DG Research and Innovation · improve research funding Appointment/promotion to decision-making...

DG Research andInnovation

Researchers’ Report 2014

Annexes III, IV and V

Draft Final Report

2 | P a g eDeloitte.

Table of ContentsAnnex III: Measures supporting women in top-level positions ..............................................................3

Annex IV: Measures supporting education and training ......................................................................26

Annex V: Social security benefits (sickness, unemployment and old-age)...........................................54


Annex III: Measures supporting women in top-level positionsThe table below provides an overview of the countries’ measures to support women in the research profession. The information is based on the 2012 and2013 reporting exercise with the participating countries within the scope of this study. An update of information was not available this year for Bulgaria,Portugal, the Slovak Republic nor for Iceland, Israel and Liechtenstein. There were no measures reported for Turkey.

Table 1: Measures supporting women in the research profession –overview

CountryMeasures explicitly to

improve research funding

Appointment/promotion to decision-making posts at a later stage of researcher careerGeneral support by

national authorities forthe principle of gender

balance

Gender parity onboards, targets &

quotasWork-life balance

Training/support forhigh-level positions

Transparency inappointmentprocedures &

results

AUSTRIA

Talents programme of theMinistry of Transport,Innovation and Technology,administered by theAustrian ResearchPromotion Agency (FFG);

Career DevelopmentProgramme for FemaleResearchers: theSchroedinger Programmeof the Austrian ScienceFund (FWF) offers toextremely well qualifiedfemale scientists thechance of two-stagefunding for a total of sixyears;

L’Oréal Austria (Fellowshipsin Basic Research for YoungFemale Scientists): a shortterm fellowshipprogramme (6-12 months);

Käthe Leichter Awards &Government prize;

Industrial PhD Programmeof the National Foundationfor Research, Technology

At least 40% of the staffof universities andmembers of universityboards must be women;

Initiative to raise theproportion of women inhighly skilled positions inresearch, technology andinnovation (RTD field),Ministry of Transport,Innovation andTechnology (BMVIT);

The Austrian ScienceFund (FWF) hasintroduced a target quotaof 30% of femaleresearchers in the totalnumber of applicants forthe Special ResearchProgramme and theDoctoral Programme soas to encourage theparticipation of femaleresearchers within theexcellence programmes.Should the quota not be

UniversityPerformanceAgreements2013-2015 withUniversities.

Task Force Gender &Diversity: coachingprospective womenheads of universities;

Media training; Training of members

of university boards(ongoing) by theMinistry of Science,Research andEconomy;

w-fFORTE –Wissenschaf(f)tErkenntnis –knowledge createsinsights (including w-fFORTE – Laura BassiCentres of Expertiseand w-fFORTE – Infocus: Career).

Gabriele Possanner-Staatspreis- GabrielePossanner-Förderungspreise: Everytwo years the AustrianFederal Ministry ofScience, Research andEconomy honoursscientific achievements forthe promotion of gender;

Performance Agreementwith the Austrian Academyof Sciences, including aGender Equality ActionPlan.






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and Development: tosupport highly qualifiedwomen in working inapplied research.

reached, the FWF asks forfurther explanations;

Representation ofwomen on Universities ofApplied Science (UAS)panels: new legalregulations forUniversities of AppliedScience to provide for a45% quota for women onacademic panels.

BELGIUM

The Flemish GovernmentAct of 13.07.2007includes provisions aimedat safeguarding genderbalance in advisorybodies and steeringcommittees. For instance,in the Agency forInnovation by Scienceand Technology, 30% ofthe internal scientificadvisors are women.

Federal Ministry for theInterior and EqualOpportunities;

Centre for EqualOpportunities andOpposition to Racism;

Federal Public Service forDiversity and EqualOpportunities;

New legislation onresearch funding throughthe special research funds(valid from 1 January 2013)pays considerableattention to genderbalance in universities;

All Flemish universitieshave action plans ongender equality in theresearch profession. Thesewere drawn up incollaboration with theFlemish InteruniversityCouncil. They will start theimplementation of theseplans in 2014;






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In early 2014, theWallonia-BrusselsFederation allocated a EUR150 000 budget to financea “Gender contact person”(personne de contactgenre) in each university ofthe Wallonia-BrusselsFederation. They will be incharge of gender matterswithin their university.Their first mission will beto write an annual reporton gender balance;

Women and Sciencesstanding working group ofthe Wallonia-BrusselsFederation;

Walloon Government’sRoadmap on equalopportunities;

Wallonia-BrusselsPartnership: finance forassociations aiming atequality between men andwomen in the area ofresearch (action 17) andincorporation of genderissues into courseprogrammes and itsvisibility as a researchdiscipline (action 18).

BOSNIA ANDHERZEGOVINA

Data on Research andDevelopment (R&D) in theRepublic of Srpska arecollected regularly fromeconomic entities, higher






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education institutions, thestate and non-profitorganisations, andreported by gender in anannual report (theStatistical Bulletin).

CROATIA

Yearly awards for Womenin Science to raiseawareness of excellentyoung women scientistsand reward them for theircontribution (Ministry ofCulture and L’Oréal Adria);

Constitution (articles 14and 15);

Act on Scientific Activityand Higher Education;

Labour Act; Gender Equality Act; Act on Prohibition of

Discrimination; National Policy for Gender

Equality 2011-2015.

CYPRUS

All proposals for grantsundergo a preliminarycheck before their scientificevaluation, and one of thecriteria is whetherbeneficiaries committhemselves to observenational and EU legislationon the environment,gender equality, non-discrimination,employment and provisionof information/publicity;






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In the proposal submissionforms, the hostorganisation’s legalrepresentative must sign aDeclaration which includesthe statement that “in caseof funding of the presentproject, all participatingorganisations undertakethe responsibility to adhereto the national legislationand EU rules on genderequality and avoidance ofdiscrimination”;

During the scientificevaluation of the proposal,evaluators are urged underthe criterion “Added Valueand Benefit”, to take intoconsideration the degree ofpositive contribution togender equality, non-discrimination and theenhancement of conditionsfor environmentalsustainability (whereapplicable).

CZECHREPUBLIC

On 31 January2013 the Senateof the Parliamentof the CzechRepublic adoptedan amendment tothe HigherEducation Act No.111/1998 Coll.,which strives to

Milada Paulova Awardfor lifelongachievement inscience for womenresearchers.

In 2011, the Ministry ofEducation, Youth andSports established aWorking Group of the ERACommittee to SupportDevelopment of HumanResources and GenderEquality in Research andDevelopment, whichreplaced the Working






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improve theconditions ofwomen whodecide to have achild during theirstudies. On 15February 2013,the President ofthe Republicsigned the billinto law.

Group on Women andScience;

Government Council forEqual Opportunities forWomen and Men;

Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports' annualplan for incorporating thegender equality dimensionin curricula, textbooks andmethodology materials atall school levels;

In September 2013, theMinistry adopted adocument on the State ofGender Equality and aProposal of a Mid-TermStrategic Plan in the Fieldof Gender Equality withinthe remit of the Ministry ofEducation, Youth andSports.

DENMARK

Female Research Leadersinstrument (2008-2009)targeted women atminimum associateprofessor level.

In December 2012, theequality legislation wasamended in order toaddress the issue ofgender imbalance oncorporate boards. Onebill, under theresponsibility of theMinistry of Business andGrowth, states that the1 100 largest companiesmust each set realisticand ambitious targets forthe underrepresentedgender on boards. A

‘Female research talents –the unused reserve ofDanish research’ includesbest practice examples onrecruitment and retentionof female talents. It waspublished by the Ministerof Science. Subsequently,the Danish Agency forHigher Education noticedan increase in the numberof initiatives on equalopportunities at Danishuniversities;






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second amendment,under the responsibilityof the Ministry forGender Equality andEcclesiastical Affairs, aimsto ensure a moreequitable distribution ofwomen and men on stateenterprise boards. Thisbill requires all stateinstitutions (whichincludes universities) andcompanies to set targetsfor the number of theunderrepresented genderon their boards and othercollective managementbodies.

Equality Policy in 2013 topromote equal possibilitiesfor female and maleresearchers to advance ina university career,adopted by the DanishCouncil for IndependentResearch;

YDUN – Younger womenDevoted to a UNiversitycareer: aims to encouragemore women to becomeresearch leaders in orderto strengthen talentutilisation in Danishresearch by promoting amore balanced gendercomposition;

The Act on Gender Equality(2000/2007) foreseesbenchmarks initiatives inall public institutions everysecond year;

Law on Equal Treatment ofMen and Women: publiccommittees, commissionsand university boardsshould, if they are set upby a Minister to preparethe establishment of rulesor planning of societalimportance, be staffed byan equal mix of men andwomen.

ESTONIA Estonia has beenparticipating since 2013

Monitoring genderbalance and equalopportunities in

The Gender Equality Act; Constitution of the

Republic of Estonia






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in the COST Gender STEproject.

recruitment toresearch positions,in grant allocationsand decision-making bodies isone of the prioritiesin the new RD&IStrategy 2014-2020.

(Chapter II FundamentalRights, Freedoms andDuties, § 12).

FINLAND

Equality Act: quotas innational and municipalbodies.

The Academy ofFinland (and theFinnish ResearchCouncils) promoteequality through anEquality Plan whichis applied to peopleworking onAcademy funding,to Academyresearch postholders (AcademyProfessors andAcademy ResearchFellows) and to thestaff at theAcademy’sAdministrationOffice.

Constitution on matters ofequality between womenand men;

Ombudsman for Equality; Equality Board; The Action Plan for Gender

Equality 2012-2015(priority areas includegender equality legislation,working life andreconciliation of work andfamily life, decision-makingand promotion of women'scareers and genderequality in education andresearch).

FRANCE

The Paris DiderotUniversity’s GenderAction Plan (2011):representation of womenof 40%;

Quotas are introduced inarticles 52, 55 and 56 of aLaw of March 12, 2012,relating to various

Dual CareerNetwork assistsspouses with auniversity degreeor equivalent.

CNRS organises aseries of awarenessand capacity-buildingworkshops on genderequality. It targets areHuman Resources andCommunicationOfficers as well asresearch institutes’

Agreement onProfessionalEquality betweenMen and Womento promoteattractiveemploymentconditions andensure gender

The Ministry for HigherEducation and Research’sOffice dedicated toequality in science andtechnology;

The National Centre forScientific Research Officefosters gender equalitywithin the organisation






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aspects of the civilservice, including thefight againstdiscrimination;

The Act of 22 July 2013on higher education andresearch makes itcompulsory for HEIs tohave a structural equalopportunitiesprogramme. Genderbalance is a prerequisiteof nominations to thegovernance entities andof election lists in HEI’s,and a number ofgovernment bodies in thefields of education andresearch.

administrativedirectors, regionaldelegates and centraldepartmentmanagers;

INTEGER project onimproving the careerpaths of womenresearchers;

IFREMER uses itsinternalcommunicationschemes to targetwomen and informthem about thepossibilities offered tothem to pursuehigher-level positions.

balance inrecruitment,promotion, andother committees.

and promotes fullparticipation of women inscientific research;

The Paris DiderotUniversity's EqualityCentre to promote andfavour gender equality byorganising training andawareness-raising actions(informing students andacademics);

Charter for Equalitybetween men and Womenendorsed by theConference of Schools inHigher Education;

The CNRS each yearpublishes an inventory ofthe situation in relation toequality between men andwomen in R&D;

The Paris DiderotUniversity has published areport on gender statisticsin permanent positionsover the period 2000-09;

The University ofStrasbourg has created astanding conference ofequality and diversityofficers in highereducation and research;

National Gender ActionPlan and Charter forEquality of the Ministry ofHigher Education andResearch (2013);






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The Ministry of HigherEducation and Researchpublished a roadmap in2014 identifying a series ofactions to be taken toimplement theseobjectives, and providedtraining on gender issues,fight gender stereotypingand violence againstwomen, and improvewomen’s careeropportunities;

Infinités Plurielles: 140scientifiques vous parlentde science: exhibition ofphotos of 140 womenscientists from a range ofdisciplines and universities.

FORMERYUGOSLAV

REPUBLIC OFMACEDONIA

Under the Strategy forGender Equality 2013-2020, specific strategicgoal no. 24 established apilot gender equalityeducational programme;

In higher education,gender equality has beenintroduced as a specificsubject at the PedagogicalFaculty and at the Institutefor Social Work. It is expectthat this will result in thepromotion of the principleof gender equality in bothhigher education andscientific research.






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GERMANY

W2/W3 Programme foroutstanding womenresearchers (HGF);

TALENTA (Fraunhofer), asupport and developmentprogramme, aims at femalescientists and femalegraduates at Fraunhofer.For two years, participantsget support for their owncareer development;

Funding line “Promotingwomen for academicleadership positions”(WGL);

Helmholtz Postdoc-Programme (HGF): to grantat least 50 per cent of thepositions in thisprogramme to women.

Cascade model(Kaskadenmodell) toincrease the ratio offemale scientists at acertain level ofqualifications to the ratioin the qualification leveldirectly below, takinginto account field-specificpotential and fluctuationsof personnel within theorganisation based onrealistic but ambitioustransition times.

Female ProfessorsProgrammepromotingoutstanding womenresearchers;

Examples from theLänder: the Margaretevon WrangellPostdoctoral TrainingProgramme forWomen, the MathildePlanck LectureshipProgramme, theBrigitte Schlieben-Lange Programmeand the Mentoringand TrainingProgramme (Baden-Württemberg), theSaarland University(UdS) ExcellenceProgramme forFemale Researchers,as well as measures inBavaria, Bayern, Hesseand North Rhine-Westphalia;

Examples fromGerman Universities:a) TANDEMplusprogramme:mentoring programmefor women Ph.D.students at the finalstage of their doctoralthesis as well aswomen post-docs






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from natural scienceor engineering whoare striving for aleading position inacademia or economy;b) IFS-Mentoring(University ofCologne);

Pact for Research andInnovation: fourGerman scienceorganisations (FhG,MPG, HGF and WGL)have agreed tocapitalise better onwomen’s scientificpotential (including inpositions ofresponsibility);

Taking the LeadMentoring Programmeaiming to preparemotivated candidatesto work in high-level(management)positions;

Mentoring Programmefor womenresearchers in LeibnizInstitutions.

GREECE

The Greek Governmentencourages genderequality in the researchprofession byguaranteeing femalerepresentation in all top-level positions and

Law 1514/85:Development of Scientificand TechnologicalResearch.






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decision-making bodies ina ratio of at least to one-third (1/3) (based onArticle 16 of the GreekConstitution).

HUNGARY

National Strategy for thePromotion of genderEquality - Guidelines andObjectives (2010-2021),the proportion of womenin leading positions inboth the public andprivate sectors shouldincrease by one third bythe end of the period, bymaking equalopportunities plans morepronounced.

The National Strategy forthe Promotion of GenderEquality – Guidelines andObjectives 2010-2021;

National Innovation Office– Woman in ScienceAssociation CooperationAgreement;

Budapest University ofTechnology and Economicsand the Óbuda Universityorganise informationsessions on engineeringand informatics science forhigh school girls with theaim of increasing thenumbers of femalestudents and encouragingthem to study in thedepartments where malesdominate.

IRELAND

A number of Irishorganisations arepartnering in FP7 projectsto support women in theresearch profession (FESTA,GENOVATE, INTEGER,GENDER-NET);

SFI Advance FellowshipProgramme is to providefemale researchers withthe opportunity to remain

A general governmentcommitment requires theinstitutions to increasefemale participation onState Boards up to 40%.

