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Contents

Page

Executive Summary 1

1 Introduction 7

2 Literature survey 9

2.1 A general review of network losses 9

2.2 Regulatory issues on losses of distribution networks with DG 10

2.3 Impact of DG on network losses 10

2.4 Methods of estimating network losses with DG 11

2.5 Summary of the methods of calculating technical losses of distribution networks

with DGs 152.6 Brief description of the methodology used for the losses assessment in this project17

3 Development of average typical network model and proposed three networks

for investigation 18

3.1 Average typical network model and development 18

3.1.1 Make up and connectivity of GSPs 18

3.1.2 132kV circuits and 132kV transformer groups 19

3.1.3 33kV circuits and 33kV transformer groups 26

3.1.4 11kV circuits and distribution transformer groups 32

3.2 Three networks for analysis and network specifications 38

4 Generation scenarios to be modelled and investigated for network losses 41

4.1 Methodology 41

4.2 The existing DG installations and the assumptions for the connection of DG 41

4.2.1 Existing renewables 41

4.2.2 Assumptions for the connection of renewables 42

4.2.3 Existing CHP installations 43

4.2.4 Assumptions for the connection of CHP 44

4.2.5 Fossil fuel fired non-CHP 44

4.3 Representative DNO 45

4.3.1 Representative DNO 45

4.3.2 Assumptions of GSP compositions for the representative DNO 454.4 Prediction of distributed generation and mapping to distribution networks 46

4.4.1 Renewables 46

4.4.2 CHP 49

4.4.3 Scenarios for fossil fuel fired non-CHP 51

4.4.4 Summary of baseline DG scenarios for one GSP 53

4.4.5 Baseline DG connection scenarios in the network modelling 53

5 Modelling approach and modelling tool 56

5.1.1 General description 56

5.1.2 Load and generation half hour profiles 57

5.1.3 Network replication 58

5.1.4 Low voltage loads 58

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6 Profiles of load and generation 59

6.1 Load profiles 59

6.1.1 Domestic load 59

6.1.2 Commercial load 61

6.1.3 Industrial load 62

6.2 Generator profiles 66

6.2.1 Wind generator 66

6.2.2 Landfill gas 67

6.2.3 Biomass profile 68

6.2.4 Waste energy profile 68

6.2.5 Micro CHP 68

7 Case studies for the impact on network losses of DG 70

7.1 Modelling studies on three networks for a period of one year 70

7.1.1 Modelling studies on the urban biased network 71

7.1.2 Modelling studies on the mixed urban/rural network 89

7.1.3 Modelling studies on the rural biased network 106

7.1.4 Summary of the case studies on three networks 121

7.2 Snapshot comparison of the impact on network losses of DG 122

7.2.1 Results for the study on the base network 122

7.2.2 Results for the study with DG penetration 125

7.2.3 Comparison of the modelling results on the snapshot studies 127

7.3 Observations and summary of the case studies 128

7.4 Analysis on LV losses 129

8 Conclusions 133

8.1 Modelling Tool 1338.2 Networks used 133

8.3 Distributed generation scenarios and profiles 134

8.4 Case studies 134

9 Recommendations 136

10 Acknowledgements 136

Appendix I References i

Appendix II Network configurations ii

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132kV

33kV

132kV circuit rating and length comparison

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Rating (MVA)

Le

nght(km)

Distribution Network Operator 1 Distribution Network Operator 2

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parameters for 132kV circuits -urban (% , per km)

00.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

R (%)

X(%)

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$'&11%(11+&&0&"-$&"%/&%/%+%&"++&%-11/%+)-+#"%

&=-"11*)&'0&=-&'5+"1"-$&'+"++&&"&&(+!F0&&'&/&!F+"%0$&(-/5

555555555555 */#"1/""$&+&0!F##-+*/#"1/""$&+&0!F##-+*/#"1/""$&+&0!F##-+*/#"1/""$&+&0!F##-+

#-+#"/"#+&"%'1&%(+#-+#"/"#+&"%'1&%(+#-+#"/"#+&"%'1&%(+#-+#"/"#+&"%'1&%(+

"++&/1+)&170$%/+%"%'"%"1*0##-+'"+"0+

+)-+%&+!/&"+7-+1%&+&)&8"+%0"11!F##-+"%'+&"#"+&'"+%(5

33kV

11kV

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27

33kV Circuit rating and length comparison

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Circuit Rating (MVA)

CircuitLength(km)

Distribution Network Operator 1 Distribution Network Operator 2

9(-&59(-&59(-&59(-&5 !F##-+"+%("%'&/+8#-+1&%(+!F##-+"+%("%'&/+8#-+1&%(+!F##-+"+%("%'&/+8#-+1&%(+!F##-+"+%("%'&/+8#-+1&%(+

&/1+11-+"+&+"++&&"#1-+&%(0!F##-+"+%(+%"

+F"+%(5&1&%(+0+-+"&)&8&'+8"*0$+"+0"0&!$+4

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*/#"1!F##-+$/&'"%#&*/#"1!F##-+$/&'"%#&*/#"1!F##-+$/&'"%#&*/#"1!F##-+$/&'"%#&

