DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

139
DG Interconnection Protection DG Interconnection Protection Protecting Utility Distribution with Interconnecting Distributed Generation Technical & Industry Practice Background What IEEE Standard 1547 Doesn’t Tell You

Transcript of DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Page 1: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

DG Interconnection ProtectionDG Interconnection Protection

ProtectingUtility Distribution with Interconnecting

Distributed Generation

Technical & Industry Practice Background What IEEE Standard 1547 Doesn’t Tell You

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Presentation Objectives

DG Interconnection Protection

Distributed Generation Overview- What is distributed generation (DG)?- Explore Types of DGs- Define interconnection protection- Tell you what IEEE 1547 Doesn’t

Protection Variables & Standards- Interconnection types

Transformer grounding makes a big difference!- Protection to meet interconnection challenges- Comparison of various power company and standards

Including IEEE 1547- Distribution protection coordination issues

IEEE Distribution Survey Data (for DG issues)

Introduction to DG Interconnection Protective Relays (M-3410A & M-3520)

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Dispersed Generator Interconnection Protection AreasDetection of loss of parallel operation with utilityFault backfeed detectionDetection of damaging system conditionsAbnormal power flowRestoration

Tripping, Automatic Restoration and Automatic Reclosing on Utility SystemTrip of generator or main incoming breaker to separate from utility—how to decideAuto restoration strategiesUtility auto reclosing—how to protect your generator

Use of Digital Technology for DG Interconnection/Generator Protection and Beckwith M-3520 and M-3410 Relays

Advantages of the technologyUser-selectable functionalitySelf-diagnosticsCommunications capabilityOscillographic capabilitySoftware demo

Outline

DG Interconnection Protection

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Major ReasonCost of utility power is very high in many parts of the U.S. due to:

Deregulation problems (CA)Settlement of stranded investment (East Coast-Midwest)

DGs Can Generate Power Cheaper Than Utility Power From A Central Plant

Use of waste heat enhances DG economicsNew Technologies Are Being Tried

MicroturbinesFuel CellsWind

Federal and State Government Push for Renewable Resources(Green Power)Many Utilites are Receptive to DGs That Can Provide Power During System Peak Load

DG Interconnection Protection

Why is DG so Popular?

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UTILITY CONCERNS:

Protection of the system from damageSystem Short Circuit Damage:loss of coordination, customer outages

Transient Overvoltage:during islanding, transformer connections, Ferroresonance

Power Quality:during islanding

DG OWNER CONCERNS:

Protection of the generator from damage

Automated Reclosing:shaft to torque on generator

Transient Overvoltage:also affects generator

Power Quality:affects load served from generator bus

Protection Objectives

DG Interconnection Protection

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Projection: A significant amount new generating capacity in the maybe be supplied by DGs in the next decade and beyond.This new capacity will take two forms:

Large capacity plants owned & operated by non-utility entities (IPPs and NUGs)- Gas turbines & combined cycle plants- Typically greater than 10MW- Connected into utility’s transmission and subtransmission systems

Protection integrated into transmission and subtransmission systems

Small dispersed generating units - Connected into utility’s distribution system- Typically less than 10MW

Installations require DG interconnection protection

DG Interconnection Protection

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IEEE PSRC WG Report- Intertie Protection of Consumer-Owned Sources of Generation 3

MVA or Less

First guideline addressing DG

Published in 1985

Good work and full of application information

DG Standards History

DG Interconnection Protection

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Std 1001 from IEEE SCC23- IEEE Guide for Interfacing Dispersed Storage and Generation

Facilities with Utility Systems

First standard addressing DG

Published in 1988

Although withdrawn, still a good work and full of application information

DG Standards History

DG Interconnection Protection

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Standard 929- Focus: Small inverter based systems sourced from PV, Fuel

Cells, Microturbines

IEEE 1547- Focus: Produce a “universal” DG interconnection protection

document to be used as a minimum technical requirement base

Can be purchased from IEEE

Recent History & Today

DG Interconnection Protection

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IEEE 1547 Says DG’s Shall :

Not Cause Overvoltages or Loss of Utility Relay Coordination

Disconnect When No Longer Operating in Parallel With the Utility.