Science FoundationIreland aims toimprove therepresentation andcareer progression ofwomen in Science,Engineering andTechnology (SET) inIreland.

From 1st May,2014, Irish HEIshave been eligibleto sign up to theAthena SWANCharter for Womenin Science andapply for individualAthena SWANAwards, whichrecognise and

In 2013, the Irish ResearchCouncil launched itsGender Strategy andAction Plan 2013-2020;

Employment Equality Actof 1998;

Equal Status Act of 2000; Equality Act of 2004; The Irish Equality Authority

has the over-arching rolein promoting equality in






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in or return to high qualityresearch, to undertakefurther training and toincrease their employabilityin academic, industrial orpolicy roles in the SET.

celebrate goodpractice inrecruiting, retainingand promotingwomen in STEMM.

the workplace, includingthe promotion of genderequality for researchers;

Centre for Women inScience & EngineeringResearch;

Women in Technology andScience Programme(WITS): has since 2008aimed to facilitate andsupport women inreturning to a career inscience and technology.

ITALY

Italian regional authoritieshave implemented specificmeasures to supportwomen students’participation in scientificprogrammes in universities(mostly at bachelor level)and to support women’scareers through scientifictraining schemes.

Law 240/2012 calls for arepresentative genderbalance in the ‘Board oftrustees’ of researchinstitutions.

The STAGES project -StructuralTransformation toAchieve GenderEquality in Science: toincrease theparticipation andcareer advancementof womenresearchers.

Memorandum ofUnderstanding on genderequality in the researchprofession between theMinistry of Education,Universities and Researchand the Department forEqual Opportunities withinthe Office of the Presidentof the Council of Ministers.The Department has alsoparticipated actively in anumber of EU-fundedprojects promoting genderequality.

LATVIA

The activities co-funded bythe ESF aim to promotegender equality in theresearch profession.Gender balance inproposals is considereddesirable, but is not acriterion to which a score is






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attached in the awardcriteria.

LITHUANIA

Ministry of Education andScience adopted a Strategy(2008) for theImplementation of EqualOpportunities for Men andWomen in R&D;

A two-year EqualOpportunities in Research(LYMOS) project willdevelop a set of gendermainstreaming tools,create a monitoring andevaluation systemdedicated to gender issuesand create and testfinancial support measuresfor young femaleresearchers in support oftheir return to work aftermaternity leave.

LUXEMBOURG

Luxembourg hasintroduced a quota in theform of a requirementthat a minimum of onethird of the boardmembers of publicresearch centres be ofthe underrepresentedsex;

Luxembourg is tointroduce a quota in theform of a requirementthat a minimum of 40% ofthe board members ofpublic research centres

Gender equality ishighlighted in allperformance contractssigned between theMinistry of HigherEducation and Researchand the University ofLuxembourg or the publicresearch centres. Genderequality has to bepromoted at all stages ofthe research career andespecially for nominationsto the board of theresearch institutions.






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and the NationalResearch Fund be of theunderrepresented sex.

MALTA

Scholarship opportunitieshave been opened up fordistance learning and part-time courses besides full-time studies. This measurewas intended to helpwomen who are still young,building a family and at thesame time developing acareer, not to abandontheir employment or affectthe mobility of the familywhile still have theopportunity to further theirstudies.

Directory ofProfessional Women:to identify women invarious sectors whohave the possibility ofbeing appointed toserve on Boards,Committees,Representations orany other decision-making positions.

Malta’s NationalCommission for thePromotion of Equality(NCPE) is committed toempowering more womento participate in decision-making positions;

Chapter 456 Equality forMen and Women Act;

National R&I Strategy2020.

MONTENEGRO

The Plan for achievementof gender equality 2013-2016 foresees policymeasures to promotegender equality byengaging more women inscience and to supportcampaigns for removingcultural and social barriers,and achieving equalopportunities in allresearch sectors.

NETHERLANDS

Vidi grants (for experiencedresearchers);

Vici grants (for researchersof professorial quality).

Aspasia project toencourage thepromotion of femaleacademics to seniorlecturer (orprofessorial) level.

The government is takingaction to have morewomen in senior positions(including management) incentral government. Atleast 30% of each gender isregarded as a best practice






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norm, but universities areautonomous in their HRpolicies when it comes tochoosing how to customisethe target in disciplinesand in institutional boards.

NORWAY

Legislation: genderrepresentation >40% ofeach gender on boardsand committees;

The Research Council hasestablished a newinitiative called GenderBalance in SeniorPositions and ResearchManagement (BALANSE)to increase the share ofwomen in senior andleading positions inresearch.

The NorwegianGovernmentstrengthened its focuson gender equality bylaunching a temporaryincentive scheme in2010 to encourage theinstitutions to appointwomen to permanentacademic positions(professors andassociate professors)in mathematics,natural science andtechnology.

The NationalCommittee forGender Balance inResearch (KIFCommittee) dealswith issuespromotingwomen’s’ positionin research,includingrecruitment ofwomen to researchand top academicposts at highereducationinstitutions;

Governmentalresearchinstitutions and theResearch Council ofNorway (RCN) aimto include morewomen for leadingresearcherpositions;

Annual prize for theinstitution with thebest performancein gender equality.

POLAND Girls of the Future - in thefootsteps of Maria

The recently amendedLaw on higher education

Parent-BridgeResearch Grant:

The Polish government isreforming the structure of






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Skłodowska-Curie: supportstalented young femaleresearchers and promotestheir scientificachievements;

L`Oréal Polska Grants forWomen in Science Awardsfor women PhD and post-doc students.

calls for the Minister forHigher Education toensure that at least 30%of the members of thePolish AccreditationCommittee are women.

to enable thebest researchersraising youngchildren to returnto advancedresearch workand to enablepregnant womento carry outresearch projectsfinanced fromexternal sources.

its scientific organisations,such as the StateAccreditation Committee,the General Council forScience and HigherEducation and the CentralCommission for Degreesand Titles to guaranteethat there are morewomen in top-levelpositions.

ROMANIA

Training of potentialnew entrepreneurs,especially youngpeople and women,e.g. the STARTProgramme for thetraining of youngentrepreneurs, the2005-2012 multi-annual programme forthe development ofentrepreneurialculture in womenmanagers in SMEs.

SERBIA

The government supportsadvancement of women inthe economy as a wholethrough the NationalStrategy for theAdvancement of Womenand Promoting GenderEquality adopted in 2009and its Action Plan toimplement the NationalStrategy for the






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Advancement of Womenand Gender Equality forthe Period 2010-2015drawn up by the Ministryof Labour, Employmentand Social Policy.

SLOVENIA

Young ResearcherProgramme giving priorityto women.

The Sloveniangovernment has setnational targets on thegender composition ofexpert bodies attached topublic researchinstitutions and agencies,requiring that thosebodies be constituted insuch a way that eachgender represents atleast at least one third ofall the positions in thebody (except in the caseof natural sciences andtechnical sciences, wherethe ratio is one fifth). Thetargets were set by theSlovenian ResearchAgency (SRA) and aremonitored by the Officeof the Government ofSlovenia for EqualOpportunities.

National Committee onWomen in Science: anadvisory/expert body withan Annual Work Plan;

National ActionProgramme on genderequality;

The Research andInnovation Strategy ofSlovenia 2011-2020 tostrengthen the role ofwomen in science;

The Slovenian Act on EqualOpportunities for Womenand Men (2002) balancedrepresentation of genderwhen forming/establishingdifferent bodies.

SPAIN

Law on Science,Technology andInnovation: genderbalance is foreseen in thenomination of evaluationcommittees, councils andbodies;

2011 White Paper on thesituation of women inSpanish science;

‘Women and Science Unit’of the Spanish governmentaims to promote gender






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A 2013 ordinanceimplementing the StateProgramme of TalentPromotion andEmployability in R+D+I(which is part of the StateScientific andTechnological Research,and Innovation Plan)specifically mentions thatevaluation panels shouldattempt to achievegender balance in theircomposition;

Equality Law: genderbalance is foreseen in thenomination of evaluationcommittees, councils andbodies.

aspects in science,technology and innovation.

SWEDEN

In Sweden,quotas/national targetsare not mandatory.However, there is anexpectation thatmembership of boards,committees, panels etc.will be as gender-balanced as possible.

VINNOVA theSwedishGovernmentalAgency forInnovationSystems, promotesgender equality inappraisal of fundingand within theorganisation, andgendermainstreamingwithin research;

The otherfinanciers (SwedishResearch Council,FORMAS, FORTE)have similar

Sweden’s Higher EducationAct (1992: 1434) contains aparagraph stating that HEIsshould always considerand promote genderequality;

The Swedish HigherEducation Authority hasthe specific task offollowing up on how HEIshandle teacherrecruitment from a genderstandpoint;

The Swedish Council ofHigher Education has beentasked with compiling,analysing and spreadingknowledge about different






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internal policies;the SwedishResearch Council isparticularly activein gender-balancingits committees andpanels. It is alsovery closelyinvolved in agendermainstreamingproject for nationalauthorities.

kinds of gender projectssupported by the formerDelegation for GenderEquality in the HigherEducation sector;

The government hasrecently decided to studythe budget process at acouple ofuniversities/highereducation institutions, andspecifically the budgetaryallocations to research andeducation for research,from a gender perspective;

The government in January2009 appointed aDelegation for genderequality in highereducation. The work of theDelegation ended in 2011,but many projectscontinued until 2013.

SWITZERLAND

For the period 2013-16,the Rectors’ Conferenceof the Swiss Universities(CRUS) has set what areconsidered to be realistictargets per domain fornewly nominated womenCategory I professors andassistant professors inthe Swiss UniversityConference sub-programme EqualOpportunity atUniversities 2013-2016.

120% supportgrant (SNSF):postdoctoralresearchers whoneed to look afterchildren duringan importantstage of theircareer and whotherefore needmore flexibility.

Marie Heim-Vögtlinprogramme: supportswith their professionalintegration at Swissuniversities well-qualified womenscientists (docs andpost-docs) who haveinterrupted theirresearch career forfamily-related reasonsor have re-locatedfollowing their(academic) partner;

Swiss UniversityConference programme"Equal Opportunity atUniversities"/GenderStudies 2013-2016;

Equal Opportunity atUniversities of AppliedSciences Programme: aimsto promote equalopportunities betweenmen and women;

Gender Campus is thenational platform forgender equality, gender






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The overall goal of theprogramme is for 25% ofgrade A professors and40% of assistantprofessors (grade B) to bewomen by 2016;

Diversity @CTI Initiative:encourages greaterdiversity and aims toincrease significantly theproportion of womeninvolved in innovativeprojects andentrepreneurship.

Gender equality grantto boost the careers ofyoung womenresearchers (SNSF): agender equality grantfor activities such asmentoring, coachingor networkingmeetings.

studies and the promotionof gender-sensitive careersin higher education.Between 2013-2016, theplatform is financed by theSwiss UniversityConference (SUC) sub-programme ‘GenderStudies’ and the new StateSecretariat for Education,Research and Innovation(SERI);

Gender equality measuresat the Swiss FederalInstitutes of TechnologyETHZ/EPFL;

Gender and ResearchPromotion (GEFO-Study):to identify and quantifydropouts of women in theacademic career (leakypipeline) with respect tothe role played by theSNSF in the processes ofresearch promotion andaccess to grants.

UNITEDKINGDOM

The Equality Act2010 introducedpositive actionprovisions,including voluntarypositive actionmeasures inrecruitment andpromotion.

The UK’s ResearchExcellence Framework(REF) reflects the need toconsider gender balance inall policies and proceduresin higher educationinstitutions;

In 2011 at the request ofthe BIS, the Royal Societyand Royal Academy ofEngineering developed a






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new diversity strategy inscience, technology,engineering andmathematics (STEM),including gender aspects;

Higher Education FundingCouncil for Englandmonitors the proportion ofstaff at different stages;

Equality Challenge Unit(ECU) works closely withcolleges and Universities tobuild equality ofopportunities andoutcomes by providingthem with expertise,research, advice andleadership;

Statement of Expectationsfor Equality and Diversitypublished by RCUK;

The National Frameworkfor the Modernisation ofHigher Education PayStructures was agreed withthe Universities andColleges EmployersAssociation (UCEA) in2004.

Source: Deloitte, 2012 and 2013 reporting exercise.


Annex IV: Measures supporting education and trainingThe table below provides an overview of the countries’ measures to attract young people to science and the research profession, to increase the quality ofdoctoral training and life-long learning, and to develop partnerships between academia and industry. The information is based on the 2012 and 2013 reportingexercise with the participating countries within the scope of this study. An update of information has not been available this year for Bulgaria, Portugal, theSlovak Republic and nor for Iceland, Israel and Liechtenstein.

Table 2: Measures to attract young people to science and the research profession, to increase the quality of doctoral training and life-long learning (including the development of a Skills’agenda) and to develop partnerships between academia and industry by fostering doctoral training in cooperation with industry

CountryAttract young people to science and

the research professionQuality of doctoral training and life-long

learningCollaboration between academia and

industry

AUSTRIA

Young People initiative inspires young people toexplore technology and innovation with theultimate aim of attracting students to pursue atechnology-related academic career;

Innovation Makes Schools Top-Class Programmeand IMST-New (MINDT);

Mentoring Programme supports mentoring(mainly by women researchers) of young (female)pupils (15-19 years) interested in research,technology and innovation;

Mathematics, Informatics, Science and Technologyprogramme - Information Campaign encouragesstudents to pursue a career in a scientific field;

Talents Programme supports RTD talent(particularly women) by offering traineeships forpupils and providing financial support for(regional) education projects in schools in the fieldof mathematics, informatics, science andtechnology;

Young Science programme which includes theSparkling Science Research Agenda (supports(new) methods of promoting young researchersand artists in Europe and fosters cooperationbetween experienced scientists and young people;

FIT – Women in Technology Initiative offers(female) pupils information on technical studieswith the aim of stimulating girls’ interest intechnology;

Maßnahmenkatalog im Bereich Information,Beratung und Orientierung für Bildung und Beruf(IBOBB): a master plan and list of measures for

In order to increase the number of doctoralgraduates in (STEM), a number of Austrianuniversities are establishing new organisationalstructures for doctoral training (and in particularsupervision), e.g. doctoral schools or doctoralcentres. In addition, some universities aredeveloping new structural doctoral programmesaimed at supplementing and broadening doctoraltraining;

Universities Performance Agreement 2013-2015; The Qualification Framework for Austrian Higher

Education Qualifications (planned for 2013) willdefine key competencies to be acquired duringdoctoral training;

Marietta Blau grant aims to generateinternationally competitive PhD diplomas in Austriaby offering financial support to highly-qualifieddoctoral candidates;

Doktoratskolleg facilitates work experience abroadopportunities for researchers and offers training insupport of transferable skills development;

Initiativkolleg foster researchers’ collaboration inresearch projects and support networking atinternational and interdisciplinary level;

The Institute of Science and Technology Austriaoffers an innovative PhD programme combiningadvanced coursework and research;

Award of Excellence of the Austrian FederalMinistry of Science, Research and Economy is acontribution to the promotion of outstandingdoctoral theses;

ASAP (National Space Programme) supports researchand technological development in the space domainthrough collective (academia/industry) projects;

COMET Competence Centre Programme aims todevelop international research excellence andexpertise, and support the technological leadership ofcompanies so as to strengthen Austria as a topdestination for research;

Christian Doppler Laboratories programme promotesand strengthens application-based research carriedout by academia in collaboration with industrypartners;

Young Experts programme stimulates (junior)researchers’ cross-sector mobility as well asknowledge transfer between research and businessby providing funding to junior researchers, post-docs,bachelor-and master’s candidates;

Josef Ressel Centres – Research Laboratory forUniversities of Applied Sciences supports long-termcooperative relationships with industry anduniversities;

COIN - Cooperation and Innovation programmepromotes ties between companies (especially SMEs)and universities of applied sciences, as well as non-research institutions;

Endowed Professorship supports the appointment ofexcellent researchers to Austrian universities in topicsof strategic relevance for strengthening Austria’sinnovative capacity;

BRIDGE programme offers outstanding researchers anopportunity to develop applications (and patents) of





industryinformation, advice and career guidance for pupilsin the 7th and 8th years of school;

Austrian Researchers’ Night (since 2005); Yo!Tech – Lust auf Technik:

information/dissemination event for pupils aboutthe various possibilities and opportunities foreducation in engineering and natural sciences.