%/+%0##-+'"+"0++)-+%&+!/&"+-+"++&&"%)&8&'#1-+&%(0##-+$/&'"%#&5&&"&11-+"+&'%

+"++&/1+)&17#+&)&8"+%0"11!F##-+"%'

+&"#"+&'&+"%#&"%'&"#+"%#&/&!$2""/&%+"(&%"F)"&35

9(-&N59(-&N59(-&N59(-&N5 !F#!F#!F#!F##-+#-+#-+#-+$/&'"%#&$/&'"%#&$/&'"%#&$/&'"%#&

&/1+&%#$/"#-+0'00&&%+"+%(+1&"+&'##-+

"8%(1"(&$/&'"%#&'-&++&"8"1")1+%"1"&"5&8"+

$"6+*&8&&&$+1&%+&-)5

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*/#*/#*/#*/#"1!F##-+$/&'"%#&0-"1!F##-+$/&'"%#&0-"1!F##-+$/&'"%#&0-"1!F##-+$/&'"%#&0-)"%"%'-"1##-+)"%"%'-"1##-+)"%"%'-"1##-+)"%"%'-"1##-+

&&:"$%"+%0##-+/""$&+&0+&!F##-+0+"1"(&'&8"+%0)+&+"%#&"%'&"#+"%#&5%++%7-)"%"%'

-"1##-+"&&/""+&'"%'+#-+/""$&+&"&%8&+("+&'5

1"0#"+%0-)"%"%'-"1##-+)"&'%+&%0$"+%/8'&')*%&"%'+&&:"$%"+%0+#-+/""$&+&5"$/1&0##-+"+&%#&%"+&+*/#"1-)"%"%'-"1##-+1)"*5&

/""$&+&0+&&+*/#"1##-+"&&:"$%&'"%'+&+*/#"18"1-&0+&

##-+"&$$&%'&'+&/&&%++#-+%+&$'&11%(5

)"%##-+

&011%(#"++&/1++&)&8"+%0-)"%!F##-+"%'

+&"#"+&'&+"%#&"%'&"#+"%#&/&!$2""/&%+"(&%"

F)"&35

Parameters for urban circuits - 33kV (per km,

% on 100MVA base)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60

R (%)

X(%)

9(-&59(-&59(-&59(-&5!F##!F##!F##!F##-+$/&'"%#&-+$/&'"%#&-+$/&'"%#&-+$/&'"%#&4444----)"%)"%)"%)"%

9-+&"%"1*0+&'"+"(8&+&$&"%"%'+"%'"''&8"+%0+&

$/&'"%#&0+#-+7#"&%#1-'&'%+&011%(+")1&5

")1&5")1&5")1&5")1&5 .""$&+&%.""$&+&%.""$&+&%.""$&+&%----)"%##-+)"%##-+)"%##-+)"%##-+4444!F!F!F!F

2I3 P2I3#-+

&"% &"%

!F-)"% 5ND 5 5

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-"1##-+

&011%(#"++&/1++&)&8"+%0-"1!F##-+"%'

+&"#"+&'&+"%#&"%'&"#+"%#&/&!$2""/&%+"(&%"

F)"&35

9(-&59(-&59(-&59(-&5!F##-!F##-!F##-!F##-+$/&'"%#&+$/&'"%#&+$/&'"%#&+$/&'"%#&4444-"1-"1-"1-"1

9-+&"%"1*0+&'"+"(8&+&$&"%"%'+"%'"''&8"+%0+&

$/&'"%#&0+#-+7#%#1-'&'%+&011%(+")1&5

")1&5")1&5")1&5")1&5 .""$&+&0-"1##-+.""$&+&0-"1##-+.""$&+&0-"1##-+.""$&+&0-"1##-+4444!F!F!F!F

2I3 P2I3#-+&"% &"%

!F-"1 5

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9$+&/1+")8&7+&&%+"++&&"'&0%+8-+&%(0

$/&'"%#&0!F+"%0$&5++#-+7+&&11

&%#$/"""%(&0L&"%'+&011%(+")1&)&111-+"+&+&

)&8&'L&"%'&1"+8&/&%+"(&%+"11&'0"+)-+%&+!

/&"+5

")1&5")1&5")1&5")1&5 !F+"%0$&!F+"%0$&!F+"%0$&!F+"%0$&+"++#0%&+"++#0%&+"++#0%&+"++#0%&AAAA!F!F!F!F

!F"%0$&"+%(

2F3.&%+"(&%+"11&'

D D5EDI

5DI

5E

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&"% &"%

DF D5 5 5 5

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9(-&D59(-&D59(-&D59(-&D5!F-)"%-"1$:&'0&&'&!F-)"%-"1$:&'0&&'&!F-)"%-"1$:&'0&&'&!F-)"%-"1$:&'0&&'&

9(-&

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N:!F+"%0$&"1%(+&0&&'&"%'

N:

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!FF-//1*""%(&$&%+!FF-//1*""%(&$&%+!FF-//1*""%(&$&%+!FF-//1*""%(&$&%+

./&+*&(%

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")1&D5")1&D5")1&D5")1&D5 919191910-0-0-0-&1&1&1&10&'%%0&'%%0&'%%0&'%%4444G.G.G.G.%%&.%%&.%%&.%%&.

:&'.