+ Only Discusses 81O/U and 27, 59

Not Energize the Utility when it is De-energized

Not Create an Unintentional Islands

Use “Utility Grade” Relays

Not Cause Objectionable Harmonics

Not Cause Loss of Synchronism That Results in Objectionable Flicker

DG Interconnection Protection

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Impact of size- Intended to cover up to 10MW

Impact of Islanding- Creation of unintentional islands must be detected and

eliminated as fast as possible

Local Disturbances- Quality of service on the utility system should not be degraded

IEEE 1547: Addressed Areas

DG Interconnection Protection

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1547.1: Draft Standard for Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting DR with EPS

- Scope: Specifies the Type, Production and Commissioning tests that shall be performed to demonstrate that interconnection functions and equipment of a DR conform to IEEE 1547

P 1547.2: Draft Application Guide for IEEE Std. 1547 for Interconnecting DR with EPS

- Scope: Provides technical background and application details to support understanding for IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting DR with EPS

More IEEE 1547

DG Interconnection Protection

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IEEE 1547.3: Draft Guide for Monitoring, Information Exchange and Control of DR Interconnected with EPS

Other 1547.4: Address DG Installation on Low VotageNetworks– both Spot and Street Neworks

- Scope: Facilities interoperability of one or more DRsinterconnected with EPS

More IEEE 1547

DG Interconnection Protection

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Factors that will accelerate DG installationsare:

Continued deregulation of the utility industry

Open transmission access and transmission congestion

Divestiture of generation by utilities- New England- Pennsylvania

Dwindling utility reserve margins- Summer of 2000 Midwest “Generation Crisis”- California Capacity Crisis

DG Interconnection Protection

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Low-cost natural gas- That has changing for the worse and de-accelerated DG

High electricity rates

The advance of CHP as driver

New technology : microturbines and fuel cells. Microturbines arepretty much a dead technology.

Unreliability of utility supply to critical process and loads

The Northeast blackout of August 2003 and Calif. Rotating Blackout.Government Mandated Green Power – High Buy Back and/or Mandating a Percent of Future Power be Green.

Factors that will accelerate DG installationsare:

DG Interconnection Protection

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Peak ShavingNo electrical export

Consumer Shaving Strategies

DG Interconnection Protection

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Technology Typical Capacity Utility Interface Photovoltaic (Solar) 10’s W to several 100’s W DC to AC Inverter Wind 100’s W to a few MW Induction and synchronous

generators, AC to AC inverter

Geothermal 100’s kW to a few MW Synchronous generator Hydro 100’s W to a few MW Induction or synchronous

generator Reciprocating Engine 100’s W to a few MW Induction or synchronous

generator Combustion Turbine 10’s MW to 100’s MW Synchronous generator Combined Cycle A few 10’s of MW to 100’s MW Synchronous generator Microturbines 10’s of kW to 100’s kW AC to AC Inverter Fuel Cells 10’s of kW to 10’s of MW DC to AC Inverter

DG Types & Capacities

DG Interconnection Protection

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Not Green- Burn conventional fuel

GasDiesel, oil, gasoline

Green- Use renewable sources to reduce reliance of fossil fuels:

SolarMethane (from decomposition)WindHydroDiesels Powered by Syn FuelBiomass (burn it)Tidal

DG: Green or Not Green

DG Interconnection Protection

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Protection that allows the DG to operate in parallel to the utility

Large non-utility generators do not require specific interconnection protection

- Integrated into transmission system

- Breaker(s) are tripped by transmission line/bus/transformer protection.

Smaller DGs do require specific interconnection protection

What is DG Interconnection Protection?

DG Interconnection Protection

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Local Loads Local Loads

Utility System

DG System

InterconnectionRelay

InterconnectionTransformer

To Utility SystemTo Utility System

Utility System

DG System

Generator Interconnection

Generator vs. Interconnection Protection

DG Interconnection Protection

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Greatly complicates restoration- Requires synchronizing at utility substation- Inhibits automatic reclosing

Power quality issue- DG may not be able to maintain voltage, frequency and harmonics within

acceptable levels (load ≠ generation; no harmonic “sink”)

Loads Loads Loads

Loads LoadsLoads Loads Loads

Loads LoadsLoads Loads Loads

Loads

LoadsDG

Utility Substation

If DG creates a feeder island,reclosing requires synchronizing at the uti l i tysubstation

Feeder Island

Islanded Operation of DG with Utility Loadis Generally Not Allowed

DG Interconnection Protection

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Feeder deenergizes when utility opens feederRestoration responsibility on the DG

- Requires synchronizing to utility- Inhibits automatic reclosing

Loads Loads Loads

Loads LoadsLoads Loads Loads

Loads LoadsLoads Loads Loads

Loads

LoadsDG

Utility Substation

DG can create its own island,and synchronize to the utility

DG Island

DG Facility Islanding to the Utility is Allowed

DG Interconnection Protection

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Voltage control with high levels of DG require some type of adaptive watt/VAR control

DG Interconnection Protection

High Penetration of DG on Distribution Systems

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Seamless integration of DGs into the utility protection system despite:- “Too many cooks in the kitchen”

Owner, consultant, packager, utility

- Ownership boundaries

- Conflicting objectives of DG owners vs. Utility“Want everything for nothing”“Want to pay for nothing”

Making sure protection is correct and operational over the life of the installation- Settings are properly developed

- If system or installation changes, assess the impact on the existing protection