Amendment to the Universities Act (2006),Universities Performance Agreements 2010-2012 &2013-2015.

economic and/or societal value by entering intosuccessful partnerships with the world of business,medicine, politics, government or other interestgroups in Austria and abroad;

Under the Collective Research Programme, businessesor special interest groups (representing the privatesector) assign tasks to research organisations with theaim of developing products/services for the privatesector;

AplusB programme supports young researchers in theformation of enterprises;

Forschungskompetenzen für die Wirtschaft - ResearchCompetences for Industry supports industry, primarilySMEs, in establishing and raising the qualifications ofits innovation staff;

Research Studios Austria (BMWFW) promotes theapplication and implementation of research resultsfrom basic research in applied entrepreneurialresearch in Austria;

Take Off programme supports collective research andeducation in the aviation sector;

Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise promote excellencein application-oriented basic research where highly-skilled researchers from academia and privateindustry work together;

The ICT of the Future Programme aims to fostercooperation between academia and the private sectorwith the objective of boosting development in the ICTsector;

Knowledge Transfer Centres (BMWFW) aim tostrengthen the transfer of academic knowhow tobusiness;

KIRAS - The Austrian Security Research Programme; Mobility of the Future (BMVIT) supports cooperation

between industry and academia to foster thedevelopment of intelligent and competitive transportsystems;

Phoenix Award (BMWFW) rewards young innovativeentrepreneurs for successfully transforming theirscientific outcomes into innovations;

Production of the Future Programme (BMVIT)supports cooperation between industry and academiato foster highly competitive (intelligent) production.





industry

BELGIUM

Museum Night Fever in Brussels aims to attractyoung people to access and to involve them in thecreative use of the museums’ exhibit rooms;

Researchers’ Night is organised once per year incollaboration with Belgian Universities with a viewto informing and attracting (among others) youngpeople (primary school, secondary school andhigher education) to become interested in scienceand the research profession per se;

The Annual Science Communication Action Plan(Flanders) aims to attract pupils, students andteachers into a research career by promotingscience, technology and technological innovation;

The Spring Science Season activities (Wallonia-Brussels Federation) target secondary educationpupils and aim to communicate and populariseactivities around science and scientific careers;

Awareness-raising actions for scientific careers:the Brussels-Capital Region dedicates part of itsannual budget to measures aimed at increasingchildren and young people’s interest in scienceand technology.

Federal Scientific Institutes are to become Centresof Excellence in close partnership with Belgianuniversities in order to enhance the training ofhuman resources. They will take part in doctoralschools, at Belgian or EU level, in order to be morevisible, to enhance their R&D potential andexchange knowledge. They have developed aregister (‘cadastre’) of the participation of theirresearchers in and their partnerships with theuniversities. They will aim to foster researchers’outward mobility as well as welcome more Ph.D.students in order to become more attractive tointernational researchers. Inward mobility forresearchers from developing countries to FSIs isalso encouraged;

The Support Programme for Young Researchers ofthe Flemish Community aims to train youngresearchers, develop careers and open up careerprospects, reinforce the international orientationof researchers’ careers and cooperate withinFlanders;

Wallonia-Brussels Partnership’s action 22: ‘Increasethe number of PhDs in the research sector’;

In Wallonia, doctoral schools were established bydecree of 31/03/2004. Life-long learning initiativesare undertaken individually by universities anddoctoral schools;

The Wallonia-Brussels Partnership (actions 12 & 13)promotes doctoral training programmes and theparticipation of doctoral students in internationaldoctoral schools. The Partnership encourages theorganisation of doctoral training programmes byuniversity academies and promotes the acquisitionof cross-cutting competencies for researchers.

The Federal State has competence to promotepartnerships between academia and industry forcontracts with the European Space Agency;

The Spin-off in Brussels Programme finances projectstargeting the economic exploitation of researchresults, mainly through the creation of a newmarketable product, process or service. Each projectmust end up with the creation of a new enterpriseestablished on the territory of Brussels;

The Doctiris Programme (Brussels Capital Region)encourages young researchers to carry out their PhDin collaboration with a Brussels enterprise;

The Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology(IWT) (Flanders) Innovation Mandates are set up withthe objective of connecting the academic and theindustrial world, and stimulating postdoctoralresearchers to improve their skills in maximising thevalue of their research and to develop their careers,taking a step towards industry;

The Baekeland Programme funds doctoral projectscarried out at a Flemish university in closecooperation with a company;

The Declaration of Community Policy (2009-2014)(Wallonia-Brussels Federation (FWB) and Wallonia)promotes doctoral schools and training forresearchers working in research centres and privatecompanies, and encourages the financing of doctoraltheses by companies and the private sector;

FIRST Spin-off (Wallonia-Brussels Federation (FWB)and Wallonia) grants support projects aiming todevelop a new product, process or service, andcarrying out a technical-market feasibility study forthe exploitation of the results and a business plan,with the general goal of launching a spin-off in theWalloon Region;

The Marshall Plan 2.Green (2009-2014) (Wallonia)aims to encourage enterprise competitiveness andattractiveness and develop synergies with foreigninvestors;

The PRODOC Programme of the Wallonia-BrusselsFederation aims to promote encounters betweendoctoral candidates, young researchers and economicplayers via cross-border events, such as the





industryDoctoriales Franco-belges and job forums, and fosterthe employability of young researchers and PhDgraduates outside academia;

The FIRST INTERNATIONAL Programme supports anddevelops partnerships between Walloon companiesand the research units of universities and other highereducation institutions through the development andthe validation of new products, processes or services;

BEWARE FELLOWSHIPS: fund inwardly mobileresearchers on projects involving technology transferbetween a university and a company.

BOSNIA ANDHERZEGOVINA

The Fund Dr Milan Jelić provides financial support(scholarships and grants) to the most talentedstudents from the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia andHerzegovina of all three levels of higher education(undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral levelof studies) studying at national and foreignuniversities;

The Programme for Young Researchers providesfinancial incentives to researchers to secure theirpaid full-time participation in science and researchprojects, in an effort to increase the number ofdoctorates in science, technology, engineering andmathematics (STEM) subjects;

Scholarships of the Ministry of Education andCulture of Republika Srpska for students ofmathematics, natural sciences and technology aimto promote their career in these professions;

Annual Lump-sum Scholarship for TalentedStudents of Final Years of Studies at the HigherEducation Institutions;

Fund for student loans; Co-funding of research, scientific training and

study visits at home and abroad; Participation in national and international

scientific meetings; Competition for funding/co-funding of scientific

research, and research and development projectsin the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina;

The Federal Ministry of Education and Science in2013 signed an agreement on the financing ofprogrammes, projects and institutions at six public

Guidelines for Conduct of Doctoral Studies by theCouncil for Development of Higher Education andQuality Assurance of the Republika Srpska (2008):the universities in the territory of the RepublikaSrpska have developed and adopted their ownRulebooks for Conduct of Doctoral Studies;

‘Support for doctoral studies and dissertationdefence’ Programme, Federal Ministry of Educationand Science.

Strategy of Development of Scientific-Research andResearch-Development work in Federation of BiH forthe period 2012-2022;

Strategy of scientific and technological developmentof the Republic of Srpska for the period 2012-2016,focused on strengthening collaboration betweenacademia and industry;

Law on Scientific Research Activities andTechnological Development providing for, amongothers, transferring knowledge and technology, andencouraging the application of research results;

The Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovinahas participated actively in number of projects dealingwith the issue of overcoming the obstacles inindustry-academia cooperation, such as FP6-WEBMOB and FP7 ISEEMOB;

The industry sector provides financial resources forthe practical application of the R&D results;

The Innovation Centre Foundation (Banja Luka); The Technology Business Park in Ramici (near Banja

Luka); The University of East Sarajevo and University of

Banja Luka implemented industry driven-researchactivities and signed contracts with 19 local andforeign companies in 2012-13.





industryuniversities in the amount of BAM 1.8 million(some EUR 915 000).

CROATIA

The University of Zagreb provides additional skillsdevelopment for doctoral candidates enrolled atthe university on a continuing basis;

The University of Zagreb initiated a nationwideproject in 2013 to provide all Croatian universitieswith HR programmes for sustainable skillsdevelopment. The project is called ModernisingDoctoral Education through Implementation ofCROQF (Croatian Qualification Framework);

The University of Rijeka in 2012 organised 37different lectures and workshops for almost 1 500participants with the goal of enhancingresearchers’ knowledge in development ofentrepreneurial skills, preparation andmanagement of projects funded by the EU andintellectual property rights;

In 2013, the University of Rijeka TechnologyTransfer Office therefore organised severalworkshops and seminars on the importance ofintellectual rights, and technology and knowledgetransfer for students and researchers;

The Central Office of Doctoral Studies andProgrammes is in charge of providing the necessarytools for the implementation of a skills agenda, andsupporting PhD candidates in developingtransferable skills;

The University of Split has a Technology TransferOffice (TTO) which aims to increase thecommercialisation of University intellectualproperty and strengthen links between universitiesand industry;

The Science and Technology Park at the Universityof Rijeka is very active in organising workshopsdedicated to transferable skills.

The RAZUM programme provides initial funding fornewly established knowledge-based companies aswell as funding research and development of newproducts or services in existing companies;

PoC PUBLIC – provides funding for ideas andconcepts, prototypes and intellectual propertyprotection, and "spin-offs" from universities andscientific institutes;

PoC PRIVATE – provides checking and confirmation ofthe commercial application of research results andhelps establish an appropriate strategy for continuedcommercialisation;

The TEHCRO programme supports commercialisationof research outputs and the transfer of knowledgefrom universities and scientific institutions tobusiness, and also supports development ofTechnology Business Centres, Technology Incubatorsand Research and Development Centres;

The IRCRO programme supports cooperation betweenindustry and technology institutions, facilitatesmaximum usage of infrastructure in scientific researchcentres, and supports industrial companies tosubstantially increase their R&D activities;

The EUREKA programme supports innovative SMEswith their international collaborative market-orientedR&D projects and is open to all technological areas;

TEST – provides funding for research projects thatdevelop new technologies and that upon completionof the research phase strive to further commercialiseand create new products or services;

As a part of the European Enterprise Network, BICROprovides advice as well as networking betweenchambers of commerce, technology centres,universities, research institutes and developmentagencies, powerful interconnected databases,through which members of the network share theirknowledge and information about technologies andbusiness partners;

The Croatian Science Foundation funds thePartnership in Research Programme, which aims toimprove cooperation between research institutions,





industryindustry and entrepreneurship, and thus increasebudgetary investments in research;

The Unity through Knowledge Fund unites scientificand professional potential in Croatia and the Diasporain development of the knowledge-based societythrough its ‘Young Researchers and Professionals’projects, Research Cooperability Programme,Connectivity Programme and Research CooperabilityProgramme;

New International Fellowship Mobility Programme forExperienced Researchers in Croatia – NEWFELPRO: toprovide an impetus to an effective labor market forresearchers in Croatia, connecting industry anduniversities, public and private research institutions,and industrial laboratories, enhancing knowledgetransfer and preparing better employmentopportunities for researchers with special attention toSMEs’ innovative processes;

The Science and Innovation Investment Fund – SIIF –is a project financed under the RegionalCompetitiveness Operational Programme 2007-2013and implemented by the Ministry of Science,Education and Sport. The goal is to increasecommercialisation of research results and technologytransfer.

CYPRUS

The Mera Programme targets elementary andsecondary school children (6-18) with the aim ofpromoting research at school level;

The Teke Programme targets elementary andsecondary school children (6-18) with the aim ofpromoting research at school level;

The Foito Programme (Students in Research)targets university students with the aim ofpromoting the research profession within theeducational system.

The Didaktor Programme (2009-2010) aimed atthe immediate integration of young post-doctoralscientists (under the age of 40) in the RTDI systemof Cyprus in order to implement high level researchprojects;

Single-company Continuing Training ProgrammesAbroad have as their primary objective the trainingand development abroad of employees of anenterprise. Universities, research institutes andmajor industries can be involved in theseprogrammes;

Standard Multi-company Continuing TrainingProgrammes aim at providing continuing trainingfor meeting the training needs of employeesthrough their participation in training programmesimplemented by public or private traininginstitutions and organisations;

Innovation Clusters Programme (planned) willpromote networking between national enterprisesand academia, and increases in the number of jointproposals to receive funding;

University-Industry Liaison Offices: A University-Industry Liaison Offices Network established in 2010at the major universities in Cyprus;

PENEK – Young Researchers of Cyprus Programme(2009-2010) aimed to prepare the next generation ofresearchers for employment in the Research,Technological Development and Innovation (RTDI)system of Cyprus. The main objective was to promotethe involvement of young scientists in the workingenvironment of research units/laboratories inresearch centres and enterprises, and theiracquisition of experience in modern researchmethodologies and research project management incutting-edge scientific and technological fields.





industry High-Priority Multi-company Continuing Training

Programmes aim at providing continuing trainingfor meeting the training needs of employeesthrough their participation in training programmesimplemented by public or private traininginstitutions and organisations on specific high-priority issues;

Multi-company Continuing Training ProgrammesAbroad aim at improving and enriching theknowledge and skills of the senior personnel of theenterprises in various aspects of businessorganisation, administration and technology.Universities, research institutes and majorindustries may utilise these programmes to addressthe common training needs for their researchers;

The scheme for job placement and training ofunemployed tertiary education graduates aims tostrengthen the management capacity ofenterprises and organisations through theemployment and training of young university andother tertiary education graduates;

The scheme for the promotion of innovation intraining and development of human resources aimsat encouraging enterprises and organisations toprepare and implement proposals that includeresearch and development of innovative ideas forthe training and development of the humanresources.

CZECH REPUBLIC

Several universities as well as the National ContactCentre for Women and Science at the Institute ofSociology of the Academy of Sciences of the CzechRepublic have introduced mentoring programmesto attract women students at secondary educationlevel to follow STEM subjects at university level.

The Effective Knowledge Transfer project coverssystems for intellectual property protection andcommercial use, commercialisation of R&D results,and cooperation with industry. The project alsoinvolves the development of support methodologiesfor implementation, the creation of networks foreffective knowledge transfer and the training of thetarget group of users in the methodological materials.