910-&10&'

%%4G.%%+%

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53

D5D5DD5D5DD5D5DD5D5D -$$"*0)"&1%&%"0%&.-$$"*0)"&1%&%"0%&.-$$"*0)"&1%&%"0%&.-$$"*0)"&1%&%"0%&.

&011%(+")1&-$$"&+&)"&1%&%"0%&.

")1&D5")1&D5")1&D5")1&D5 -$$"*0)"&1%&%"0%&.-$$"*0)"&1%&%"0%&.-$$"*0)"&1%&%"0%&.-$$"*0)"&1%&%"0%&.

&%&")1&&%&")1&&%&")1&&%&")1&

&/ )"%. :&'. -"1.

8

L&

F)$" F 5

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55

&)"&1%%%+%#&%"&0&&'+"#&%"2)"&

#&%"3%+"&+-'&0&"#%&+!5$&%"2#&%""%'#&%"3"&'&8&'0$+&)"&%"+#"+&0+&

8""+%0+&%-$)&"%'+"/"#+&0#%%+%0&"#

%&+!5&/&%&+"+%1&8&1%#&"&'%+&'&0#&%"7

#&%""%'#&%"5&'&+"10+&%""&(8&%%+%E0+"&+-'&5

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56

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9(-&N59(-&N59(-&N59(-&N5B"%C!&&+0+&B"%C!&&+0+&B"%C!&&+0+&B"%C!&&+0+&$'&11%($'&11%($'&11%($'&11%(+1+1+1+1"+&+"%$"%-"11*&%+&%('"+"'+1*%++&!&&+0%&+!

#$/%&%+7+-(+/&0+1*/)1&7+0+&%$%8&%&%++

-&+&.Q/("$+#%+-#++&)"#%&+!$'&15.Q/8'&

("/#"1#"/")1+&+'""%&+!%&41%&'"("$5%/-+'"+")*

&0&%(++'"("$7+(&+&++&0"#1+&$/10*+&)-1'%(0"

%&+!$'&1"%'&'-#&+"%#&0&5%#&+&)"#%&+!'"+"

")&&%"&$)1&'%.Q7+&8"-.Q!&&+#"%+&%)&B#-+"%'/"+&'C%++&&1&8"%+1&+1!&&+%#&+&"$&!&&+

+-#+-&"'&1)&"+&1*-&'5

"%(+&"%"1*%"104-1*1"'"%'(&%&"+%#-8&$&"%+"+D1"'01%&&'+)&/&0$&'0&"#'"*0+&$-1"+%51&"'+

E7

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/&'0+"+)-)""%'+&8"1-&-&'0"%*/"+#-1"1"'0111)&

#"1&'-%(+&"///"+&0"#+0$+&%$"1&'#-8&5

9-+&'&+"1%+&"10-/01&01"'"%'(&%&"+%"&%#1-'&'%

+%5

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.01&01"'"%'(&%&"+%.01&01"'"%'(&%&"+%.01&01"'"%'(&%&"+%.01&01"'"%'(&%&"+%

5555 "'/01&"'/01&"'/01&"'/01&

55555555 $&+#1"'$&+#1"'$&+#1"'$&+#1"'

(&%+"%'"'&++1&$&%+/01&0'$&+#-%&+#+&'1"'2%(1&3

-&'0+&$'&11%(0+&'$&+#1"'#-+$&5"'/01&0-#//&+&"&"8"1")1&%+&%&)-+F%&+!'&(%+1"%'+&

@+*1&'?'&$"%'/01&0+&&1&8"%+#-+$&+*/&-&'5&/01&

/1+%+"8&"(&/01&0&&!'"*"%'&&!&%'7008&&"%/%(7-$$&7(-$$&7"-+-$%"%'%+&5&/01&%#1#!+$&"10

-5

&/1+)&1"%11-+"+%0+&&:/+&''&$"%'"10-2GG3/01&

0'$&+#//&+&++&8""+%%+&%+&"%'-$$&/&'%5

9(-&59(-&59(-&59(-&5&"%"1&"%"1&"%"1&"%"1"10-"10-"10-"10-''''$&+#1"'/01&$&+#1"'/01&$&+#1"'/01&$&+#1"'/01&

@/01&?"+&%-&'+*%+&&%&*&"?1"''"+"2E7

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")1&D5")1&D5")1&D5")1&D5 &"!'&"!'&"!'&"!'%0"%%-"11"'/01&%0"%%-"11"'/01&%0"%%-"11"'/01&%0"%%-"11"'/01&

&"%&"%&"%&"% "*"*"*"*

/%(

-$$&

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&"%%-"1'"*/01&0+&'$&+#1"'(8&%%+&011%(0(-&5

&1"'0"#+0+&'$&+#1"'5DE5

Day profiles for LV domestic load

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

1 27 53 79 105 131 157 183 209 235 261 287 313 339

Day

Demand

9(-&59(-&59(-&59(-&5%%-"1'"*/01&0+&'$&+#1"'%%-"1'"*/01&0+&'$&+#1"'%%-"1'"*/01&0+&'$&+#1"'%%-"1'"*/01&0+&'$&+#1"'

55555555 $$"11"'$$"11"'$$"11"'$$"11"'

555555555555 "($$"11"'"($$"11"'"($$"11"'"($$"11"'