Challenges for the Protection Engineer

DG Interconnection Protection

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Loss of parallel operation (anti-islanding)- Voltage and frequency (27, 59, 81-U, 81-O) ; power (32F, 32R-U);

instantaneous overvoltage (59I) , rate-of-frequency change (81R),Transfer Trip

- Based on load (real and reactive) not equaling generationExcept 59I, which is based on self-excitation of resonant induction and synchronous generators with pole top capacitors

Fault backfeed detection- Ground over/under voltage (27N, 27N/59N), ungrounded systems- Phase and ground overcurrent (51V, 51N), grounded systems

Directional overcurrent (67, 67N) and impedance (21) may be used

- Negative sequence overcurrent (46), detects ground faults- All based on sensing abnormally high current or

abnormally low/high voltage as a result of faults

Interconnection Protection: Core Elements

DG Interconnection Protection

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Detection of damaging system conditions- Open phase condition or load imbalance (46, 47), negative

sequence current and voltage- Phase sequence reversal (47), negative sequence voltage- Loss of synchronism (78)- Based on severe quantity imbalance (including reverse phase

rotation) or power system and DG going out of step

Abnormal power flow detection- DG Export (32F)- Low DG Import (32R-U)- Transformer magnetizing (32F, very sensitive)- These strategies are used when the DG is sized so it cannot

physically or contractually export (peak shaver)

Facilitate proper restoration- Reconnect timer (all generators)- Sync check (synchronous only)

Interconnection Protection: Core Elements

DG Interconnection Protection

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DG Loads Loads

DG InterconnectionProtection

Utility

Point ofCommonCoupling

Interconnection Transformer

Sync

Interconnection Protection Placement

DG Interconnection Protection

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DG Loads Loads

Utility

Point ofCommonCoupling

Interconnection Transformer

DG InterconnectionProtection

Sync

Ungrounded Primary

Only

Interconnection Protection Placement

DG Interconnection Protection

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DG Loads Loads

Utility

Point ofCommonCouplingInterconnection

Transformer

Ungrounded Primary

Only

DG InterconnectionProtection

Sy nc

Point ofInterconnection

Interconnection Protection Placement

DG Interconnection Protection

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Utility-grade interconnection relays

- Pass all pertinent ANSI standards

CT and VT requirements (quantities sensed)

Winding configuration of interconnection transformers

Functional protection

- 81U/O, 27, 59, etc.

- Settings of some interconnection functions

Pick ups

Times (to clear faster than utility reclose)

What Utilities Generally Specify

DG Interconnection Protection

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Induction

Synchronous

Asynchronous (Static Power Converters)

Types of Generators

DG Interconnection Protection

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Induction- Excitation provided externally by system

VAr drain- Less costly than synchronous machines

No excitation system or controlNo sync equipment needed

- Limited in size to <=500 KVA- May cause ferroresonance after disconnection from

utility (self-excitation from nearby caps)

VAr Source

Induction Generator

DG Interconnection Protection

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Ferroresonance can take place between an induction machine and capacitors after utility disconnection from feeder. Ferroresonance can also occur on Synchronous Generators!

Generator is excited by capacitors if the reactive components of the generator and aggregate capacitors are close

This interplay produces non-sinusoidal waveforms with high voltage peaks. This causes transformers to saturate, causing non-linearities to exacerbate the problem

Induction Generator: Ferroresonance

DG Interconnection Protection

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The overvoltage can damage insulation, damage arrestors and cause flashovers

Standard overvoltage (59) element may not detect this condition…they “RMS” the waveform, missing the high peaks, and may have a long time delay (e.g. 30+ cycles)

A peak instantaneous overvoltage (59I) element will detect and protect against this condition

- This element should sense all three phases!

Induction Generator: Ferroresonance

DG Interconnection Protection

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FERRORESONANCENEW YORK FIELD TESTS –1989

FIELD TEST CIRCUIT

Test Circuit Setup

DG Interconnection Protection

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Induction/Synchronous Generator: Ferroresonance can also occur on synchronous generators

DG Interconnection Protection

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1. DG Must be Separated From the Utility System (islanded condition)

2. KW Load in the Island Must be Less than 3 Times DG Rating

3. Capacitance Must be Greater Than 25 and Less Than 500 Percent of DG Rating

4. There Must be a Transformer in the Circuit to Provide Nonlinearity

SOLUTION : USE 59I ELEMENT

DG Interconnection Protection

Conditions for Ferroresonance

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Synchronous

- Dc field provides excitation

- Need to synchronize to utility system

Synchronous Generator

DG Interconnection Protection

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Asynchronous- Static Power Converter (SPC) converts generator frequency

to system frequency (ac-dc-ac)- Generator asynchronously connected to SPC, then SPC

matches to utilitymay be self-commutating (needs sync relay)may be line-commutating (no sync relay needed)