DENMARK

Elite Programmes at Universities targetparticularly motivated and talented students inorder to nurture graduates able to take onextraordinary challenges in academic research orleading positions in the professional world;

The ISI 2015 Innovation, Science, IntegrationProgramme aims to meet the challenge of

Ministerial Order on the PhD Programme atUniversities (2007) develops the Danish PhDprogramme to provide young researchers withquality skills in order to contribute to a knowledge-based economy and society in Denmark. InDenmark, all PhD programmes have to beorganised within a PhD School. Each university

Application of Science and Languages and Talentinitiatives: the Danish Ministry of Children andEducation co-funds a number of collaborative projectgroups with the participation of upper secondaryschool teachers, researchers and project managersfrom universities, museums/science centres and/orprivate and public companies;





industryrecruiting the necessary engineers and scientificresearchers to Danish industry. Target groups:school students, teachers and managementteams;

The NatPLUS project included four measures forincreasing students’ interest and achievements inscience topics;

Olympiads and Competitions for school students; Science Talents targets talented young students

(between 12 and 20), who are good at science andtechnology and have a potential to become thebest researchers if their talent is nursed;

Talent Initiatives (2011 – 2012): a group ofteachers and advisers who have developedmaterials for exemplary teaching in all disciplinesin upper secondary schools;

Talent Initiative (ongoing): a number ofcollaborative project groups with the participationof upper secondary school teachers, researchersand project managers from universities,museums/science centres and/or private andpublic companies;

National Centre for Science and Educationconcentrates on the interest and learning ofscience, technology and health in primary schools,the upper secondary education and technicalcolleges, as well as the problems of transition inthe education system;

Sapere Aude Programme: a comprehensive careerprogramme for excellent research;

Chosen for University/University College (2011-2014): a project to develop teaching in certainchosen subjects to ensure that students from anon-academic background get more out of thetuition and hence contribute to a highercompletion rate;

Kangerlussuaq Scientific Summer school: toinspire and teach natural science to uppersecondary school students from Greenland,Denmark and the US and, moreover, to enhancethe interest in Arctic science.

establishes a number of PhD Schools at faculty orUniversity level. Courses are either related toteaching and examination of students or to thedevelopment of different types of skills, such asentrepreneurship, management of complexprojects and making research accessible tostudents;

Development of the quality of professionallyoriented higher education (2013-2015).

The Industrial PhD Programme aims to offer doctoraltraining in cooperation with the industry sector;

The Industrial Post-doc Programme (pilot scheme):new doctoral graduates carry out research withfinancial and technical support from both a universityand a company;

The Danish Innovation Consortium (IC) Scheme:collaboration between enterprises, researchinstitutions and non-profit advisory/knowledgedissemination parties;

Clusters-Innovation Network Denmark ensures thatsmaller enterprises participate in network projects,and that the networks help this target group to makeuse of other innovation policy initiatives e.g.innovation consortia, innovation vouchers, theKnowledge Pilot scheme and the Industrial PhDscheme;

Danish Technological Service System: The GTSinstitutes are “approved technological serviceproviders”. They are independent not-for-profitorganisations, whose purpose is to transfer anddisseminate technical know-how, new methods andknowledge to industry and society in order to createand increase development;

Innovation Assistant (Knowledge Pilot) scheme aimsat increasing knowledge dispersion throughout theeconomy by subsidising the employment of Universitygraduates in SMEs;

Innovation Voucher Scheme inspires SMEs to utilisethe opportunities and make use of the potentialknowledge of Institutions;

Innovation (2012-2013) to make innovation anintegral part of education in upper secondary schools.The project was financed by the Ministry of Educationand the Foundation for Entrepreneurship/YE andadministered by Odder Gymnasium;

Jet-Net.dk: a national network between educationalinstitutions and companies established to stimulateand maintain students’ interest in science,engineering and technology;

Advanced Technology Projects and platforms: supportcollaboration between Danish private companies and





industryuniversities with the aim of developing anddemonstrating new and important technologies;

Large knowledge voucher: provides support forresearch-based collaboration between SMEs andknowledge institutions (Universities, RTOs etc.);

Strategic research projects: promote excellent andrelevant research that will be of benefit to futuredevelopment and economic growth in Denmark;

Strategic Platforms for Innovation and Research (SPIR)and societal partnerships: fund large strategicpartnership initiatives between industry, research andtechnology institutions and the public sector whichseek to strengthen the link between strategicresearch, technology development and innovation,and thereby promote efficient knowledgedissemination, develop solutions for society andpossibilities for fast application of new technologiesand knowledge in connection with innovation in theprivate and public sector and in connection withdeveloping solutions to societal challenges;

The Ministry of Higher Education and Science) in 2013published a manual (Central Innovation Manual - CIM)for impact studies of research and innovationinterventions.

ESTONIA

Science communication programme TeaMepromotes young people’s interest in science andtechnology;

Teeme funds science communication events,science camps, technology days, and get-togetheractivities for university students and high schoolpupils;

Pupils’ Inventor Contest: schools organise scienceconferences and seminars at which studentspresent and discuss their work, and meet withscientists;

Gifted and Talented Development Centre at theUniversity of Tartu offer pupils interested inscience an opportunity to further develop theirscientific knowledge and skills;

Science Bus Suur Vanker (‘Big Dipper’): physicsstudents from the University of Tartu and fromthe Estonian Physical Society demonstrate

AHHAA Science Centre: the initiative serves tostrengthen the scientific excellence of participatingresearchers;

Doctoral schools were set up in 2005. In 2009,thirteen new Doctoral schools were selected forthe period 2009-15. Their aim is to improve thequality of tutoring of doctoral candidates and toincrease the efficiency of doctoral studies inEstonia through interdisciplinary, international andnational cooperation;

Standard of Higher Education, Regulation No 178 of18 December 2008: doctoral study programmesusually include training in transferable skills toimprove researchers’ employment skills andcompetencies;

The Estonian Rectors´ Conference has endorsed the“Quality Agreement” among Estonian universitiesencouraging the inclusion of transferable skills’training in doctoral studies curricula;

Joint activities of the Ministry of Economics andCommunication and the Ministry of Education andResearch to support the development ofentrepreneurship, launch mobility schemes tofacilitate two-way movement between academia andenterprises;

Product Development Grants are available toentrepreneurs and universities in support of thedevelopment of products and services with highadded-value;

Technology Competence Centre grants aim toincrease Estonia’s international competitiveness bystrengthening cooperation between entrepreneursand research establishments;

Innovation Voucher Grants aim to boost thecompetitiveness of Estonian SMEs through knowledgeand technology transfer, expanding cooperation withR&D institutions and increasing the capability toprotect intellectual property rights;





industryinteresting physical experiments to the generalpublic;

Association of Young Scientists promotes careersin science and technology among secondaryschool students;

The Primus Programme aims to improve theprofessional competitiveness of higher educationinstitution graduates;

Popularising science and science education insociety as well as Centres of Excellence andpostdoctoral grants are the majors aims in thenew 2014-2020 programming (Estonian Researchand Development and Innovation Strategy 2014-2020 “Knowledge-Based Estonia”).

Centres of Excellence: support the development ofEstonian research so as to strengthen Estoniancompetitiveness at European level. Currently, thereare 12 Centres of Excellence in Estonia.

The SPINNO Programme promotes cooperationbetween research and development institutions andenterprises;

The Ajujaht Business plan competition is a start-upcompetition for young entrepreneurs creatinginnovative businesses;

The DoRa Doctoral Studies and InternationalisationProgramme: Activity 3 of the “DoRa” Programme -Training doctoral students in cooperation withbusinesses – actively assists innovative companies byfunding the creation of doctoral student places;

The new RD&I Strategy sets a target of 300 PhDgraduates per year by 2020 (instead of 2015 asinitially predicted), postponing by five years the datefor reaching this target set in earlier strategies.

FINLAND

The Millennium Youth Camp offers young peopleof 16-19 an overview of Finnish expertise and top-level research in the natural sciences,mathematics and technology;

SciFest is an international science and technologyfestival, bringing together thousands ofschoolchildren, high school students and teachers;

Tutki-Kokeile-Kehitä (Research-Experiment-Development) is a Finnish science and technologycompetition for young people from 6-20 years old.The competition is held yearly;

In 2013 the Ministry of Education and Culturelaunched a new initiative on science education. Atthe heart of this initiative are a working group, aseries of workshops for stakeholders and a call forproposals on innovative science educationprojects (with EUR 1 million funding).

National Guidelines for the Development ofDoctoral Training (2011).

The LUMA Center umbrella organisation iscoordinated by the Faculty of Science of theUniversity of Helsinki to bring schools, universitiesand industry together and to promote the learning,studying and teaching of natural science,mathematics, computer science and technology at alllevels;

Academy Project funding is designed to promote thequality of research, the diversity of research and itscapacity for renewal, and provides researchers withan opportunity to carry out scientifically ambitiousresearch, to achieve new breakthroughs and toengage in high-risk research, simultaneouslyencouraging inter-sectoral mobility;

Strategic Centres for Science, Technology andInnovation: cooperation platform for innovativecompanies and spearheading research.

FRANCE

Most public research organisations implementpolicy measures to attract young people toresearch and help teachers to involve youngpeople in research by means of events, visits toscientific sites, lectures in schools, workshops,conferences, competitions, symposia inpartnerships with several research organisations,etc.;

Annual ‘Young female mathematician workshop’in association with ‘Women and Mathematics’ to

Investments for the Future Programme offers manyopportunities for PhD students in laboratories ofexcellence or via excellence initiatives in allscientific disciplines, including STEM subjects;

Irene Joliot-Curie Prize to propose role models foryoung researchers.

The Carnot Institutes Network aims to improve inter-sectoral knowledge circulation through partnershipresearch;

The CIR (Crédit d’Impôt Recherche) is a research taxcredit which aims to encourage private sectorcompanies to carry out more R&D. To be eligible,companies must hire young PhD holders to carry outresearch;

Technological research institutes bring togetherpublic and private laboratories dedicated to a specificarea of technology;





industrycreate networks, fight self-censorship and detectpotential obstacles in career development;

National initiatives have been under way for 10years on the issue of young female students’career choice. They primarily focus on high schoolstudents;

Doctoral Contracts for Disabled Students.

Higher Education and Research Law – new groupings(2013): The new law creates communities ofuniversities and institutions;

The Higher Education and Research Law (2013) re-affirms the importance of exploiting the results ofresearch in serving society, and developing innovationand technology transfer (Articles 10 and 14). Highereducation personnel can work for a fixed andrenewable period with public and private laboratorieswhile remaining in their schools in order to developspecific applications (Article 73). Activities carried outwhen providing entrepreneurship (créationd’entreprise) and or science consultancy (concoursscientifique) must be taken into account in theassessment of personnel researchers (Article 90);

Joint research structures: partnerships betweentertiary research institutions and businesses.

FORMER YUGOSLAVREPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

National Strategy for the Development ofEducation 2005-2015 aims to create opportunitiesfor improving education and training, research,development and promotion of cultural values foryoung people and adults. It also strengthens thecollaboration between industry and academia;

The government developed the ‘Higher Educationfor All’ policy as part of the Programme of theGovernment 2008-2012. The goal was for 25% ofthe relevant age group to be receiving highereducation by 2012;

In 2009, the St. Paul the Apostle University forInformation Science & Technology was establishedin Ohrid, employing staff from Albania, Iran, Italy,Iran, Israel and Ukraine, the UK, the USA andadopting English as its primary teaching language.The university’s main focus is on science andresearch.

A project entitled ‘Equipping Laboratories forScientific Research and Applicative Activities’(2009-14), aims to advance research at stateuniversities and public scientific organisations bycreating and equipping research laboratories;

The Regional Joint Doctoral Programme inEntrepreneurship and SME Management forWestern Balkan Countries DOCSMEST is a three-year Tempus project aiming to develop andimplement a Joint Doctoral Programme inEntrepreneurship and SME Management;

Under the Action Plan for Innovation (2013-2015),the measures foreseen include increasing thequality of education to match the needs of theinnovation system in developing researchers’ skillsand competences;

The amendments to the Law for Higher Education(adopted in January 2013) recommendedestablishing career centres at universities, andintroducing courses on entrepreneurship andinnovation.

A Memorandum for Cooperation between the mainuniversities and chambers encourages them tocooperate via the organisation of mutual trainingprogrammes. Enterprises which are members of thechambers provide internships for students;

The National Programme for Scientific and ResearchActivities (2013-2017) foresees putting activities inplace early in the Programme to encourageresearchers to move from the public to private sector;

In 2010, the government made a 30-day internship ina company or government institution compulsory forall students in line with the objectives of the ‘NationalStrategy for the Development of Education 2005–2015’ for strengthening university-industrycollaboration;

The Programme of the Government for 2011-2015encourages universities to establish companies basedon science or technology;

The new Innovation Strategy lists as a next steplegislation for Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs);

The government has launched a promotionalcampaign website www.osmelise.mk (Be brave! Takethe first step!) which promotes university start-upcreation and legislation to promote university spin-offcompany projects was passed in 2012.





industry

GERMANY

Student Universities (Schülerunis): a number ofGerman universities offer excellent students fromgrammar schools the opportunity to attendlectures and courses, and earn credit points whilestill at school;

Tiny Tots Science Corner (Haus der kleinenForscher - HdkF) Initiative (Helmholtz Association)aims at increasing the interest of children (threeto six years old) in science and technology bygiving them an opportunity to conductexperiments and solve problems on their own;

Fraunhofer Gesellschaft: a) KidsKreativ!competition for children up to six years old and b)together with the “MINT-EC” association, itorganises annual workshops for pupils aged 10-12with a focus on chemistry, technology/physics,IT/mathematics and biology;

The Fraunhofer Talent Schools Initiative givesyoung people between the age of 15 and 18 anopportunity to get to know the Fraunhoferresearch landscape;

The Talent Take Off programme offers differentforms of support to young people embarking on auniversity degree;

The "Strascheg Center for Entrepreneurship" andthe long-established "TheoPrax" programmes aimto promote young people’s entrepreneurshipskills. Pupils from different schools (generalsecondary schools, intermediate schools,vocational schools and academic secondaryschools) work on business and science-relatedtopics;

Otto Hahn Groups and Max Planck ResearchGroups (MPG): offer young researchers anopportunity to head a research team at an earlystage of their career;

Helmholtz Young Investigator Groups (HGF): giveyoung researchers the opportunity to lead theirown research group and gain the necessary skillsfor pursuing a university career;

Fraunhofer Attract Funding Programme (FhG):gives outstanding external researchers anopportunity and incentive to further develop their

Helmholtz Association provides structured doctoraltraining in the form of research schools andgraduate schools and grants universities access tothe Helmholtz Association's laboratories andresearch infrastructures. The Helmholtz ResearchSchools are joint programmes established on thebasis of cooperation agreements betweenHelmholtz Centres and universities with the aim ofsupporting young researchers. The ResearchSchools provide structured doctoral training over aperiod of three years in areas of mutual scientificinterest and scientific excellence. The GraduateSchools offer PhD students an interdisciplinaryeducation that teaches them important skills for acareer in science or the private sector;

More than sixty International Max Planck ResearchSchools offer special training programmes orevents for all career levels;

Taking the Lead: a talent management concept forthe continuous scientific and interdisciplinaryeducation of researchers at all levels of theircareers. The programme not only includesmentoring, but also training activities (personalpresentation, public speaking, individual coachingand networking);

Graduate Academies and Research Schools ofuniversities;

International PhD Programmes in Germany – IPID(DAAD);

Leibniz Association (WGL): Since 2006, 31 LeibnizGraduate Schools;

Graduate Academy at the University of Jena; Leibniz Qualification Programme; Max Planck Research Programmes (MPG); Fraunhofer Bildungsprogramm: offers scientists

extensive possibilities for training and careerdevelopment.