&1"'/01&01"($$"11"'%+/6+)"&'%+&%&

+"+""$":$-$'&$"%'0E5

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9(-&D59(-&D59(-&D59(-&D5G"10-G"10-G"10-G"10-/01&/01&/01&/01&01"($$"11"'01"($$"11"'01"($$"11"'01"($$"11"'AAAA/%(/%(/%(/%(

-%'"*-%'"*-%'"*-%'"*

555555555555 $"11#$$"11"'$"11#$$"11"'$"11#$$"11"'$"11#$$"11"'

%&$"11#$$"11"'/01&-&'%+/6+51"'/01&

)"&'%$":$-$'&$"%'-%&+#+&'#$$"11"'5&/01&/1+%+"8&"(&/01&0&&!'"*"%'&&!&%'7008&&"%/%(7

-$$&7(-$$&7"-+-$%"%'%+&5

&)&"!'%0+&*&"/01&%+'00&&%+&"%"%''"*"&+&

"$&"+"+"//1&'0+&'$&+#1"'#-+$&5

&1"'0"#+0+1"'5D7"%'+&011%(0(-&+&'&+"10+&/01&0+&&+*/#"1'"*%/%(&"%5

9(-&

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63

")1&DE5")1&DE5")1&DE5")1&DE5 $&/"++%0%'-+"11"'$&/"++%0%'-+"11"'$&/"++%0%'-+"11"'$&/"++%0%'-+"11"'

.&"! 4N 87"%79&)

%49

E4 87"%79&)

%49

(+ 4E 11*&"

+& %*+&+$&

555555555555 %'-+"1%'-+"1%'-+"1%'-+"11111"'"'"'"'////01&01&01&01&

&%'-+"11"'/01&)"&'%"%%'-+"1#-+$&+"

$":$-$'&$"%'0E"%'"1"'0"#+05D5&011%(+")1&

(8&"-$$"*0+&1"'#""#+&+#5

")1&D5")1&D5")1&D5")1&D5 -$$"*0+&%'-+"11"'/01&-$$"*0+&%'-+"11"'/01&-$$"*0+&%'-+"11"'/01&-$$"*0+&%'-+"11"'/01&

. G G

2!3 7 7D E7 E7

8(.59T 5D 5EN 5 5

2!3 E7E D7NN7E 7N7 7E7

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64

555555555555 %'-+"1%'-+"1%'-+"1%'-+"11111"'"'"'"'////01&01&01&01&

&%'-+"11"'/01&)"&'%"%%'-+"1#-+$&+"$":$-$'&$"%'0"%'"1"'0"#+05N5&011%(+")1&(8&

"-$$"*0+&1"'#""#+&+#5

")1&DN5")1&DN5")1&DN5")1&DN5 -$$"*0+&%'-+"11"'/01&-$$"*0+&%'-+"11"'/01&-$$"*0+&%'-+"11"'/01&-$$"*0+&%'-+"11"'/01&

. G G

2!3 7 7 7EN 7N

8(.59T 5N 5NE 5NE 5N

2!3

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65

")1&

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66

9(-&N59(-&N59(-&N59(-&N5G"10-/01&0"+*/#"1&&!G"10-/01&0"+*/#"1&&!G"10-/01&0"+*/#"1&&!G"10-/01&0"+*/#"1&&!AAAA%'-+"11"'%'-+"11"'%'-+"11"'%'-+"11"'

////01&01&01&01&

5555 &%&"+/&%&"+/&%&"+/&%&"+/01&01&01&01&

55555555 %'(&%&"+%'(&%&"+%'(&%&"+%'(&%&"+

0&/01&0%'0"$"8&)&&%/8'&')*5"&'%+&

"%"1*0+&/01&+0+&$&&&1+&'0+&$'&11%(+-'*%

+/6+5%&&/&&%+"%'0"$+%+"11&'92-)1*9&'%'-#+%&%&"+3$"#%&7"%'+&+&"%'0"$+$&

+"'+%"1%'-#+%(&%&"+5

555555555555 %'0"$%'0"$%'0"$%'0"$////01&01&01&01&

&"%%-"1"10-2GG3/01&0+%'0"$")+"%&'+-(+&

$&+&%(/%+5&"+&'-+/-+0+&%'0"$52D:

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67

O n e d a y H H p r o f i le A p r i l 1 s t - D F I G

- 4 . 0 0 0

- 2 . 0 0 0

0 . 0 0 0

2 . 0 0 0

4 . 0 0 0

6 . 0 0 0

8 . 0 0 0

1 0 .0 0 0

1 4 7 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 2 2 5 2 8 3 1 3 4 3 7 4 0 4 3 4 6

H H

Output

P(MW),Q(MVar) P

Q

9(-&59(-&59(-&59(-&5GG/01&GG/01&GG/01&GG/01&0%'0"$0%'0"$0%'0"$0%'0"$AAAA."%'H0."%'H0."%'H0."%'H0%&'"*%&'"*%&'"*%&'"*

555555555555 %'0"$/01&%'0"$/01&%'0"$/01&%'0"$/01&

++&/&8-'"+"7+&"%%-"1GG/01&0+%'0"$"