VArs

Asynchronous Generator

DG Interconnection Protection

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Some have built-in anti-islanding protection

- SPC tries to periodically change frequency

If grid is hot, SPC cannot change the frequency

If grid has tripped, the frequency moves and the controller trips the machine

Difficult to test; some utilities do not trust and requireother protection

Asynchronous Generator:Static Power Converter

DG Interconnection Protection

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Ungrounded Primary Transformer Winding

- Overvoltage may be caused by DG when ungrounded primary transformer windings are applied (no ground source) and the DG backfeeds once utility disconnects

Grounded Primary Transformer Winding

- Ground fault current contribution caused by DG grounded primary transformer windings during utility faults

- Source feeder relaying and reclosers responding to secondary ground faults within the DG facility

Impact of Interconnection Transformer

DG Interconnection Protection

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n

a

bc

a

bc

ground

Van=Vag

Vbn=VbgVbn=Vbg

n=gvag=0

n

Van= -Vng

Vcn Vbn

VbgVcg

Unfaulted

Ground Fault

DG

Backfeed to Utility

DG Facility

Ungrounded Primary: System Backfeed

DG Interconnection Protection

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n

a

bc

a

bc

ground

Van=Vag

Vbn=VbgVbn=Vbg

n=gvag=0

n

Van= -Vng

Vcn Vbn

VbgVcg

Unfaulted

Ground Fault

DG

Backfeed to Utility

DG Facility

59N

Sensing Ungrounded System Ground Faultswith 3 Voltage Transformers

DG Interconnection Protection

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n

a

bc

a

bc

ground

Van=Vag

Vbn=VbgVbn=Vbg

n=gvag=0

n

Van= -Vng

Vcn Vbn

VbgVcg

Unfaulted

Ground Fault

DG

Backfeed to Utility

DG Facility

59N

27N

Sensing Ungrounded System Ground Faultswith 1 Voltage Transformer

DG Interconnection Protection

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Many utilities only allow use of ungrounded primary windings if the DG sustains at least a 200% overload on islandingThe overload prevents the overvoltage from occurring

Saturation Curve of Pole-Top Transformer

DG Interconnection Protection

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LowVoltage(SEC.)

HighVoltage(PRI.)

DG

Ungrounded Primary Interconnection Transformers

DG Interconnection Protection

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ProblemsCan supply the feeder circuit from an ungrounded sourceafter substation breaker A trips causing overvoltage

LowVoltage(SEC.)

HighVoltage(PRI.)

DG

Ungrounded Primary Interconnection Transformers

DG Interconnection Protection

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AdvantagesProvide no ground fault backfeed for fault at F1 & F2

No ground current from breaker A for a fault at F3 Low

Voltage(SEC.)

HighVoltage(PRI.)

ProblemsCan supply the feeder circuit from an ungrounded sourceafter substation breaker A trips causing overvoltage

DG

Ungrounded Primary Interconnection Transformers

DG Interconnection Protection

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LowVoltage(SEC.)

HighVoltage(PRI.)

DG

Grounded Primary Interconnection Transformers

DG Interconnection Protection

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LowVoltage(SEC.)

HighVoltage(PRI.)

ProblemsProvides an unwanted ground current for supply circuit faults at F1 and F2

Allows source feeder relaying at A to respond to a secondary ground fault at F3 (Ygnd-Ygnd only)

DG

Grounded Primary Interconnection Transformers

DG Interconnection Protection

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Advantages

No ground current from breaker A for faults at F3 (delta sec. only)

No overvoltage for ground fault at F1

No overvoltage for ground fault at F2

LowVoltage(SEC.)

HighVoltage(PRI.)

ProblemsProvides an unwanted ground current for supply circuit faults at F1 and F2

Allows source feeder relaying at A to respond to a secondary ground fault at F3 (Ygnd-Ygnd only)

DG

Grounded Primary Interconnection Transformers

DG Interconnection Protection

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Loss of Parallel Operation DetectionOver/under frequency & over/under voltage “window”

59I may be applied to detect ferroresonance between induction/synchronous machines and capacitor banks.