The Robert Bosch Centre for Power Electronics (RBZ),a research and teaching association formed by theBosch Group, the University of Stuttgart andReutlingen University of Applied Science, offersBachelor's and Master's degrees for studentsspecialising in power electronics and microelectronics.Students can also pursue PhDs at the RBZ. TheCentre's close cooperation with Robert Bosch GmbHensures that students receive industry-relevanttraining;

The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft supports application-based research in cooperation with the private sector.Students are offered the possibility of pursuing a PhDin applied research in close collaboration withindustry;

Shared Professorship (KIT); German Research Foundation (DFG): Transfer projects

can be proposed in conjunction with many DFG grantprogrammes and in all DFG-funded scientificdisciplines;

Federal programmes at the interface between scienceand industry (BMBF);

Max Planck Innovation (MPG).





industryideas into practical applications in a market-oriented environment within the FhG.

GREECE

Support of Postdoctoral Researchers (POSTDOCSProgramme) (2007-2013) offered fellowshipprogrammes for doctorates and post-docresearchers (Greek or non-nationals) to carry out a24-36 month research project in universities,technological institutes and public researchcentres in Greece or abroad (host institution);

EXCELLENCE (ARISTEIA) I & II 2011, 2012addresses young excellent scientists and supportsmobility and frontier research meeting highinternational standards.

Under Part IV of the law 4009/2011 on highereducation institutions, lifelong learning activitiesare a matter for the concrete regulations by eachindividual institution. Higher education institutionshave the possibility of organising lifelong learningtraining sessions and increasing the quality ofdoctoral training through collaboration withnational and international higher education andresearch Institutions;

HERACLITUS, THALES, ARCHIMEDES Programmes(2009) under the Education, Training and LifelongLearning Operational Programme (2007-2013) offertraining to researchers, attract high qualityresearchers from abroad and develop researchnetworks among universities, technologicalinstitutes and research centres;

Financing research proposals which were positivelyevaluated in the 4th and 5th Call of ERC GrantsSchemes” 2012 and 2013.

The Clusters Programme is designed to create public-private partnerships amongst companies, universities,research organisations, associations, and chambers ofcommerce and crafts in order to boostcompetitiveness, entrepreneurship and innovation;

COOPERATION 2011 – Partnerships betweenbusinesses and research bodies in specific researchand technological sectors;

CREATION - Support to new innovative enterprises,notably highly knowledge intensive (spin off and spinout);

Innovation Vouchers for SMEs: fosters exchange ofexpertise and consultant services between‘innovation agents’ (i.e. universities, research centres)and companies;

Action ‘Supporting businesses with the aim ofemploying highly qualified scientific personnel’ (underthe Human Resources Development OperationalProgramme);

Promotion of Industrial Research & Technology(PAVET 2013): aims to encourage industrial researchand experimental development in eight thematiccategories and also to promote cooperation betweenenterprises, or between enterprises and researchinstitutions;

Tax law 4110/2013 (amending law 3296/2004)provides for an annual deduction of the R&Dexpenses from the net profits of the firm, increasedby 30%, in the fiscal year when they occur. This fiscalmeasure will apply from 2014.

HUNGARY

Hungarian Talent Programme (2008-2028) aims tocover 20 years and support talents from earlychildhood until the start of their career;

National Excellence Programme launched in 2012under the New Széchenyi Plan has two sub-programmes: 1. Supporting excellent students,teachers and researchers; and 2. Campus HungaryProgramme;

Hungarian Academy of Science – StructuralReforms of the Research Network: fundingindividual excellence in order to give research

Hungarian universities develop and promote theirown post-doctoral programmes financed by theState. When an education institution plans tointroduce a new PhD curriculum, it needs theapproval of the Hungarian AccreditationCommittee. The new Act on Higher Education (ActCCIV of 2011, in force since 1 January 2012) furthersupports the strategic ambition of increasing thequality of doctoral training in Hungarian institutionsby introducing a ranking and classification ofhigher-education institutions;

Dunaújváros College and Hankook Tire Hungary Ltd; BME, ELTE – ERICSSON; Kecskemét College, Mercedes-Benz Manufacturing

Hungary Ltd. and Knorr-Bremse Ltd; Robert Bosch Department of Mechatronics –

University of Miskolc; Széchenyi István University and Audi Hungary

Department for Internal Combustion Engines; Social Renewal Operation Programme: measures that

contribute to the improvement of cooperation





industryteams gathering outstanding and talentedresearchers a key role in this new system;

Grant Programme of the Richter GedeonCentennial Foundation: post-doctoral grantprogramme;

Government Decree No. 3/2012 (I. 23) onFinancing Higher Education Institutions: the Stateprovides extra funding for selected researchuniversities and will award special financialsupport for selected Priority Higher EducationInstitutions and Colleges for Applied Research;

Momentum (Lendület) Programme of theHungarian Academy of Sciences: to supportoutstanding young researchers.

Several quality improvement regulations wereadopted over the period 2012-2013. They included387/2012. (XII.19.) Government Regulation onDoctoral Procedures and the Habilitation Decisionof the Hungarian Accreditation Committee (HAC) atits meeting of June 7, 2013;

In the new national strategy, Investing in theFuture – National Research and Development,Innovation Strategy 2020, there are initiativesrelated to the improvement of researchers’employment skills and competencies;

The Government Regulation on National Excellencein Higher Education (24/2013. (II.5)).

between the entrepreneurial sphere (industry) andhigher education institutions.

IRELAND

As part of the implementation of the revisedprimary school curriculum, science was introducedto all primary schools from September 2003 tohelp children develop scientific skills;

The Irish government has introduced DiscoverScience and Engineering (DSE) as its nationalscience awareness programme at the primary andsecondary level, which in the longer term will feedinto the third level, (i.e. universities and Institutesof Technology) and also the PhD level, e.g.MyScienceCareer.ie;

The government in 2003 launched a revisedsyllabus in Junior Certificate science. The revisedsyllabus was supported by a comprehensiveprogramme of professional development forteachers, and investment of some EUR 16 millionin 2004 in resources and laboratory facilities;

The STEPS Engineers Ireland Programmeencourages primary and post-primary students toexplore the world of science and engineeringthrough various initiatives;

A decision was taken by HEIs in 2010 to apply anadditional award for attainment in mathematics inentrance criteria for higher education toencourage more students to take mathematics ata higher level in secondary education;

BT Young Scientist and Technologist Exhibition; Project Maths syllabus for both Junior and Leaving

Certificate Mathematics;

The seven Irish universities, the Institutes ofTechnology and the Royal College of Surgeons inIreland are committed to strengthening theirgraduate research capacity with a concomitantincrease in graduate students;

The majority of Irish Higher Education Institutionshave introduced structured PhD frameworks;

The Irish Universities Deans of Graduate StudiesGroup has developed a statement to communicateto students, supervisors and employers the skillsand attributes of a PhD graduate;

The national funding agencies for research andinnovation also provide support for human capitaldevelopment;

Science Foundation Ireland includes provision fortraining researchers in line with national targets inits funding programmes;

The Irish Research Council for Science, Engineeringand Technology and the Irish Research Council forthe Humanities and Social Sciences identify andsupport excellent early career researchersthroughout the research system across alldisciplines, with a focus on career development;

The National Academy for Integration of Researchand Teaching and Learning (NAIRTL) providestraining for academics to develop their supervisingand mentoring skills;

The Institutes of Technology have also developedstructured support programmes in support of

In June, 2012, the Government published a newnational Intellectual Property Protocol to encourageindustry to benefit from the research anddevelopment performed in Ireland’s public researchinstitutions;

Establishment of a “central Technology TransferOffice” (cTTO) to provide an effective interfacebetween industry and the research community;

ELEVATE scheme (2013 to 2018) allows experiencedresearchers to spend two years at anenterprise/industry host laboratory outside Ireland,followed by a return year at an Irish Higher EducationInstitution;

The Programme for Research in Third-LevelInstitutions enhances PhD education and training, soas to enable the system to deliver PhDs with skills setsfor working across the spectrum of the public andprivate sectors;

Through the Research Centres Programme 2012scientists and engineers are linked in partnershipsacross academia and industry to address crucialresearch questions, foster the development of newand existing Irish-based technology companies, andexpand educational and career opportunities inIreland in science and engineering;

The universities and Institutes of Technology havededicated Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) to forgeclose links to industry. Enterprise Ireland has provided





industry Leaving Certificate results in Honours Maths since

2012; National annual events (such as the Smart Futures

Conference, ICT Champions Programme,Engineering Week, Science Week and MathsWeek);

Bonus Points have been applied for the LeavingCertificate results in Honours Maths since 2012.All third level institutions collectively decided tooperate a bonus points scheme for Higher LevelMathematics for a four-year trial period from2012 to 2015 with a review in 2014;

The new Junior Cycle: to give schools and othersthe opportunity to develop short courses whichare particularly relevant to a school’s context andinterests;

The Higher Education Authority and the IrishIndependent (Newspaper) host an annualcompetition inviting postgraduate researchstudents in any discipline at an Irish higher-education institution to make a short submissionon the difference that their research work willmake to a particular aspect of Irish life, to thecountry as a whole or internationally;

The SFI Discover Programme will support national

and regional projects in STEM education andoutreach in Ireland with the aim of engaging andscientifically informing the general public;

The President of Ireland Young Researcher Award(PIYRA): SFI’s most prestigious award for recruitingyoung researchers currently based around theworld;

The Irish Research Council offers fundingopportunities for early-career researchers acrossall disciplines.

postgraduate students. The Graduate ResearchAlliance project initiated as a pilot project in 2007was officially launched in 2009;

For Research Profiles R2-R4: a number of HEIs haverecently launched programmes to support skillsdevelopment for post-docs. An example is theResearch Careers Framework operated byUniversity College Dublin.

staff for TTOs in ten Higher Education Institutes,including each of the seven universities;

Enterprise Partnership Scheme; Enterprise Ireland Commercialisation Fund; Enterprise Ireland New Frontiers Programme; HRB-SFI Translational Research Awards (TRA); Industry-led Research Networks Programme; Innovation Vouchers; Innovation Partnerships; IRC Employment-based Postgraduate Programme

(2012); SFI Industry Fellowship (2013 onwards); SFI Investigators Programme (IvP); SFI Spokes Programme; SFI Strategic Partnership Programme; SFI Short-term Industry Visiting Fellowship; SFI/EI Technology Innovation Development Award

(TIDA); Technology Centres; Technology Gateway (formerly the Enterprise Ireland

Applied Research Enhancement (ARE) CentreProgramme);

The SFI US-Ireland R&D Partnership Programme.

ITALY

The Week of Scientific Culture and theorganisation of similar events by Italianinstitutions during the European Union’s‘Researchers’ Night’ aim to make young peoplemore familiar with and attract them to science;

The National Plan for University Science Degreesintroduced an improved approach to teaching to

Doctoral Programmes are assessed and evaluatedat national level by the Ministry of Education,University and Research, on the basis of anevaluation and accreditation process against a setof criteria drawn up by the National Agency for theEvaluation of Universities and Research Institutes(ANVUR);

Law 240/2010 on the General Reform of UniversityEducation establishes a legal framework for regulatingpartnerships between academia and industry. Thanksto their autonomy, Italian universities are free toestablish bilateral relations with the business sector;

A high level apprenticeship contract (contratto di altoapprendistato) with an enterprise and other (private)





industryincrease the number of enrolments in scientificdisciplines at university level.

The Act on Doctoral Training (2013) includesmeasures aimed at increasing the quality ofdoctoral training, and encourages academia-industry collaboration, but it does not fully coverthe “Principles for Innovative Doctoral Training”;

Higher education institutions are increasinglyproviding a variety of training and several skillsportfolios on an autonomous basis.

employers can recruit a PhD student (under the age of29) under a fixed-term contract subsidised by thelocal (regional) governments;

Decree 297/1999 allocates financial contributions toSMEs where a researcher from a university or a(public) research centre is employed by the companyfor a period of at most four years, renewable onlyonce (eight years in total);

The new Act on Doctoral Training promotes industry-academia doctoral programmes.

LATVIA

In 2009/2010, the University of Latvia and the RigaTechnical University set up doctoral schools;

The report “Development of Science andTechnology in Latvia, 2011” calls for measures toimprove researchers’ employment skills andcompetencies, by, for instance, developing newstudy programmes and courses to improve theacademic staff qualification level. The measureswill be supported by the European Social Fundtargeting higher education;

The Research, Technological Development andInnovation Guidelines for 2014-2020 also foreseecontinuing the support for doctoral studies, byspecifically increasing the number of doctoralstudents in the following scientific areas: nature,life, information technologies, forestry, agricultureand engineering. In particular, the Guidelinesforesee the establishment of a grant system fordoctors’ degree study programmes.

Indicative Activity 2.1.1.1. Support to science andresearch (ERDF): facilitates the integration of scienceand industry in areas such as agro-biotechnology,informatics, biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, energy,material science, forest science, medical science andenvironmental science;

Indicative Activity 2.1.2.1. Commercialisation ofscience and transfer of technologies (ERDF): booststhe commercialisation of science and transfer oftechnologies by promoting cooperation betweenresearch and industry in the implementation ofindustrial research projects (applied research) and thedevelopment of new products and technologies.

LITHUANIA

The Researchers’ Career Programme contains aset of measures aimed at raising young people’sinterest in pursuing a research career by offeringattractive working conditions and clear careerprospects at all career stages;

Promotion of Students’ Scientific Activities:designed for Bachelor, Master’s students anddoctoral candidates, it aims to raise youngpeople’s interest in pursuing a career in research;

Post-doc Internship implementation in Lithuania:competition-based Programme supportsresearchers in taking-up a post-doc position;

Scholarship support for students;

The Regulation on Doctoral Training (2010) pavedthe way for a new approach to PhD training inLithuania. The right to provide doctoral training isgranted by the Minister of Education and Science.Universities and research institutes enjoy a jointright to train PhDs;

At least every three years, the Research Council ofLithuania carries out quality and efficiencyassessments of the doctoral training;

The Research Council of Lithuania grants funds on acompetitive basis. Based on competition,universities and research institutes can apply forfunding for doctoral candidates.

The Ministry of Education and Science has signed 15agreements with Lithuanian partners (associations,companies, various institutions and higher educationinstitutions) in support of provision of incentives forstudents to gain (work) experience in an enterprise;

State aid for highly qualified persons’ employment inenterprises (2010-2013);

High-technology development programme(2011-2013): to boost the development of hi-techtrends with scientific potential, which enable thecreation of new competitive products;

Industrial biotechnology development programme forLithuania (2011-2013);





industry Student Vouchers to the best entrants applying to

universities and colleges. Student vouchers areawarded to incoming students based on theirsecondary education graduation results;

The National Higher Education Programme(2007-13) supports the development of students’and professors’ skills and competencies.Moreover, the Programme provides financialsupport for the development of Lithuania’sresearch infrastructure – replaced by NationalDevelopment Programme for Higher Educationand R&D for the years 2013-2020 and its ActionPlan for 2013–2015.

Measures for public-private R&D cooperation andcommercialisation of research results to provide R&Dactivities and commercialise their results funded byboth the Ministry of Education and Science and theMinistry of Economy;

Measures funded by the Ministry of Education andScience support commercialisation of R&D results tostimulate the creation of new spin-offs and start-ups;

Special national tool to provide financial support forIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection (since2011).