)+"%&'+-(+&$&+&%(/%+5&"+&'#"/"#+*5&++"1-+/-+57"%'+&1"'0"#+N5NI5

&011%(+")1&-$$"&+&$%+1*/'-#+%0+&%'0"$5

")1&

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68

O n e d a y H H p r o f il e - A p r i l 1 - L a n d f il l

1 .7 9

1 .7 9 5

1 . 8

1 .8 0 5

1 .8 1

1 .8 1 5

1 .8 2

1 .8 2 5

1 4 7 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 2 2 5 2 8 3 1 3 4 3 7 4 0 4 3 4 6

H H

O

utputP

(M

W)

9(-&59(-&59(-&59(-&5G"10-(&%&"+%/01&0%&'"*G"10-(&%&"+%/01&0%&'"*G"10-(&%&"+%/01&0%&'"*G"10-(&%&"+%/01&0%&'"*

55555555 $"/01&$"/01&$"/01&$"/01&

%&)$"/01&"/8'&')*""%'-&'%+&+-'*+&/&&%+)$"5&)$""+&'"+5&++"1"%%-"1-+/-+

E5N5&1"'0"#+I5&"%"1*0+&/01&%'#"+&+"++&

(&%&"+%/01&"1$+01"+0+&1&*&"5

55D55D55D55D "+&&%&(*/01&"+&&%&(*/01&"+&&%&(*/01&"+&&%&(*/01&

%&/01&0"+&&%&(*"/8'&')*""%'-&'+&/&&%+

"+&&%&(*(&%&"+%5&"+&'#"/"#+*0+&"+&&%&(*+&5&"%%-"1++"1-+/-+N5E+"1"'0"#+0EN5DI5

&(&%&"+%(&%&"11*01"++-(-++&*&"+$&0+&'"*-+

'%5&011%(0(-&+&"10-/01&0"+*/#"1'"*5

O n e d a y H H p r o f i l e - M a y 3 1 W a s t e

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4 7 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 2 2 5 2 8 3 1 3 4 3 7 4 0 4 3 4 6

H H

O

utputP

M

W

9(-&59(-&59(-&59(-&5G"10-(&%&"+%/01&0%&'"*G"10-(&%&"+%/01&0%&'"*G"10-(&%&"+%/01&0%&'"*G"10-(&%&"+%/01&0%&'"*AAAA"+&&%&(*"+&&%&(*"+&&%&(*"+&&%&(*

55

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69

"-+-$%"%'%+&5&)&"!'%0+&*&"?/01&%+'00&&%+&"%

"%''"*"&+&"$&"+"+"//1&'+'$&+#1"'#-+$&5

"'0"#+0+&"-$&'G.55&011%(0(-&+&

'&+"10+&%$"1&'GG'"*/01&5&$":$-$8"1-&0+&

%$"1&'/01&-%+5

9(-&59(-&59(-&59(-&5&%&"+&%&"+&%&"+&%&"+%/01&0+&G.-&'%+&%/01&0+&G.-&'%+&%/01&0+&G.-&'%+&%/01&0+&G.-&'%+&$'&11%($'&11%($'&11%($'&11%(5555

MCHP Profiles

0

0.20.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1 4 7 1013 161922 252831 343740 4346

HH

Autumn WDAutumn SatAutumn SunHigh Summer WDHigh Summer SatHigh Summer SunSpring WDSpring SatSpring SunSummer WDSummer SatSummer SunWinter WDWinter SatWinter Sun

Normalisedoutput

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70

EEEE "&+-'&0+&$/"#+%%&+!1&0"&+-'&0+&$/"#+%%&+!1&0"&+-'&0+&$/"#+%%&+!1&0"&+-'&0+&$/"#+%%&+!1&0

&+&&%&+!2-)"%)"&'7$:&'-)"%-"1"%'-"1)"&'3&&%8&+("+&'-%(+&+1+-%'&+"%'+&%+&"#+%)&+&&%+&

$"(%+-'&"%'/"++&%0(&%&"+%"%''&$"%'"%'+"00+&'

1&"+&"#81+"(&1&8&1"%'"#+&%&+!""1&5

&$'&11%(+-'&&"&'-+0""%(&0#&%"#8&%("

"%(&0+%1(&5&+-'"&'-+-&'""%(&0'&$"%'"%'

(&%&"+%/01&&&+")1&''-%(+-&0+&/6+5

&$'&11%(+-'&&"&'-+/&'$%"%+1*0"%"%%-"1/&'5

&&0%"/++-'&&8&&&"1#"&'-+0"#1&4-/%8&+("+%0+&$/"#+0%%&+!1&5

E5E5E5E5 '&11%(+-'&%+&&%&+!0'&11%(+-'&%+&&%&+!0'&11%(+-'&%+&&%&+!0'&11%(+-'&%+&&%&+!0""""/&'/&'/&'/&'0%&*&"0%&*&"0%&*&"0%&*&"

9-#"&+-'&&"&'-+%&"#0+&+&&%&+!0"/&'0

%&*&"5&&+-'&&&

"&4)"&%&+!