52I

Programmable I/O

32

UTILITY

Anti-Islanding

60FL

51V

51N 46

27475981

Sequence of Events

Metering

LED Targets

Waveform Capture

User Interface with PC

Communications(Modbus)

3Y

Note 1

25

Note 2

52G

59I

BUS

79

Notes:1) Supply VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC2) Bus VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC

M-3410A FunctionalDiagram

Typical Interconnection Protection

DG Interconnection Protection

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Fault Backfeed Removal Detection

Typically not required for induction generator or small synchronous DGs

- can rely on loss of parallel protection

Moderate to large DGs- phase faults: 51V- ground faults: 51N

52I

Programmable I/O

32

UTILITY

60FL

51V

51N 46

27475981

Sequence of Events

Metering

LED Targets

Waveform Capture

User Interface with PC

Communications(Modbus)

3Y

Note 1

25

Note 2

52G

59I

BUS

79

Notes:1) Supply VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC2) Bus VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC

Fault Backfeed Removal

M-3410A FunctionalDiagram

GroundedPrimary

Typical Interconnection Protection for Wye-Ground (PRI.) Interconnection Transformer

DG Interconnection Protection

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Same as Grounded System, except:

Fault Backfeed Protection uses 27N/59N or 59N to detect for ground faults on system backfed from an ungrounded primary interconnection transformer

51N cannot detect ground faultfed from ungrounded source

52I

Programmable I/O

32

UTILITY

60FL

51V

51N 46

27475981

Sequence of Events

Metering

LED Targets

Waveform Capture

User Interface with PC

Communications(Modbus)

3Y

Note 1

Note 2

59I

BUS

27N

59N

UngroundedPrimary

79

Notes:1) Supply VTs are not neccessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC2) Bus VTs are not neccessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC

52G

Fault Backfeed Removal

M-3410A FunctionalDiagram

Typical Interconnection Protection for Ungrounded (PRI.) Interconnection Transformer

DG Interconnection Protection

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Abnormal ConditionsUnbalanced currents

- open conductor/single phase (46)- phase reversal (47)

Not just for commissioningFerroresonance

- instantaneous overvoltage (59I)Fuse Loss

- Potential loss detection (60FL)

52I

Programmable I/O

32

UTILITY

60FL

51V

51N 46

27475981

Sequence of Events

Metering

LED Targets

Waveform Capture

User Interface with PC

Communications(Modbus)

3Y

Note 1

25

Note 2

52G

59I

BUS

79

Notes:1) Supply VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC2) Bus VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC

Abnormal Conditions

M-3410A FunctionalDiagram

Typical Interconnection Protection

DG Interconnection Protection

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Abnormal Power FlowEnforces interconnect contract

- Prohibits DG from providing power to utility in violation of interconnect contract (32F, 32R-U)

- Sometimes used to detect transformer magnetizing (must be very sensitive)

52I

Programmable I/O

32

UTILITY

60FL

51V

51N 46

27475981

Sequence of Events

Metering

LED Targets

Waveform Capture

User Interface with PC

Communications(Modbus)

3Y

Note 1

25

Note 2

52G

59I

BUS

79

Notes:1) Supply VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC2) Bus VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC

Abnormal Power Flow

M-3410A FunctionalDiagram

Typical Interconnection Protection

DG Interconnection Protection

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M-3410A DG Interconnection Relay

DG Interconnection Protection

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Out 1or

Out 2or

Voltages, Phase &Sync

Outputs

Currents

Control/StatusInputs

Power

Fuses

Comm Ports

ExternalConnections

DG Interconnection Protection

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A

B

C

52G

52I

9 11 1310 12 14

M-3410A

2

9 11 1310 12 14

M-3410A

2

A

B

C

A

B

C

10 129 11

M-3410A

2

10 129 11

M-3410A

2

A

B

C

13 14

Three VT Wye-WyeConnection

1 Two VT Open-DeltaConnection

1

Alternate VT connections

VTs are not necessary if theNominal Rated InterconnectionVoltage is < 480 V ac.

Voltage input for 25 function canonly be used in line-line VTconfiguration.

1

2

13 14

3

3

3

A

B

C

A

B

C

13 14

13 14

M-3410A

M-3410A

2

A B C

5 ACT Configuration

1 ACT Configuration

22 23

19 20

16 17

M-3410A

21 23

18 20

15 17

M-3410A

Forward

Forward

Reverse Revers

eRevers

eForwar

d

RelayDGUtilityPower Flow

Utility System

DG Facility

Phase Voltage

Phase Current

Neutral VoltageM-3410A TypicalConnection Diagram

DG Interconnection Protection

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Morning Midday Night

Load

Generation

Load Following – Calf. Rule 21

DG Interconnection Protection

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Option 1- Use sensitive 32F relay, set at 0.01 pu (0.1%) of

interconnection transformer rating

Option 2- Use 32R-U relay to guarantee import of at least 5%

of gross generator capacity

California Rule 21: Options for Non-Export

DG Interconnection Protection

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Utility System

VT

CT

27, 59,81 U/O,25

G G LocalLoad

32

Forward + -

Reverse -

Two 32 Directional Power Options- 32F, Sensitive forward (+) power - 32R-U, Low reverse (-) power

California Rule 21: Directional Power Options

DG Interconnection Protection

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32F relay set to operate on transformer excitation or magnetizing current- Typically about 0.1% of transformer rating