LUXEMBOURG

The National Research Fund (FNR) finances andorganises and/or co-organises the biennial“Science Festival” and “Researchers’ Night” inLuxembourg. In addition, the FNR’s very own“Mister Science” promotes science in a regularshow on national radio and the main national TVchannel. The FNR also runs the “Go for Science”network – where participants from the university,secondary schools, primary schools, after-schoolcare, museums and non-profit associations meetto exchange ideas and to get ideas for studyworkshops, hands-on experiments and schoolproject weeks;

AFR Grant Schemes (PhD and post-doc) aim toattract students to take science to an advanced(doctoral) level by promoting and financingresearch science;

FNR’s Promoting Science to the PublicProgramme;

FNR’s Support for Research Communication; www.science.lu is a website targeting the general

public, where children, young people and adultscan find information on science and research inLuxembourg and worldwide.

National Research Fund – FNR (Fonds National dela Recherche Luxembourg) (since 1999, revision ofthe law foreseen for 2014): the proposal for therevision of the law in 2014 foresees a supportsystem for research institutions to finance doctoralschools alongside the individual researchers’support system;

The University of Luxembourg has beenimplementing doctoral schools since 2012;

The currently proposed reform of the FNR lawforesees the implementation of a new fundinginstrument to allocate collective AFR PhD grants toLuxembourg public research units based on criteriasuch as scientific excellence, and quality of doctoraltraining and supervision;

The FNR is developing a quality framework fordoctoral training in parallel. This defines a basic setof requirements for the management, quality andacademic standards of the training of FNR-fundedPhDs across all Luxembourg institutions. Theimplementation of this quality framework will bepart of the assessment exercise for the new AFRcollective grant scheme (foreseen in 2015);

The performance contract the Governmentconcluded with the FNR foresees that the FNR willmonitor the employment situation of previouslyfunded PhD candidates (through a career trackingtool);

The FNR offers training in project management tostarting AFR beneficiaries and career orientation

Public-Private Partnerships under the AFR supportresearchers to carry out their PhD and/or post-doctraining in collaboration with a private company inLuxembourg.





industrytraining “From Learning to Earning” to AFRcandidates in the end-phase of their PhD orPostdoc. Moreover the University of Luxembourghas a set of training courses to promoteresearchers’ transferable skills, includingcommunication, writing, IPR and entrepreneurship,etc.;

The proposed new AFR collective grant scheme willsupport the further development of high-qualitydoctoral training programmes offering scientificand non-scientific skills.

MALTA

The Malta Government Scholarship Schemeprovides scholarships to individuals wishing topursue undergraduate or postgraduate studiesboth in Malta as well as overseas;

The Government plans to develop Malta’s firstNational Interactive Science Centre (NISC);

‘Researchers’ Night’ events provide interactivescience entertainment for children and thegeneral public;

The Government maintains a Science Centre forscience education within primary and secondarylevel;

The Maltese government annually holds severalScience Festivals for the general public and relatedpromotional activities;

The Strategic Educational Pathways ScholarshipsScheme provides scholarships to individualswishing to pursue postgraduate studies, both inMalta and overseas;

Master It! (2013-2015): Scholarships in STEMsubjects to support graduates to follow post-graduate studies at Master level both in Malta andabroad.

The University of Malta is participating in aEuropean Social Fund project that will result inoffering a Masters’ course in entrepreneurship aswell as in establishing a Business Incubation Centreat the University.

The National Research and Innovation Programmeprovides grants to academia and industry to fundresearch projects;

Loan of Highly Qualified Personnel’ Scheme providesSMEs with a cash grant to hire specialised personnelfrom an academic background on a temporary basis;

Malta’s National Research & Innovation Strategy 2020retains a strong business orientation and emphasisesthe importance of strengthening linkages betweenthe academic and the private sector for effectiveknowledge transfer.

MONTENEGRO

The Amended Higher Education Act (2010)introduces the integrated university, the three-cycle system, the European Credit Transfer System(ECTS), the Diploma Supplement and the Councilof Higher Education and Quality Assurance(internal and external);

The Government has developed a number ofactivities and programmes, targeting pupils fromelementary schools through to university

Amendments to the Law on Scientific ResearchActivities introduce international quality standards.

Action Plan on Increasing Researchers’ Mobility(2011-12) on strengthening inter-sectoral mobility;

Joint bilateral calls; The establishment of the first Scientific Technological

Park in Montenegro; Montenegro’s first Centre of Excellence, within HERIC

project; A programme of collaborative grants (also under

HERIC);





industrystudents, by engaging them in the regularteaching programmes as well as in nationalcompetitions on different topics, camps and visitsto great European and world research institutions.

The implementation of a grant scheme for knowledgetransfer between the academic and private sector isenvisaged under the Operational Programme for the4th Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

NETHERLANDS

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Sciencefunds the Netherlands Centre for Science andTechnology and its NEMO Science Centre toimplement policies for science communication;

The National Platform Science & Technologyensures sufficient availability of people who havea background in scientific or technical education.The Platform continues to target schools,universities, businesses, ministries, municipalities,regions and sectors to ensure that the futuresupply of knowledge workers will meet futuredemand;

Deltaplan Bèta Techniek: a memorandum onpreventing shortages in education. Thememorandum aimed to achieve by 2010 astructural increase of 15% more pupils andstudents in scientific and technical education andto use existing talent more effectively inbusinesses and research institutes;

Specific schemes at the Netherlands Organisationfor Scientific Research and at universitiesstimulate talented students to enter science andresearch careers;

Sirius Programme since 2008.

Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research’sgraduate school programme: a structuralprogramme that offers schools a fundingopportunity for the appointment of four PhDstudents.

Universities, research institutions and industrialpartners cooperate closely to create or supportdifferent tools to develop partnerships betweenacademia and industry;

Dutch government’s ‘Top sector policy’ aims to boostthe innovation climate through the creation of andcollaboration in public-private partnerships.

NORWAY

Many secondary schools have establishedagreements with nearby universities anduniversity colleges enabling gifted pupils in naturalsciences to substitute classes at tertiary level forclasses at secondary level;

Science Centres are popular scientific recreationand learning centres of technology, naturalsciences and mathematics for children and adults.The Science Centres do not focus on disseminatingthe results of research, but on sharing with thepublic the sheer excitement of scientific work andexperiments;

Norwegian HEIs organise annual studentrecruitment weeks;

Leading universities and research institutions offervarious training programmes in doctoral schools toimprove researchers’ employment skills andcompetencies. The type of training involvesmethods, statistics, ethics, intellectual propertyrights awareness and management;

Life-long learning is provided to researchers tofavour their professional and academicdevelopment, including at the highest academiclevel;

Guidelines for PhD education are developed by theNorwegian Association of Higher EducationInstitutions (UHR);

Scheme for a national network of research schools,financed by the Ministry of Education and Research

The Centres for Research-based Innovation (SFI)scheme seeks to promote innovation by providingfunding for long-term research conducted in closecooperation between R&D-performing companiesand prominent research groups. The scheme isdesigned to enhance technology transfer,internationalisation and researcher training;

The FORNY Programme provides funding for thedevelopment of business ideas based on R&D resultsfrom universities and university colleges;

The Industrial PhD scheme provides support tocompanies operating in Norway hiring an employeeseeking to pursue an ordinary doctoral degree at adegree-conferring university or university college;





industry The Research Council of Norway (RCN) has

launched several initiatives to attract people tobecome researchers, including Researchers’ Nightevents, the Nysgjerrigper Science KnowledgeProject for children, the Proscientia project(promoting interest in research and scienceamong young people aged 12-21) and an AnnualScience Week, where the purpose is to fuel thepublic’s curiosity, interest in and understanding ofresearch activities and results, and to promoterecruitment of young people to an academiccareer;

The Norwegian Contest for Young Scientists: awriting competition on freedom of expression;

Maths and science Olympiads; The KappAbel competition (Nordic competition in

mathematics for school classes); The FIRST LEGO League; Applicants for higher education who have ‘in-

depth’ science courses at the upper secondarylevel (in Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, Biologyand Information Technology) obtain morecompetitive points than applicants with othersubject combinations;

All female applicants to engineering studies (withthe exception of chemistry, where there is noshortage of female students) are awarded twoadditional competitive points compared to maleapplicants.

and run by the Research Council, was established in2008.

The SkatteFUNN tax deduction scheme for companiesis flexible and easy-to-use for costs related toresearch and development. All companies subject totaxation in Norway are eligible to apply for adeduction, regardless of the industrial sector, size orgeographic location;

Professors and associate professors have thepossibilty of holding a part-time (20%) position(Professor II/ Associate professor II) in one institutionin addition to their full-time permanent position inanother institution. Qualified personnel from othersectors and countries and between institutions acrossdisciplines and countries may also take up part-timepositions in the Higher Education Sector. Thisarrangement facilitates stronger cooperationbetween the higher education sector and industry;

Under Norway’s Industrial Ph.D. scheme, companiesmay apply for partial funding for a three-year periodfor an employee seeking to pursue an ordinarydoctoral degree;

Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research(FME): research activity is carried out in closecooperation between prominent researchcommunities and users;

Large-scale programme Initiative: programmesdeveloped in a dialogue between the researchestablishment, industry and the public administration,and extending across various sectors and valuechains;

Norwegian Centres of Expertise: to enhancesustainable innovation and internationalisationprocesses in the most dynamic and growth-orientedNorwegian clusters;

Programme for Regional R&D and Innovation (VRI):funding initiative for regional R&D and innovation tostrengthen innovative capacity and promote newforms of cooperation within Norwegian regions;

User-driven research-based Innovation (BIA): broad-based programme supporting high-quality R&Dprojects with good business and socio-economicpotential;

21-strategies and forums: sectoral strategiesformulated by committees appointed by government





industryministries and representatives of business, researchinstitutions and public administrations.

POLAND

The Act on the National Science Centreguarantees that at least 20% of all Centre fundsare earmarked for research conducted by juniorscientists;

The Diamond Grant is a special career path for onehundred of the most talented students in Poland.Beneficiaries can start scientific research leadingto a doctoral degree immediately after getting aBachelor’s or engineering degree, without needingto take a Master’s;

The Iuventus Plus Programme is designed toincrease the interest of young scientists inconducting research at the highest level andencourage them to publish their results;

The MISTRZ Programme supports distinguishedscholars by awarding them grants designed eitherto intensify the research they are alreadyconducting or to explore new fields of research;

Special doctoral grants target 30% of the bestdoctoral students. Thanks to this financial support,the best Polish scientists will be able to focus evenmore on scientific work, taking advantage also ofother, additional forms of grant for doctoralstudents;

In 2008, the government introduced the academicprogramme ‘Increasing the number of graduatesof degree programmes of key importance for aknowledge-based economy’ to stimulate youngstudents’ interest in science, technology,engineering and mathematics (STEM) studies.

Measures to improve researchers’ competenciesand skills, particularly those of young researchers,are included in the long-term Poland 2030 Strategy,the National Development Strategy 2020 as well asin the Human Capital Development Strategyadopted in June 2013;

The Human Capital Operational Programme (inrelation to EU funding) aims to support institutions’staff training activities. Funds available under thisprogramme should help scientists preparethemselves to commercialise their research results.

The LIDER Programme aims to encourage scientists tocooperate with businesses while performingeconomically valuable and implementable studies andresearch, and enhancing mobility and exchangebetween research sectors, universities and researchunits;

The Ministry of Science and Higher Education hasdeveloped “A Guide. R&D Commercialisation forPractitioners” which provides information topractitioners on the commercialisation of researchresults;

Amended Law on Higher Education facilitatescooperation between academia and industry, andrequires institutions to adapt the curriculum to actualmarket needs;

The AGH University of Science and Technology aimsto create closer links between the worlds of scienceand business, and support the integration of theknowledge triangle, i.e. higher education, researchand innovation;

The INNOTECH Programme aims to help researchentities and businesses carry out innovative projectsin various scientific areas and industrial sectors (In-Tech programme path), with a special focus onadvanced technologies (Hi-Tech programme path);

The Innovation Creator Programme motivatesresearchers financially to raise their qualifications inthe areas of enterprise, intellectual propertymanagement and commercialisation of researchresults. It also encourages the establishment of adialogue and improved standards of communicationbetween science and the commercial economy;

The National Centre for Research and Development(NCBiR) is an intermediary between the worlds ofbusiness and science. It supports thecommercialisation and other forms of transfer of





industryscientific research results and the management ofapplied research programmes (BRIdge VC, Brotech,Kadtech, Innotech and Lider);

Top 500 Innovators Science – Management –Commercialisation Programme targets researchersand technology transfer employees working at PolishHEIs, research institutions, Polish Academy of Scienceinstitutes and the Academic Centre for TechnologyTransfer by giving them the opportunity to take partin training sessions and internships relating tocommercialisation of research results at the bestuniversities in the USA;

Ventures Programme: supports the projects ofstudents, graduates and PhD students which havepotential for a practical economic application. The10th edition was held in 2013. Successful projectsreceive funding for 1-3 years;

Bridge VC Programme: a pilot venture comprising twocomponents: investment and consulting;

BroTech programme: to raise the efficiency andeffectiveness of technology transfer between scienceand the economy;

KadTech programme: to support commercialisation oftechnologies, it was launched to strengthen thecooperation between businesses and highly qualifiedexperts in science and research;

Higher education and science reforms forimprovements in moving towards close collaborationbetween academia and industry include: a. thepossibility of involving business representatives inteaching, shaping curricula and evaluating teachingoutcomes, and the establishment of a council withrepresentatives of local or regional employers andpublic authorities in the public universities, b.university quality assessment systems at universitieswhich will take into account the degree to which auniversity is embedded in the socio-economicenvironment, and c. intellectual property rightsmanagement regimes as well as commercialisationrules are a ‘must’ for public universities.

ROMANIA The Sectoral Operational Programme“Development of Human Resources” provided

“Doctoral Studies in Romania - Organising DoctoralSchools”: promoted doctoral and post-doctoralprogrammes and aimed to develop a unitary

The Human Resources Programme of the 2007-2013National RDI Plan had a few mobility schemes





industrymassive support for doctoral and post-doctoralschools.

strategy for reforming the national doctoral system,identifying and developing the institutionalinfrastructure for implementing doctoral studies asan important part of the integration of theRomanian higher education system in the EHEA andERA (total budget of approximately EUR 3 million);

“Doctorate in Schools of Excellence”: included theevaluation of academic research quality andincreased international visibility through scientificpublications and aimed at drawing up, testing andvalidating a methodology for internationalevaluation of academic research, support forSchools of Excellence, and production of scientificpublications (total budget of approximately EUR 4.1million);

Sectoral Operational Programme Human ResourcesDevelopment (SOP-HRD) to promote lifelonglearning, and provide support for doctoral andpost-doctoral programmes;

Government Ordinance no. 92/ 18.12.2012 for thecompulsory role of the accreditation procedure forconducting PhD theses;

According to the Law on Education (2011), eachinstitution offering doctorates is assessedindividually for each field of study for accreditationThe assessment of what are known as Doctorate-Organising Schools is carried out by the RomanianAgency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education(ARACIS) or by another national or foreign qualityassurance agency registered in EQAR, based onNational Council for Scientific Research (CNCS)reports for the quality of the research and on thereports of the National Council for the Recognitionof Degrees, Diplomas and Certificates (CNATDCU)on the quality of the human resources.

allowing PhD students to conduct innovation projectsin firms;

SOP-IEC Priority Axis 1 “Poles of Competitiveness”; SOP-IEC Priority Axis 2 “Promoting innovation in

enterprises”; Projects supporting the mobility of PhD candidates by

providing funding for three months in a public orprivate research lab;

Creation and development of business incubators,science parks and industrial liaison offices atuniversities/research centres are supported throughtwo policy instruments: a) Support to the nationaltechnology transfer network ReNITT and b) RomanianOperational Programme (ROP) Priority Axis 4‘Strengthening the regional and local businessenvironment’.