"&4)"&%&+!Q#&%"

"&4)"&%&+!Q#&%"

"&D4)"&%&+!Q#&%"

"&+-'*+&$'&11%(+-'*%+&)"&%&+!+"+"/"8&%&+!+-+"%*#%%+%05#%%+%"&%#1-'&'0+&

+-'&%#"&7#"&"%'#"&D5&%"+&)"&1%&%"(8&%%+%D5D5

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71

&$'&11%(&-1+&&"%"1*&'0&"##"&+-'*5&/""+&+%

-$$"&"%'#$/"&+&$/"#+0'00&&%+#&%"%+&%&+!1&0&"#%&+!5

9%"11*7+&$/"#+0'00&&%+/&%&+"+%1&8&1%%&+!1&"

#$/"&'0+&&%&+!5

E55E55E55E55 '&11%(+-'&%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!'&11%(+-'&%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!'&11%(+-'&%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!'&11%(+-'&%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!

%+/"+0+&&/+7+&$'&11%(+-'&%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!&&-$$"&'5&+"(&+#$/+%0+&%&+!&+"I-)"%7

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")1&

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&/&%&+"+%1&8&1"&-$$"&'%+&011%(+")1&5&

/&%&+"+%1&8&1""1#-1"+&'%+&$0+&@.%&+!#"/"#+*?2+&++"1#"/"#+*0+&.%&+!"')&'%+%E555371"'"%'

1"'&/+8&1*+(8&"(''/+%0+&/&%&+"+%5

")1&

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74

$"(%+-'&"%'/"++&%0+&(&%&"+%"%''&$"%'"%'+"00+

%&+!1&5&@"%%-"1'"1*/01&?0+&/&01"%'1&"&)"&'%+&'"*8"1-+&"8&"(&0D1"'01&-1+0"

'"*5

%%-"1%%-"1%%-"1%%-"1++"1++"1++"1++"1

&&-1+0+&$'&11%(+-'*0+&"%%-"1++"1"&(8&%%+&

011%(+")1&7#(8&+&)&"!'%0+&&-1+"+'00&&%+(-/

1&8&1"%'+&++"10+&.%&+!5

&+&$-&'%+&+")1&"&&:/1"%&'%+&011%(

%014+&%010&"1/&01%(%++&(-/0$+&(-/

1&8&1")8&59&:"$/1&70+#-+(-/7+&B%01C

&/&&%++&&"1/&01%(%++#-+(-/0$+&

%'"&0+&!F+"%0$&5

&%A&(&%&"+%"++(-/1&8&159&:"$/1&70+#-+(-/7+&B&%C&/&&%++&&"1/&/'-#+%0+&(&%&"+

#%%+&'"++(-/5

+"1&%&(*%+"!&A+&-$0@%01?"%'@&%?0+&(-/5&@+"1&%&(*%+"!&?0+&.%&+!+&-$$"+%0+&/&

01%(++&%&+!0$."%'+&-+/-+0+&(&%&"++%

+&%&+!5

"'A+&1"'#%%+&'"++&-)+"+%(-/5'&%+

"//1*++#-+(-/59&:"$/1&0!F+"%0$&(-/7

B1"'C&/&&%++&1"'#%%+&''+1*++&%'"*

)-)"0+&!F+"%0$&5

&+"'A1"'#%%+&'%+#-+(-/5'&%+"//1*+(-/59&:"$/1&7%+"&0##-+(-/7+&B&+1"'C&/&&%++&1"'#%%+&'%++&!F##-+5

+"1"'A+&++"11"'#%%+&'%+&(-/2-$$"+%0"'"%'&+"'35

9:&'&A+&0:&'1&0+&(-/5+&0:&'1&0+#-+"&%+$'&11&'20:&'1&0+#-+"%'&&'

%&(1()1&"%'+&&0&%+$'&11&'%+&+-'*37+&&-1+00:&'

1&"&L&0##-+(-/5

F"")1&&A&8"")1&1&0&"#(-/1&8&15

+"1&A+&-$00:&'1&"%'8"")1&1&5

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75

I1&A+&/&%+"(&0+&1&++&@++"1&%&(*%+"!&?0+&(-/5

&@+"1?%+&1"+0+&+")1&(8&+&&-1+0+&++"10+&.

%&+!5&@%01?0+&@+"1?0+&.%&+!%'#"+&+&/&

01%(0$+&.++&%&+!5

&/&%+"(&1&0+&.%&+!+&++"11&0+&%&+!""/&%+"(&0+&@+"1&%&(*%+"!&?0+&%&+!5

")1&

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76

Power flow - annual day profile

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1 20 39 58 77 96 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 286 305 324 343 362

Day

MW

Inflow Gen Loads

9(-&

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77

+%+&'0$+&0(-&")8&+"++&0:&'1&"%+"%++-(-+

+&*&"1&+&8"")1&1"%(&5&++"11&011+&"$&/"++&%"+&8"")1&1&5&&"&'+%#+8&/"++&%08"")1&1&

"%'+&&)*+&++"11&0+&08&'00&&%+&"%5&$":$-$++"1

1#-%%+&&"%&%+&1"'%("++/&"!5

&011%(0(-&+&"%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&0:&'

1&7+&/&%+"(&8"")1&1&"%'+&/&%+"(&++"11&0+&

.%&+!5

Percentage losses - day profile

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

1 20 39 58 77 96 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 286 305 324 343 362

Day

%

%Fixed losses % Variable losses % Total losses

9(-&E59(-&E59(-&E59(-&E5%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%&+!1&%&+!1&%&+!1&%&+!1&4444

)"&%&+!)"&%&+!)"&%&+!)"&%&+!AAAA-)"%)"&'%&+!-)"%)"&'%&+!-)"%)"&'%&+!-)"%)"&'%&+!

