kcal/mol) Melting Temp (°C)OPO 30 22OOP 21 18OSO 32 25OOS 22.5 23
End Methyl Plane
β
SymmetricAsymmetric
β
![Page 14: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Industrial Applications – Market DriversValue creation - Alchemy
CostPerformanceAvailability (Supply / Demand)
Regulations (Availability/Pollution)
EHS (Environment, Health and Safety)
Green Image (Renewable, biodegradable)
Understanding application functionality, market value and opportunity
![Page 15: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
New Product DevelopmentStructure / Properties / Functionality
Chemical Structureand Composition
Physical Structure and Properties
ApplicationsFunctionality
Leverage the connection
Create the desired functionality through Modification of Structure and or Composition.
![Page 16: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Molecular PropertyReactivityUnsaturation (Mono/Poly)Chain lengthSap. ValueAcid ValuePeroxide Value PolaritySolvencyHydrophobicityMol. WeightMol. PackingHeterogeneity
Derived FunctionalityAppearance/ColorViscosity Volatility (VOC)Low Temp. (m.p./f.p., Flow)Drying (film formation)AdhesionTack/Rub-offLubricityOxidative Stability(shelf-life)CompatibilityBiodegradability
Properties VS. Functionality
![Page 17: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
New Product Development – Fats & Oils
COMMERCIALIZED PRODUCTS & TECHNOLOGIES Dilulin – Reactive diluent – Paints Coatings Agripure – A family of synthetic lubricants Moldlube NS – Steel mold lubricant Odyssey 500 – High stability oils CTO – 300 – Formulated lubricant AS-900 – Metal Working Fluid Stabilization of bottled oils
NON-COMMERCIALIZED TECHNOLOGIES Cholesterol free animal fats Cyclopropanated Oils Fertilizer coatings Asphalt release agents Biotechnology – designer TAG EOE, CBE Trans free fats – Maltodextrin encapsulation, oleogels, longer FA TAG Bioplasticizers
Cargill Inc. GM and U of M 1991 - present
![Page 18: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
New Product Development
Industrial Applications:
A) Paints and CoatingsB) Lubricants C) Cholesterol free animal fatsD) Bio-plasticizers
Cargill Inc. GM and U of M 1991 - present
![Page 19: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A) Conventional Solvent Based Coatings
VOLATILES(HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS)
40 - 65%NON VOLATILES
(RESIN + PIGMENTS + DRIERS)
35 - 60%
LIQUID SOLID3 MIL 1 MILDrying
VOC
Resin
![Page 20: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Reactive Diluent - Dilulin(Reduction of VOC)
OO
O OO
O
OO
O OO
O
Linseed Oil DILULINUS 5,693,715 US 5,288,805
![Page 21: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
B) Lubricants – Fats and Oils
Advantages
Excellent boundary lubricationGood viscosity and viscosity indexHigh flash pointBiodegradable, nontoxic Environmentally friendly, renewable
Limitations
Poor oxidative stabilityPoor low temperature flow properties
![Page 22: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Low Temp. VS. Oxidative Stability
Property C18:0 TAG
Saturated
C18:1 TAG
Mono-Unsat
C18:2 TAG
Di-Unsat
C18:3 TAG
Tri-Unsat
Melt Temp (° C) 74 5 -11 -24
Oxidation Rate Low1
Moderate10
High100
Very High200
![Page 23: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cyclopropanated Oils
Carbene :CH2
Simmons-Smith Rx
CH2I2, Zn(Cu)
US 6,051,539
Saturated Oil, liquid -40 °CHigh Oxidative stability
O OOO O
O
Vegetable Oil
![Page 24: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Transesterification of High Oleic Oils
+
-OH
Bio‐based Synthetic Polyol Esters
TMPPE
NPG
High Oleic Oil
US 6,278,006 US 6,943,262
![Page 25: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Heterogeneous Oils - Cont’d
+
+
O
O
O
O
O
O
![Page 26: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Salient Features of Bio-Synthetic Esters
Excellent Low Temperature Fluidity (-25°C) Excellent Oxidative Stability Very High VI (180 - 210) Range of Viscosities (18 - 46 cSt @ 40°C) Low volatility ( < 7%) Good Boundary Lubrication Readily Biodegradable Cost Effective
is a Family of Bio-based synthetic estersAP – 512, 560,570
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 54, 165-170, 2002.