SERBIA

The Mathematics High School campus in Belgradeenrols the most talented young mathematiciansand others interested in natural sciences fromacross Serbia;

The new science and innovation centre inBelgrade promotes popularisation of science inthe general public, including young people;

Mini Grants programme, funded by the InnovationFund, aims to stimulate the creation of innovativeenterprises and expand employment opportunitiesfor young graduates.





industry Programme of Ministry of Education, Science and

Technological Development for participation ofyoung researchers in the Knowledge Olympiadsand other forms of competition;

Centre for the Promotion of Science: to bring thescience community closer to a wider public.

SLOVENIA

The ministry responsible for science and educationruns a special Science Promotion Programme(publishing annual calls) designed to raise generalawareness of scientific knowledge andtechnological innovation, particularly in primaryand secondary education;

Young Researchers’ Programme; The Research and Innovation Strategy of Slovenia

2011-2020: budget for promotional purposes toincrease from EUR 1 million in 2010 to EUR 2million in 2014, and an increase in the number ofpractical creativity and entrepreneurshipprogrammes for primary and secondary schools –establishing a network of model creative schools,such as eco-schools.

The Resolution on the National Higher EducationProgramme 2011-2020 includes the entire area oftertiary education, which in addition to highereducation institutions, also includes highervocational colleges;

Universities establish special lifelong learningprogrammes that offer access to specialcompetencies for career development as well as forthe daily life of a researcher (e.g. University ofLjubljana’s Doctoral school);

Innovative Scholarship Scheme for FundingDoctoral Studies (since 2011);

The Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School(IPS): doctoral study has since 2004 been supportedby industry and an international network ofcooperating universities and research institutesfrom the EU, Japan, the US, and a number of othercountries;

The Research and Innovation Strategy of Slovenia2011-2020 encourages the strengthening of thequalifications of research personnel so as to besystematic and based on the principle of lifelonglearning.

‘Young Researchers in the Economy’ (SPIRIT Slovenia)aims to introduce more highly educated staff inprivate companies and stimulate companies to hireyoung graduates to enhance their R&D andinnovation activities;

Applied research projects funded by the SlovenianResearch Agency;

Centres of Excellence (CoE) programmes andCompetence Centres (CC’s) led by industry;

The Research and Innovation Strategy of Slovenia2011-2020 as well as the National Higher EducationProgramme 2011-2020 stress the importance ofenhancing cooperation between institutions ofknowledge and the business sector;

The Ministry of Economic Development andTechnology publishes a Call for strengthening R&Ddepartments in business enterprises (KROP) annually;

The Ministry of Education, Science and Sportpublished a call in 2013 designed to assist researchersin the earlier stages of their career. The goal was toco-fund post-doctoral researchers in PROs workingclosely with business companies in areas of strategicimportance to them.

SPAIN

Summer campuses on university campuses underthe auspices of the International Campus ofExcellence (CEI) Programme;

Master Plan for Mentoring and Guidance ofStudents;

The JAE-intro programme, run by the SpanishNational Research Council (CSIC), aims tointroduce undergraduate students to researchmethods. The JAE-Predoc is a programme aimedat doctoral students, while the JAE-docprogramme is aimed at doctoral graduates;

FPU Programme (Formación de ProfesoradoUniversitario): train future university professors,including the presentation of a doctoral thesis;

The Spanish Framework of Qualifications forEducation (MECES) aims to structure learningqualifications throughout the different levels ofeducation. The framework is based on the DublinDescriptors, which define the level of learningrequired for each stage of the higher educationsystem (Bachelor, Master and Doctorate);

International Campus of Excellence Programme; Grants for post-doc training and for incorporation

of recent post-docs: enable recent PhDs to obtainadditional training at high level at centres otherthan those where they did their pre-doctoraltraining and with a view to increasing theirspecialisation and internationalisation.

Innpronta Programme: offers grants to promotestable public-private cooperation in R&D;

ERDF-Innterconecta Programme: finances large-scaleintegrated experimental development projects inforward-looking technological areas;

CENIT Programme: stimulates cooperation in R&D&Iamong businesses, universities, public or privateresearch and technology centres;

INNPACTO sub-programme: fosters steadycooperation between research organisations andfirms supporting collaborative R&D&I projectsfocused on market demand;

INNFLUYE sub-programme: funds the creation andstrengthening of Spanish Technology Platforms, i.e.





industry FPI programme (Formación de Personal

Investigador): grants for pre-doctoral contracts fordoctoral training;

JAE-doc Programme: three-year grants for therecruitment of post-doc juniors to work for theSpanish National Research Council;

Ramón y Cajal Programme: grants for a period offive years for the recruitment of candidates whohave undertaken research placements at R&Dcentres other than those included in theprogramme for a period of at least 24 months.

public-private groups which work on developing andupdating R&D agendas and innovation priorities fortheir particular sector;

INNCORPORA sub-programme: funds hiring of R&Dpersonnel by the private sector (companies,technology centres, support centres of technologicalinnovation, business associations, and science andtechnology parks) and subsidises their training inInnovation Management;

Torres Quevedo Programme; EMPLEA programme: promotes talent and

employability through incentives for hiring andtraining R+D+I managers in a wide range of entities;

Goverment R+D+I Programme to promote SocietalNetworks: stimulates the creation of interdisciplinaryand cross-sectoral critical mass in research into themajor issues facing society;

Government Sub-Programme for Business R+D+I: softloans primarily target businesses with R&D projects;

Retos-Colaboración: networks research bodies andcompanies with a view to developing newtechnologies and promoting actual exploitation innew products and services;

The Science, Technology and Innovation Law includesa section focusing on human resources dedicated toresearch. Its main new features include regulatingmobility between public entities and the privatesector, creating specific employment contracts forresearchers and the undertaking in a clearly definedmanner, and performance evaluations for careerprofessionals in the public research entities of theGeneral State Administration.

SWEDEN

‘Science in society’ initiative that involves severalstakeholders in promoting interest in science.

Since 2001, the Swedish National Agency for HigherEducation (which since January 2013 has been theSwedish Higher Education Authority) has had theresponsibility for the quality of the highereducation system. Its duties include evaluations ofthe study programmes and their subject areas;

Some Swedish universities offer researchcommunication skills, IPR-awareness, careermanagement and entrepreneurship training in theireffort to improve researchers’ employment skillsand competencies.

A Boost to Research and Innovation (Government Billof 2008) establishes technology transfer offices ateight universities promoting innovation and the useand transfer of knowledge in order to facilitatecommercialisation of research results;

The government agency VINNOVA promotessustainable growth by financing RTD within areas suchas technology, transport, communication and workinglife, and developing effective innovation systems,under the VINNPRO programme running from 2006-2014;





industry The VINN Excellence Centres (2004-15) are developed

by the Swedish Competence Centres Programme(Centres of Excellence in Research and Innovation)and aim to strengthen the crucial link in the SwedishNational Innovation System between academicresearch groups and industrial R&D;

The Swedish Higher Education Ordinance provides fora position of ‘adjunct professor’ of up to six yearspart-time (20-50%). The adjunct professor should bean expert from industry given the opportunity to workwithin a university for a certain period of time.

SWITZERLAND

The Swiss Youth Science Foundation, anindependent non-profit organisation, aims tostimulate young people’s interest in science;

The Confederation supports a plethora ofmeasures aimed at attracting (young) people intoa researcher career, such as the so-called‘matching platform’, providing information onactivities related to Science, Technology,Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects;

“More women in STEM” Initiative.

Swiss National Science Foundation Programmesstrongly promote researchers’ education at allstages of their careers in assisting doctoral theses,training of researchers and supporting scientificpublications;

The Ambizione Programme supports excellent(foreign) post-doc researchers in conducting,managing and leading an independently plannedproject at a Swiss university;

The Strategic Planning Programme for 2012-16aims to improve researchers’ working conditionsand their career prospects;

The Doctoral Programme (CRUS): supportsuniversities in the creation and development ofinteruniversity doctoral programmes in order tostrengthen research networking and improve theintegration of doctoral students;

Swiss Universities and Swiss Universities of AppliedSciences generally offer continuing education toresearchers. Researchers acquire transferable skillsby conducting independent research;

Swiss University Conference sub-programme"Equal Opportunity at Universities" 2013-2016.

The Commission for Technology and Innovation (CTI)supports R&D projects, entrepreneurship and thedevelopment of start-up companies and helpsoptimise knowledge and technology transfer;

KTT Initiative: fosters the transfer of Knowledge andTechnology Transfer (KTT) between the universitiesand regional businesses;

BREF Programme (Gebert Rüf Foundation + KFH):promotes collaboration between Switzerland’sbusiness sector and the Universities of AppliedSciences;

The National Research Programmes promoteinnovative solutions aimed at solving Switzerland’smost pressing problems in collaboration withindustrial partners;

Researchers working in the Universities of AppliedSciences have gained experience in higher educationteaching and in the private sector (‘double profile’);

Venturelab (IFJ Startup support): a national trainingprogramme for innovative high-tech startups.

TURKEY

Graduate Fellowships Programme forInternational Students;

International Graduate Fellowship Programme; National Scholarship Programme for Graduate

Students; Fellowship Programme for Visiting Scientists and

Scientists on Sabbatical Leave; Post-doctoral Research Scholarships.

The ‘Quality Management Standards for HEIs’issued by the Council of Higher Education (YOK).The YOK approved the fields of education andprogrammes under the National QualificationsFramework in January 2011 as part of the Bolognaprocess.

The Public Research Grant Committee (KAMAG) aimsto increase the number of scientists and researchersas well as to enhance the relationships betweenpublic institutions, universities and industry;

The Engineering Research Grant Committee (MAG)funds national scientists to generate information andtechnology, and transform the results into servicesand/or products for public use in connection withuniversal developments and national priorities;





industry The Technology and Innovation Funding Programmes

Directorate (TEYDEB) facilitate cooperation betweenindustry and academia to encourage activeinvolvement in technology development andinnovation activities;

Human Resources Coordination Committee (STHRCC)encourages university-industry collaboration;

Collaboration projects to fulfil the needs of industryare funded by the TÜBİTAK 1505 University-IndustryCollaboration Grant Programme;

Industry Theses Programme (SAN-TEZ); Technological R&D Patent Support Programme; Technological R&D Investment Support Programme; Technological R&D Promotion and Marketing Support

Programme.

UNITED KINGDOM

The Department for Business, Innovation andSkills and the Department for Education (DfE)work closely on the students’ qualification agendato ensure that the needs of the research marketare met, the science curriculum is sufficientlychallenging and attractive to young people, andthat good enrichment and enhancement activitiesare part of science education in the UK;

The Science Technology Engineering andMathematics network (STEMNET), a UK-wideorganisation exists to ensure that all youngpeople, regardless of background, are encouragedto understand the importance of science;

The UK Government asked the Royal Academy ofEngineering to develop a diversity programme forthe engineering industry. The aim of theAcademy’s Diversity Programme is to increasediversity and improve access to science,engineering and technology (SET) professions;

The Big Bang Fair; The National Science and Engineering

Competition; Women are encouraged to pursue a STEM career

through the Women into Science and Engineering(WISE) campaign;

Research Councils UK (RCUK) are committed to apublic engagement strategy which, as one of itsaims, encourages links between schools and the

Centres for Doctoral Training (CDT); Doctoral Training Partnerships: provide training for

students across a broad range of subjectsdetermined by a Research Organisation orconsortia of Research Organisations;

Seven UK Research Councils; The UK Government has a well-defined and long

term skills agenda for researchers; Higher education institutions in the UK can also

develop their individual training and developmentprogrammes, covering a range of domains includedin new the Researcher Development Framework;

The Vitae programme supports knowledgeexchange and the development of a strategicagenda to train and support high level researchersto further improve their skills competencies;

Research Councils UK have developed a Statementof Expectations for Doctoral Training which lays outcommon principles for the support of all ResearchCouncil students. They are aligned with the sevenprinciples for Innovative Doctoral Training;

Research Councils UK have developed a Joint Visionfor Collaborative Training which sets out commonobjectives and benefits of collaborative training.

Collaborative Awards in Science and Engineering(CASE) studentships promote collaboration betweenthe research community and the end-users ofresearch;

Innovation Vouchers for SMEs to purchase academicsupport by employing researchers in the field oftechnology and innovation;

Knowledge Transfer Partnerships (KTPs): recentlyqualified graduate students are employed by abusiness partner to support knowledge and expertisetransfer via a strategic project launched together withthe higher education or research institution;

The UK government has announced new plans tostrengthen collaboration. This will include promotionof a new framework for business and universities towork together and support the Council for Industryand Higher Education (CIHE) to create a NationalCentre for Universities and Business;

The RCUK School-University Partnerships Initiative(SUPI), a three-year initiative begun in 2013, to createstructured and strategic mechanisms for universitiesto work in partnership with secondary schools andfurther education colleges.





industryUK research community in order to secure andsustain a supply of future UK researchers;

Programme of Teacher CPD (ContinuingProfessional Developmnet) entitled ‘BringingCutting-edge Science into the Classroom’;

The Nuffield Research Placement Scheme offersup to 1 000 bursaries a year for students to workalongside professional scientists, technologists,engineers and mathematicians on their ownresearch projects, many of which also receive theBritish Science Association’s Gold CREST awards.

Source: Deloitte, 2012 and 2013 reporting exercise


Annex V: Social security benefits (sickness, unemployment and old-age)The table below provides an overview of the countries’ social security provisions for researchers. Theinformation is based on the 2012 and 2013 reporting exercise with the participating countries within thescope of this study. An update of information has not been available this year for Bulgaria, Portugal, theSlovak Republic nor for Iceland, Israel and Liechtenstein.

Table 3: Social security benefits for researchers - To what extent do publicly-funded fellowships, stipends, grants or equivalentprovide sickness, unemployment and old-age (pensions) benefits for researchers compared to researchers on more stableemployment

Country Social security benefits (sickness, unemployment and old-age)

AUSTRIA

In Austria, grant beneficiaries’ access to social benefits (sickness, unemployment and old-age benefits)is based on the following provisions: Grants offered by the main funding agencies provide social security coverage. Some programmes

offer fixed-term contracts (grants) with full social coverage or with self-insurance; Anyone receiving a grant from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) is financed via an employment

contract. This applies to doctoral students and incoming scholars as well. The FWF had alreadybegun to avoid funding researchers by means of stipends even before it signed the EuropeanCharter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers in 2006. TheFWF supports researchers with employment contracts, which include social insurance(contributions to pension funds, health and accident insurance, parental leave, etc.). Stipends forresearchers going abroad are the only exception. In this case, there is no employment contractand only pension cover is provided;

Fellowship programmes for doctoral candidates and post-docs administered by the AustrianAcademy of Sciences (APART, DOC, DOC-team programmes) offer fixed-term contracts(fellowships) with full social coverage or with self-insurance.