Need transformer test sheet data to calculate value of magnetizing watts

UtilitySystem

VT

CT

G G LocalLoad

32

ExcitationKW

Forward +

Open Switch

32F, Sensitive Forward (+) Power

DG Interconnection Protection

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32R-U Relay pickup set to at least 5% (-0.05 p.u.) of total connected generator rated KVA32R-U Relay programmed to trip when imported power falls below thepick-up level

UtilitySystem

120/1CT

G1 G2 LocalLoad

32

480V

Reverse (-)

32R-U, Low Reverse (-) Power

DG Interconnection Protection

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These elements can cause nuisance tripping of the DG if large load swings occur in the DG facility

This may call for some adjustment of practices in the DG facility

Low Import Power: 32R-U Minimal Export Power: 32F

DG Interconnection Protection

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DG

Utility Source

Generation adjusted to match local loadwith small biasRequires metering and governor control

Circuit breaker closed

395 kVA

Feeder Loads

LocalLoad

400 kVA

Low Import Power (32R-U)Pow er Import

5 kVA

Gen = Load - Bias395 = 400 - 5

“Floating” the Interconnection

DG Interconnection Protection

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DG

Utility Source

Generation adjusted tomatch local load withsmall biasPart of load 40 kVA ofmotors

Circuit breaker closed

395 kVA

Feeder Loads

LocalLoad

360 kVA

Low Import Power (32R-U)Pow er Import

5 kVA

Gen = Load - Bias395 = 400 - 5

40 kVA

All circuit breakers closed

M

“Floating” with Large Motor Loads

DG Interconnection Protection

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DG

Utility Source

Sudden loss of 40 kVAMomentary poweroutflow develops at PCC

Circuit breaker closed

395 kVA

Feeder Loads

LocalLoad

360 kVA

Low Import Power (32R-U)

Momentaryexport

<= 35 kVA

Gen = Load - Bias395 = 365 - 5

0 kVA

Motor breaker tripped,others remain closed

M

Ouch! Nuisance Trip!

DG Interconnection Protection

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Increase the bias on the DG governor so it produces less power, and a wider margin is maintained to account for the load fluctuations

Although the bias can eventually be widened enough so nuisance trips do not occur, it may not be in the economic best interest of the DG facility to import power when the DG is in operation.

Countermeasures to This Possible Miscoordination Problem (1)

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 70: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

81R has been used widely in Europe as a means of anti-islanding protection

In conjunction with wider set 81-U and 81-O, it allows:

- Faster tripping on severe load/generation imbalances post-utility disconnection

- More “forgiving” of slower moving frequency excursions that occur in system emergencies

- As higher DG penetration is forecast, the use of 81R may allow DG to stay on-line during system emergencies, right when the capacity is needed

Special Situation: Use of Rate-of-Change of Frequency – 81R

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 71: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

78 may be used to protect a DG from damage from Out-of-Step (OOS) conditions

OOS conditions can occur from uncleared faults, particularly 3-phase, that pull down voltage and reduce power transfer

If mechanical power exceeds synchronizing power, the generator will pull out of step

This can place enormous stress on the shaft (snap!) and cause rapid rotor heating

Power Quality issue for utilities customers

Special Situation: Use of Out-of-Step – 78- Reciprocating Engines

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 72: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

Special Situation: Reciprocating Engine Out of Synchronism Condition (78)

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 73: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

1. System frequency will remain at nominal during prolonged fault clearing

2. Voltage may not go down enough for undervoltage protection to protect the pole slip

3. OOS protection will detect the acceleration of the rotor and the resultant angle increase past 90 in the case of a possible unstable swing

Special Situation: Reciprocating Engine Out of Synchronism Condition (78)

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 74: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

Comprehensive DG Interconnection Package

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 75: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

Comprehensive DG Interconnection Package: Wye-Grounded Transformer Primary

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 76: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

Comprehensive DG Interconnection Package: Ungrounded Transformer Primary

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 77: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

M-3520 Integrated Protection Systems®

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 78: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

M-3520 Intertie Relay

52I

21

UTILITY

M-3520 Relay

3251V67

3Y

52G

= standard function

= optional function

BUS

79

2747598181R

25

LED Targets (opt)Programmable I/OMeteringIRIG-B InputCommunications (MODBUS or BECO 2200)

Waveform CaptureSequence of EventsUser Interface with PCHMI (optional)

59I

60FL4667

N 50

1

2 or 3

XX

XX

59N

27N

1 or 3

Ungrounded Primary

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 79: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

M-3520 External Connections

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 80: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

M-3520 Three-Line Diagram

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 81: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

CASE #1 - Local Load Exceeds GenerationRestoration Practice

Interconnection relays trip DG generator breakers (B&C)When utility restores, DG generator(s) auto synchronize to return to service

G G

B C L

A

25

Multifunction Intertie Relay

Protection

AutoSync

AutoSync

LOADS

Utility

Trips "B" & "C"