+%+&'+"++&/&%+"(&0:&'1&(&"+1(+1"'#%'+%5

%+-%&:/+&'"+&'&%$%"+0+&/&%+"("1#-1"+%"+1(+1"'#%'+%$"11&"%'+&%'-/+"(&&-1+5("%+&

(&+/&%+"(&++"11&"//&%%%+&+$&5

+%+&&+%(+%+&+"++&/&%+"(&++"11&"1$+011+&"$&

/"++&%0+&1&%+&&"%7#'00&&%+++&++"11&20(-&

3+"+")('/'-%(+&+$"/&'5)"-&+&

/&%+"(&1&""1#-1"+&'"+&"+0++"11&8&+&/&%010$+&.2(&%&"+%L&%+#"&35++&++"11&"%'

+&/&%010$+&."&'//&''-%(+&+$"/&'5

E555DE555DE555DE555D &-1+0#&-1+0#&-1+0#&-1+0#"&"&"&"&AAAA)"&)"&)"&)"&%&+!%&+!%&+!%&+!QQQQ

%+#"&+-'*7'+)-+&'(&%&"+"%%+&'++&)"&%&+!+

%8&+("+&+&$/"#+0%+&%&+!1&5&$'&11%(+-'*%#"&%#1-'&+%%+%0#&%"7%#+&/&%&+"+%1&8&1

+&1&+0+&&%"5

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%%-"1%%-"1%%-"1%%-"1++"1++"1++"1++"1

++&)"&%&+!7+&&-1+0+&$'&11%(+-'*0+&"%%-"1++"1"&(8&%%+&011%(+")1&7#(8&+&)&"!'%0+&&-1+

"+'00&&%+(-/1&8&1"%'+&++"10+&.%&+!5

")1&

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0

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

1 22 43 64 85 106 127 148 169 190 211 232 253 274 295 316 337 358

Day

MW

Inflow Gen Loads

9(-&59(-&59(-&59(-&5%%-"1'"*/01&0/&%01%%-"1'"*/01&0/&%01%%-"1'"*/01&0/&%01%%-"1'"*/01&0/&%010$0$0$0$....7777(&%&(&%&(&%&(&%&"+%"%'1"'"+%"%'1"'"+%"%'1"'"+%"%'1"'AAAA#&%"#&%"#&%"#&%"

&+!1"'"&%+#"%(&'0'00&&%+#"&+-'&%+&%&+!5

#%0$&')*+$/"%0+&1"'/01&0#"&"%'#"&5&/01&0+&/&%010$.'00&&%+++"+%+&)"&%&+!"

+"00+&')*+&-+/-+0(&%&"++%+&%&+!7#"

8""+%+-(-++&*&"5

&011%(0(-&+&"%%-"1'"*/01&0+&0:&'1&7+&

8"")1&1&"%'+&++"11&0+&.%&+!5

Losses - annual day profile

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

1 23 45 67 89 111 133 155 177 199 221 243 265 287 309 331 353

Day

MW

Fixed losses Variable losses Total losses

9(-&N59(-&N59(-&N59(-&N5%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%&+!1&AAAA#&%"#&%"#&%"#&%"

+%+&'+"++&1&/01&"$1"+&%'++&&-1+0+&)"&

%&+!7+&8"1-&%"+-"11*'00&""&-1+0+&"''&'"%'+$/"#+

%+&%&+!1&5

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&011%(0(-&+&"%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&0:&'

1&7+&/&%+"(&8"")1&1&"%'+&/&%+"(&++"11&0+&.%&+!5

Percentage losses - annual day profile

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361

Day

%

% Fixed losses % Variable losses % Total losses

9(-&D59(-&D59(-&D59(-&D5%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%&+!1&AAAA

#&%"#&%"#&%"#&%"$"11#"%(&)&8&'0+&/&%+"(&1&/01&%#$/"%

++&&-1+0+&)"&%&+!5

E555

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+%+&'+"++&/&%+"(&++"11&"&&'-#&'0$+&5NI0+&

)"&%&+!+5NI++&"//1#"+%0#&%"5

9-+$/"%0+"&+-'&&&(8&%%"&/""+&+%

2E555E35

%%-"1'%%-"1'%%-"1'%%-"1'"*/01&"*/01&"*/01&"*/01&

&"%%-"1'"*/01&"&/&&%+&'&&+11-+"+&+&%+&"#+%)&+&&%

+&$"(%+-'&"%'/"++&%0(&%&"+%"%''&$"%'"%'+"00+%&+!1&5

&011%(0(-&+&@"%%-"1'"*/01&?0+&/&%010$.7+&-+/-+0+&(&%&"++%+&%&+!"%'+&1"'0+&.