![Page 27: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
C) Cholesterol-free Animal FatsConcept
Polar Hydrophilic head group
NonpolarOleophilic body
U.S. 5,880,300 and 6,303,803
PHOSPHOLIPIDS(Lecithin)
CHOLESTEROL
![Page 28: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Concept
Water Animal Fat/Oil
Cholesterol
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
(Lecithin, a biproduct of SBO processing)
PHOSPHOLIPIDBILAYERS
![Page 29: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cholesterol Removal
Bilayers withcholesterol
Centrifuge Cholesterolremoved oil
Phospholipidswith cholesterol
![Page 30: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Results
Number of Treatments
% Ch
oles
tero
l Rem
oved
Lecithin : Tallow =1:5
0102030405060708090
100
0 1 3 5
![Page 31: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
D) Bioplasticizers – Commercial Opportunity
• Plasticizers market size - $20 Billion/yr
• >90% of Plasticizers used in flexible PVC
• Currently used Petroleum derived “Phthalate” plasticizers have EHS concerns. With time they leach out and cause hormonal disruption and reproductive damage.
• Cost effective bioplasticizrs have a great opportunity
![Page 32: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Glycerol Epoxy Estolide Fatty Acid Esters
Glycerol Fatty AcidEsters Ac2O
Glycerol Epoxy Estolide FattyAcid Esters
R = glycerol derivativen = 0-6 m = 0-3
AcOH
H2O2+ Cat.
Glycerol EpoxyFatty AcidEsters
AcOH
![Page 33: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Summary of Plastisol Evaluation
Gelation
PlastisolViscosity
Plastisol Aging
EfficiencyCold Flex
Volatility
Compatibility
DINPBioplasticizer
Cost of the bioplasticizer is about $0.75/lb similar to commercial phthalates
![Page 34: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Summary
Skills to modify structure – Synthesis, Characterization
Structure - Properties - Functionality relationship to create new products
Functional properties that are lacking can be brought in through chemical modification to make value added products useful in coatings, lubricants and plasticizers
Cost, Performance, Environmental factors and Regulations are major driving forces for using oils and their derivatives in industrial applications
![Page 35: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Acknowledgements
SP Singh SN Sawhney O. Prakash J. Emert D. Small
T. Redgrave D. Atkinson D. Fahey M. Badr J. Hamilton
K. Li F. Kaneko M.Kobayashi J. Evans P. Addis
L. DeBonte M. Grass B. Woldt M. Nathan S. Nivens
Z. Fan R. Duclos J. Powell K. Krishnan M. Goto
K. Sato J. Yano L. Lei H.T. Davis L. Dassanayake
S. Ueno S. Kandula L. Stolp S. Bhamidipati R. Catena
W. Byrdwell R. Tomer P. Phalon I. Prakash G. Dhindsa
![Page 36: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Metabolism – OOS and OSO
TAG
2-MAG +FA
lipase
Absorp. Enterocytes
TAGpackage into
Chylomicrons
Lipoproteins
% in
ject
ed (
CPM
)
Time (min)J. Biol. Chem. 263, 5118, 1988.
[VLDL to LDL to HDL]
![Page 37: Dharma R. Kodali, Ph.D., FAOCS · Presentation -Outline I Introduction: - Research Chronology K.U. PINY B.U. Industry (Cargill/GM) U.M. II Learnings: - at P.I.N.Y. and Boston University](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5f3ed5a095306d604951c700/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Low Temp. VS. Oxidative Stability
Property C18:0 TAG
C18:1 TAG
C18:2 TAG
C18:3 TAG
Melt Temp (° C) 74 5 -11 -24Oxidation Rate Low
1Moderate
10High100
Very High200
Poor
Excellent
Perf
orm
ance
Sats Monos Polys