Supervises "A"Reclosing

Trips Breakers B&C if:

Generation cannot support local load

Re-sync at breakers B&C after utility restoration

DG Trip & Restoration Possibilities

DG Interconnection Protection

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n

CASE #2 - Local Load Matches GenerationRestoration Practice

Interconnection relays trip main incoming breaker (A)When utility restores, 25 function (with ΔΦ, ΔF, and ΔV) supervises recloses A which is auto sync by switching VT Sources as shown

DG Trip & Restoration Possibilities

DG Interconnection Protection

G G

B C L

A

25

Multifunction Intertie Relay

Protection

AutoSync

AutoSync

LOADS

Utility

Trips "A"

Supervises "A"ReclosingOPEN

CLOSE

Closing of Auto SyncSwitched to Breaker A

Page 83: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Used to ensure utility has gone through successful reclose cycle- Set longer than total reclose cycle

All clearing and shot time, plus longest possible reclaim time

- Uses permissive from voltage and frequency functions to ensure utility source is back and viable

Impact on utility reclosing- Lengthens reclose time

- Reclose delay must be longer than DG protection total clearing time (relay+breaker+margin) for all protections!

DG Reconnect Timer & Reclose Permissive

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 84: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Texa

sEn

terg

yR

ule

21C

om E

d

10kW 50kW 500kW 1,000kW 2,000kW 2,500kW 10,000kW

27, 59, 81U/O, 25

27, 59, 81U/O, 2559N/27N, 51,51N, 32, 21

27, 59, 81U/O, 25 -- Gen. < 50% of minimum load

27, 59, 81U/O, 25

59N or 51N, 32 32 81U TT

27, 59, 81U/O, 25

59N or 51N, 32 32 81U TT

27, 59, 81U/O, 2532

Sensitive (Xfmr Mag.)LFP

27, 59, 81U/O, 25, 32

Gen. > 50% of minimum loadSpecial Constraints, add 50BF, 21-2, TT

3

1

IEEE

1547

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 85: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Texas- Not specified

Entergy- Ygnd/delta or delta with zig-zig/Ygnd

Rule 21 (California)- Not specified

Commonwealth Edison- Delta/not specified

IEEE 1547- Not specified

Transformer Connections

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 86: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

2002 Survey- Grounded wye primary – 58%- Delta primary – 9%- Other – 33%

1995 Survey- Grounded wye primary – 33%- Delta primary – 33%- Other – 33%

Interconnection Transformer

IEEE Distribution Practices Survey – 1/02

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 87: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

No effect – 22%

Revised feeder coordination – 39%

Added directional ground relays – 25%

Added direction phase relays – 22%

Added supervisory control - 22%

Revised switching procedures – 19%

DG Impact on Distribution Protection

IEEE Distribution Practices Survey – 1/02

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 88: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Revise reclosing practices – 50%

Added voltage relays to supervise reclosing – 36%

Extend 1st shot reclose time – 26%

Added transfer trip – 20%

Eliminate reclosing – 14%

Added sync check – 6%

Reduce reclose attempts – 6%

DG Impact on Utility Reclosing

IEEE Distribution Practices Survey – 1/02

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 89: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

n

If high speed reclosing is employed, the DG interconnection protection must be faster!

Clearing time includes protection operation and breaker opening

The Trouble with Reclosing:Breakers or Reclosers

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 90: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Properly designed interconnection protection addresses concerns of both DG owners and utility

Interconnection transformer configuration plays a pivotal role in interconnection protection

State, National regulators and IEEE continue to struggle to provide meaningful interconnection guidelines- Some of these standards are devoid of substantive technical

guidance

Restoration practices need to be part of the overall interconnection protection

Summary

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 91: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Combined Heating, Cooling & Power Handbook, Marcel Dekker, by Neil Petchers, ISBN# 0-88173-349-0

On-Site Power Generation, by EGSA, ISBN# 0-9625949-4-6

IEEE 1547, IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems,http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/

Intertie Protection of Consumer-Owned Sources of Generation 3 MVA or Less, IEEE PSRC WG Report

Recommended Reading

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 92: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Update on the Current Status of DG Interconnection Protection--What 1547 Doesn’t Tell You, Charles Mozina, Beckwith Electric, presented at the 2003 Western Protective Relay Conference

Relay Performance in DG Islands, Ferro, Gish, Wagner and Jones, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, January 1989

Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering, McGraw Hill, Section 4.3, Electrical Interconnections, W. Hartmann, ISBN# 0-07-019435-1

Recommended Reading

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 93: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Meeting the Challenges of ProtectingUtility Distribution with Interconnecting

Distributed Generation

Part 2: Introduction to the M-3410A and M-3520DG Interconnection Protection Relays

Get Connected!Get Connected!