%&+!5


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1 22 43 64 85 106 127 148 169 190 211 232 253 274 295 316 337 358

Day

MW

Inflow Gen Loads

9(-&D59(-&D59(-&D59(-&D5%%-"1'"*/01&0%%-"1'"*/01&0%%-"1'"*/01&0%%-"1'"*/01&0/&%010$/&%010$/&%010$/&%010$....7777

(&%&"+%"%'1"'(&%&"+%"%'1"'(&%&"+%"%'1"'(&%&"+%"%'1"'AAAA#&%"#&%"#&%"#&%"

+#"%)&&&%+"++&/01&0+&/&%010$.'00&&%+++"+

%+&)"&%&+!"+"00+&')*+&-+/-+0+&(&%&"+#%%+&'

%+&%&+!7#"8""+%+-(-++&*&"5

&011%(0(-&+&"%%-"1'"*/01&0+&0:&'1&7+&

8"")1&1&"%'+&++"11&0+&.%&+!5

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0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

1 20 39 58 77 96 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 286 305 324 343 362

Day

MW

Fixed losses Variable losses Total losses

9(-&D59(-&D59(-&D59(-&D5%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%&+!1&4444#&%"#&%"#&%"#&%"

+%+&'+"++&1&/01&"$1"+&%'++&&-1+0+&)"&

%&+!"1+-(+&8"1-&%"+-"11*'00&""&-1+0+&"''&'"%'+$/"#+%+&%&+!1&5

&011%(0(-&+&"%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&0:&'

1&7+&/&%+"(&8"")1&1&"%'+&/&%+"(&++"11&0+&

.%&+!5


0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361

Day

%

% Fixed losses % Variable losses % Total losses

9(-&D59(-&D59(-&D59(-&D5%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%&+!1&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&%&+!1&AAAA

#&%"#&%"#&%"#&%"

+#&%"7+&/&%+"(&1&/01&"$"11#"%(&%

#$/"%++&&-1+0+&)"&%&+!5

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&$'&11%(+-'*%#"&D%#1-'&+%%+%0'+)-+&'(&%&"+%#&%"7%#+&/&%&+"+%1&8&1+&(&+0"11+&&

0#&%"-&'%+&$'&11%(+-'&0+%&+!5

%%-"1%%-"1%%-"1%%-"1++"1++"1++"1++"1

&&-1+0+&$'&11%(+-'*0+&"%%-"1++"1"&(8&%%+&

011%(+")1&7#+&)&"!'%0+&&-1+"+'00&&%+(-/

1&8&1"%'+&++"10+&.%&+!5

")1&

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0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

400.00

1 20 39 58 77 96 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 286 305 324 343 362

Day

MW

Inflow Gen Loads

9(-&DD59(-&DD59(-&DD59(-&DD5%%-"1'"*/01&0/&%01%%-"1'"*/01&0/&%01%%-"1'"*/01&0/&%01%%-"1'"*/01&0/&%010$0$0$0$....7777(&%&"+%"%'1"'(&%&"+%"%'1"'(&%&"+%"%'1"'(&%&"+%"%'1"'AAAA#&%"#&%"#&%"#&%"

+%+&'0$+&0(-&")8&+"++&%01/01&(%0#"%+1*'00&&%+

++"+%+&)"&%&+!"+"00+&')*+&-+/-+0+&(&%&"+

#%%+&'%+&%&+!7#")(8""+%+-(-++&*&"5

&(&%&"1+&%'&&$+)&+"+&%+&-+/-+0+&(&%&"+'&"&+&/&%010$+&.%#&"&+$&&++&'&$"%'

21"'35

&011%(0(-&+&"%%-"1'"*/01&0+&0:&'1&7+&

8"")1&1&"%'+&++"11&0+&.%&+!


0.00

1.00

2.00

3.004.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

1 20 39 58 77 96 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 286 305 324 343 362

Day

MW

Fixed losses Variable losses Tota l losses

9(-&D

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&-1+0+&)"&%&+!""&-1+0+&"''&'"%'+$/"#+%+&%&+!1&5

&011%(0(-&+&"%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&0:&'

1&7+&/&%+"(&8"")1&1&"%'+&/&%+"(&++"11&0+&.%&+!5


0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

1 20 39 58 77 96 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 286 305 324 343 362

Day

%

% Fixed los ses % Variable los ses % Total los ses

9(-&D59(-&D59(-&D59(-&D5%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&%%-"1'"*/01&0+&/&%+"(&/&%+"(&/&%+"(&/&%+"(&%&+!1&%&+!1&%&+!1&%&+!1&AAAA

#&%"#&%"#&%"#&%"

+"1%+&'+"++&/&%+"(&1&/01&"#&+"%'00&&%#$/"&'++&&-1+0+&)"&%&+!""&-1+0+&"''&'"%'+

$/"#+%+&%&+!1&5

E555EE555EE555EE555E -$$"*0+&-$$"*0+&-$$"*0+&-$$"*0+""""&+-'&%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!+-'&%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!+-'&%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!+-'&%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!

%++%0+&&/+7+"&+-'&%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!&&

#$/"&'"%'-$$"&'+&/+++&$/"#+0'00&&%+

/&%&+"+%1&8&1%+&%&+!1&5

-$$"*-$$"*-$$"*-$$"*0000+&"%%-"1+&"%%-"1+&"%%-"1+&"%%-"1.++"1.++"1.++"1.++"1

&011%(+")1&+&-$$"*0+&"%%-"1&-1+0+&.++"10+&0-#"&+-'"&'-+%+&-)"%)"&'%&+!5

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")1&5")1&5")1&5")1&5 $/"%0+&&-1+00-#"&a

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