BELGIUM

Under the Belgian social security system, researchers (both doctoral candidates and post-doctorate researchers) are covered with full social security benefits, regardless of their nationality,as they are considered to be publicly funded researchers. The Belgian general scheme of socialsecurity covers sickness, maternity, disability, pension insurance, unemployment, accidents,occupational diseases and family benefits. It makes no difference whether the researcher has anemployment contract or receives a stipend. The general scheme applies to nationals of countriesof the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland, or a country tied to Belgium by a bilateralagreement on social security;

All scholarship recipients from a country that is not linked with Belgium by a bilateral agreementon social security or which is not part of the EEA are entitled to the Belgian limited scheme ofsocial security.

BOSNIA ANDHERZEGOVIA

In BiH, researchers (both doctoral candidates and post-doctorates) are fully covered by socialsecurity benefits if they are employed under the corresponding laws and regardless of theirnationality;

The health and social security scheme covers sickness, maternity, disability, pensions,unemployment, accidents, occupational diseases and family benefits.

CROATIA

Procedures governing social security benefits must be carried out according to the Labour Act (OG149/09, 61/11, 82/12, 73/13), the Act on Employment Mediation and Unemployment Rights (OG80/08, 94/09, 121/10, 25/12, 118/12, 12/13, 153/13) and Pension Insurance Act (OG 157/13);

The Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education provides that in the case of persons employedin research and collaborative work places (financed from the state budget), extension of theircontract is also provided for by the collective agreement or by a general act of the scientificorganisations (e.g. for maternity and/or parental leave, sick leave for more than three months, theperformance of the public service or duty and other justified cases, etc.);

Doctoral and postdoctoral grants from the Croatian Science Foundation only cover researchers’short-term stay (3-12 months) in foreign academic institutions while employed at their homeinstitutions. Therefore, sickness benefits depend entirely on each institution’s individual policiesand not on the Foundation’s fellowships and grant schemes.

CYPRUS

In the Republic of Cyprus, researchers are entitled by law to receive fully paid sick leave for 42calendar days for each year of continuous research work. When a researcher is on sick leave for aconsiderable period of time during the implementation of a nationally funded project, the projectis put on hold and an extension of its duration is granted;



Employed researchers may apply for unemployment benefits, provided that they have worked fora minimum of 26 weeks and have contributed to the Social Insurance Fund during the previousyear.

CZECH REPUBLIC

In the Czech Republic, there is no legislation dealing exclusively with researchers’ social securityand supplementary old-age benefits;

Researchers receive social security benefits depending on the type of grant agreement. Generallyspeaking, if the contracts are defined as employment, social security and health insurancecontributions are automatically taken off the wage, regardless of the nationality of the researcher.

DENMARK

Social security is not covered by the researchers’ statute as they enjoy the same rights as all otheremployees;

All publicly-funded researchers (including employed PhD students) receive full pay when sick. Thisis governed by collective agreements. Universities/the employer may receive partialreimbursement from the state of the salary paid during the employee’s illness;

In Denmark, unemployment insurance is voluntary and researchers are not automatically insuredagainst unemployment. Similarly to all other employees, researchers must be a member of anunemployment fund (known as an “A-kasse”) in order to gain access to unemployment insurance.These are private associations that are connected with trade unions and other professionalorganisations;

Under the Collective Agreement for Academics in the State (2013), a pension contribution of17.1% of the salary is compulsory, split two thirds/one third between employer and employee.This was the same under the 2008 Collective Agreement;

Publicly funded grants and equivalent can provide pensions, depending on the specific collectiveagreement between the researcher and the employer.

ESTONIA

In Estonia, all researchers are considered as employees and are entitled to full social securitycoverage, including health insurance and sickness benefits. The Estonian Health Insurance Fundpays the benefit to the insured person based on the certificate of incapacity for work. Benefits fortemporary incapacity for work include sickness benefits, care allowance, maternity benefits andadoption allowance;

Doctoral candidates have access to health insurance, but are not eligible for sickness andunemployment benefits or pensions, unless they are hired by the university under an employmentcontract. In that case, they enjoy full social security coverage. Since 2012, the state hasencouraged and supported universities in hiring doctoral students as early-stage researchersdespite the fact that most of the doctoral candidates are already working, not necessarily asresearchers, and receive full social security coverage as employees;

Under the Universities Act, students (including doctoral candidates) have the right to take asabbatical of up to one year once at each academic level. In addition, students are granted theright to take additional academic leave (of up to two years) for health reasons. Students caninterrupt their academic career (by up to one year) to serve in the Defence Forces and can takeparental leave at any time up to the child’s third birthday.

FINLAND In Finland, publicly funded fellowships, stipends, grants or equivalent provide sickness,unemployment and old-age benefits for researchers.

FRANCE

All researchers with employment contracts receive full social security coverage (including sickness,unemployment and pension benefits);

All ANR fellows are recruited under doctoral contracts. Both doctoral and post-doctoral candidatesbenefit from sickness and unemployment rights.

FORMERYUGOSLAVREPUBLIC OFMACEDONIA

Only researchers who are full time employees of institutions are entitled to receive social securitybenefits.

GERMANY

Unlike employment contracts, which are subject to social insurance contributions, scholarshipsfrom German science organisations are flexible funding instruments – they can to a certain extentbe adapted by the scholarship provider and used to provide unbureaucratic support in unexpected(emergency) situations or in specific circumstances. Scholarship recipients come to Germany fromall over the world, often for a short period of time. In many cases, they have employment contractsin their own countries. Consequently, there is a broad range of individual circumstances.Structurally, therefore, the scholarship providers are in the best position to find a suitable solutionfor each individual case;

The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH) offers social benefits in the form of ancillarygrants. Fellows and accompanying family members have to be covered by a health insurer



providing sufficient coverage in Germany from the first day onwards and for the entire durationof their stay in Germany. The AvH can provide a grant of EUR 50 per month for the duration of thefunding period towards the costs of health and personal liability insurance for fellows, for spousesand dependent children (up to the age of 18) who accompany them to Germany for a period of atleast three months. Fellows are responsible for making sure that they have sufficient healthcoverage. No health insurance cover is provided under the Feodor Lynen Research FellowshipProgramme for German post-docs and experienced researchers going abroad to conduct research.Health insurance has to be paid for from the fellowship grant. The Georg Forster Researchfellowship programme (HERMES) contains fellowship benefits, such as a subsidy towards apension plan that may be granted by the AvH on application;

DFG fellowship holders are responsible for their own health insurance; it has to be financed fromthe fellowship. Should the recipient fall seriously ill, and should a fellowship interruption or a part-time solution not be possible, the fellowship can – in individual cases and subject to the provisionof medical proof – continue to be paid. In addition, the fellowship period can be extended so thatthe recipient can complete his or her work and remain in the science system;

Grants offered by the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft and the Max Planck Gesellschaft continue to be paidfor six weeks if the recipient falls ill. Beyond this period, the Max Planck Institute in questiondecides whether and to what extent payments will continue. The livelihood of doctoral studentsshould be guaranteed while they are ill; any state benefits received are taken into account whencalculating the grant payments.

The German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina does not provide any contribution to socialinsurance beyond full personal scholarships covering living expenses in the place of residence;

Unemployment insurance is not provided under scholarship programmes; In principle, grant recipients are free to make voluntary payments into the statutory pension

insurance scheme (DRV), foregoing the employer contribution (and taking into account theminimum limits). The German science organisations as well as the public and private fundinginstitutions offer additional pension insurance and other social benefits in order to maintain theattractiveness of funding instruments and reduce the risk of old-age poverty among researcherswho start paying social security contributions at a later stage in life. Organisations promotingmobility are increasingly considering the provision of additional grants for post-docs to enablethem to set up private pension schemes.

GREECE

In Greece, researchers on stipends/grants are generally covered by social security even thoughprovisions on social security coverage and supplementary pension benefits for researchers are notspecifically included in national legislation. In practice, the type of benefits researchers receivedepends on the type of grant agreement with the host institution;

Generally, researchers receiving stipends/grants are covered by social security.

HUNGARY

In Hungary, researchers working under employment contracts are entitled to full social securitybenefits. PhD students, when receiving state fellowships, are not eligible for old-age benefits; theyhave to sign a specific contract with the Central Administration of National Pension Insuranceindividually, if they wish to be covered for this period;

A new incentive to employment of researchers has been applied since January 1, 2013, in the formof reduced researcher-related contributions. A research-intensive company pays only a reducedtax contribution per researcher with a PhD up to a salary of HUF 500 000 (some EUR 1 670). Theemployer’s social contribution tax which is 27% of the gross salary of the researcher is not payablein this case. Furthermore the employer is exempt from the 1.5% specialised professional trainingcontribution for employees with a scientific title.

IRELAND

Post-doctorates (R2-R4) are treated as employees and therefore covered for social securitypurposes, whereas the majority of pre-doctorates (doctoral candidates, R1) are treated asstudents and do not come under the Social (Welfare) Security code. Approximately 90% of PhDcandidates in Ireland are full-time registered students and not employees. Therefore, they are notcovered by employment-related social security;

Students are not entitled to receive social welfare payments such as unemployment,supplementary welfare or illness payments while attending a full-time course of study. The FixedTerm Workers Act 2003 ensures that researchers employed on fixed term contracts (non-tenured)are eligible for the same entitlements as comparable permanent employees, in contrast todoctoral candidates who are regarded as students. Hence, all non-tenured researchers have thesame sick leave entitlements as permanent employees;

The Programme for Research in Third-Level Institutions (PRTLI), and IRC grants for post-doctoralresearchers include provision for an employer’s Pay Related Social Insurance (PRSI) contribution,



which can entitle employees to benefits such as maternity and illness benefits, and jobseeker’s(unemployment) allowance;

All funding awards for non-tenured researchers include an employer and employee pensioncontribution.

ITALY

In Italy, researchers under publicly funded fellowships/grants or under employment contracts areentitled to sickness benefits, but do not have an automatic right to maternity leave;

Old-age benefits are foreseen both for employees (permanent and fixed-term contracts) and forthose on temporary contracts. However, the procedures which apply to the two groups are notthe same.

LATVIA In Latvia, researchers employed under permanent or temporary contracts receive a salary, pay

mandatory social security contributions, and are entitled to social security benefits (includingsickness, unemployment and old-age benefits).

LITHUANIA

In Lithuania, publicly-funded fellowships provide health insurance while pension contributions arenot covered;

All doctoral candidates working under employment contracts enjoy social security benefits; The Law on Pensions for Researchers provides a pension scheme for researchers who have been

employed in the research profession for at least ten years.

LUXEMBOURG

All beneficiaries of FNR (National Research Fund) projects or institutional funding, including AFRfellows, are taken on under employment contracts with the host institution. These employmentcontracts offer researchers full social security coverage, including health and pension insurance,during the research training period.

MALTA

In Malta, all publicly funded fellowships, stipends, grants or equivalent provide sickness benefits(for temporary illness) for researchers in the case of normal employment;

The grant schemes (MGSS, STEPS and Master it!) provide funding for the beneficiary to enrol at aUniversity as a student for a limited period (normally for a maximum of three years). However,they do not include explicit provision for contributions to social security (including unemploymentand old-age benefits). Scholarship awardees are offered a maintenance grant, a ‘study abroad’allowance and family friendly allowances. They are also offered the opportunity to work up to 19hours per week;

Any unemployment benefits that a researcher qualifies for would depend on employment historyrather than on the grant scheme.

MONTENEGRO Social security issues are determined by general Labour Law; All employed researchers (full time, or part time, paid from core or project funding) are entitled

to receive full social benefits.

NETHERLANDS

In the Netherlands, researchers with employment contracts are entitled to social securitycoverage, including health insurance, unemployment benefits and supplementary pensions, andold-age benefits. Contributions are automatically deducted from researchers’ pay, regardless oftheir nationality;

PhD candidates receiving a grant have minimum or no social security rights (including no pensionbenefits).

NORWAY

In Norway, researchers are on employment contracts (except the 5-7% PhD candidates ondevelopment grants) and receive full social security coverage;

The State Education Loan Fund provides sickness benefits for the 5-7% of PhD candidates receivingdevelopment grants. Research Council funding for short-term mobility (1-12 months) for doctoralcandidates/post-docs/others does not carry sickness benefits. However, in both cases, healthinsurance is normally provided for through the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Service (NAV);

All employees in Norway, including researchers, enjoy the same right to unemployment benefit.The size of the benefit depends on their previous income level;

Researchers, like all employees in Norway, are entitled to old-age benefits.

POLAND

In Poland there is no legislation dealing exclusively with the social security and supplementarypensions of researchers;

Social security benefits depend on the type of grant agreement, but in general, if the contractbetween a researcher and the host institution is defined as an employment contract, social securityand health insurance contributions are automatically deducted from the wage of the researcher,regardless of nationality.

ROMANIA The Labour Code accords social security benefits to all employed researchers living in Romania; Foreign citizens residing in Romania can benefit from the package of medical services for optionally

insured people if they are insured with one of the county or Bucharest health social insurance



houses. EU citizens benefit from free of charge emergency care. Otherwise they have to pay themedical services providers.

SERBIA All researchers, regardless of the type of contract or age, are entitled to sickness benefits; Researchers receiving stipends do not enjoy health cover; Only researchers with permanent contracts have access to unemployment benefits.

SLOVENIA

Researchers (including young researchers, post-docs, and researchers at early career stages) areconsidered to be like any other employees and enjoy all the benefits related to sick leave ormaternity. Contributions to pension and health insurance are normally automatic if the researchwork is supported by an employment contract;

The Young Researcher Programme provides beneficiaries with full social coverage; Social benefits for other young researchers (i.e. those on stipends from different funds and

foundations) are subject to conditions specified by each individual programme or project.

SPAIN

Researchers under employment contracts or receiving funding are granted social securitycoverage, including sickness and unemployment benefits;

Old-age benefits are only available for those on employment contracts; As a result of the changes to the funding system made in 2013, those receiving pre-doctoral grants

are now on employment contracts and therefore fully covered – which was not the case previously.

SWEDEN

In Sweden, stipends and doctoral grants do not provide sickness benefits; Unemployment benefits are only granted to employed researchers; Old-age benefits are regulated by collective agreement between employers and unions. Stipends

carry no pension benefits; Doctoral grants carry entitlement to the national retirement pension and all kinds of employment

carry an entitlement to an occupational pension; For doctoral students with stipends, the state HEIs provide insurance cover to apply when the

doctoral student´s stipend ceases to be paid because of absence from study on the grounds ofillness or parental leave.

SWITZERLAND

Generally, fellows (of e.g. Ambizione stipends, SNSF professorships) are employed by the SwissUniversities and therefore, enjoy standard employee benefits. However, this is not the case forfellows going abroad;

Fellows (doctoral and post-doc) funded by SNSF or the Scientific Exchange NMSch SciexProgramme enjoy the same social security benefits (accident, unemployment, sickness, old-age)as researchers employed by universities under employment contracts. (Note: in Switzerland healthinsurance is private, but compulsory).

TURKEY Turkey has bilateral social security agreements with 21 countries. Citizens of countries which have

signed a social security agreement with Turkey based on the principle of reciprocity can certify thatthey are subject to insurance in their own country.

UNITED KINGDOM

In the UK, provisions on sickness benefits for researchers depend on the context of the grantagreement. Contractual arrangements defined as ‘employment’ provide researchers with sicknesspayments and other benefits, including maternity leave, paternity leave, adoptive leave, extendedjury service and holidays;

Additional funding may be granted by the Research Councils UK (RCUK); Each pension scheme includes different provisions.

Source: Deloitte, 2012 and 2013 reporting exercise

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