DG Interconnection Protection

DG Interconnection Protection

Page 94: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Meeting the Challenges of DG Interconnection

Get Connected!Get Connected!

M-3410A / M-3520 DG Interconnection Relays

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 95: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Design Criteria:

Low Initial Cost: There is not a better price/value relay for the target applications (small DG installations)Low Project Cost:- integrated metering and waveform capture allow wiring errors,

instrument application errors, and setting errors to be observed and rapidly corrected

- software has been designed to allow a relay to be completely programmed in less than 30 minutes

- autodocumentation reduces engineering time and transcription errors- ability to standardize for many repeat projects, facilitating

boilerplatingLow Lifecycle Costs:- self-diagnostics combined with no need to calibrate can reduce or

eliminate periodic testing - no maintenance requirements

M-3410A DG Interconnection Relay

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 96: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

M-3410A DG Interconnection Relay

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 97: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

M-3410Intertie / Generator

Protection

PHASE UNDERVOLTAGE 27PHASE OVERVOLTAGE 59/59I

FUSE LOSS 60LOSS OF FIELD 40

VOLTAGE UNBALANCE 47CURRENT UNBALANCE 46

32 DIRECTIONAL POWER51N/51V PHASE OVERCURRENT81 OVER/UNDER FREQUENCYOSC TRIGGERDIAGNOSTICRELAY OK

Target/OutputReset

COM 1

12.00

12.20

10.75

11.00

2.50

10.70

Front View(Dotted line denotes panel cutout)

Side View(Typical for both sides)

Front

Rear

Panel

Panel

Rear View

10.70 12.20

12.00

UP

Terminals

Terminals

M-3410ADG InterconnectionRelay

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 98: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

M-3410Intertie / GeneratorProtection

Target/OutputReset COM 1

PHASE UV 27PHASE OV 59/59I

FUSE LOSS 60LOSS OF FIELD 40

VOLTAGE UNBALANCE 47CURRENT UNBALANCE 46

32 DIR. POWER51V PHASE OC81 O/U FREQOSC TRIGGERDIAGNOSTICRELAY OK

12.68

11.75

3.46

11.52

10.62

10.62

9.72

Front View

Top View

Terminals Terminals

Panel (for flush mount)

Note: Reversible angle bracketsallow mounting flush or semi-flush. The semi-flush method isused where rear projection spaceis at a premium, and the relay mayproject forward a small distance.

Panel (for semi-flush mount)

Front

Rear

1.80

M-3410ADG InterconnectionRelay

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 99: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

M-3410A DG Interconnection Relay

M-3410Intertie / GeneratorProtection

Target/OutputReset

COM 1

PH. UV 27PH. OVERVOLT 59/59I

FUSE LOSS 60LOSS OF FIELD 40

VOLT. UNBALANCE 47CURRENT UNBALANCE 46

Front View

3.46

32 DIR. POWER51V PHASE OC81 O/U FREQ

OSC TRIGGERDIAGNOSTIC

RELAY OK

12.67 11.75 10.62

UP

Side View(Right Side)

Terminals

Terminals

Panel (for flush mount)

Panel (for semi-flush mount)

FrontRear

FrontRear

9.72

11.52

10.62

Side View(Left Side)

UPUP

1.80

Note: Reversible angle bracketsallow mounting flush or semi-flush. The semi-flush method isused where rear projection spaceis at a premium, and the relay mayproject forward a small distance.

M-3410ADG InterconnectionRelay

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 100: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Analog Sensing- 3 voltage inputs

Direct connect up to 480V

- 3 current inputsBoth 5 and 1 amp inputs on relay

Power Input- 12 VDC- 24 VDC- 48 VDC- 120 Vac and 125 Vdc

M-3410A Analog Sending and Power Inputs

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 101: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Out 1or

Out 2or

Voltages, Phase &Sync

Outputs

Currents

Control/StatusInputs

Power

Fuses

Comm Ports

ExternalConnections

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 102: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

52I

Programmable I/O

32

UTILITY

M-3410 Functional Diagram

Typical Intertie Application

60FL

51V

51N 46

27475981

Sequence of Events

Metering

LED Targets

Waveform Capture

User Interface with PC

Communications(Modbus)

3Y

Note 1

25

Note 2

52G

59I

BUS

GroundedPrimary

79

Notes:1) Supply VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC2) Bus VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC

M-3410A Relay(grounded primary)

M-3410A

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 103: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

52I

Programmable I/O

32

UTILITY

M-3410 Functional Diagram

Typical Intertie Application

60FL

51V

51N 46

27475981

Sequence of Events

Metering

LED Targets

Waveform Capture

User Interface with PC

Communications(Modbus)

3Y

Note 1

Note 2

59I

BUS

27N

59N

UngroundedPrimary

79

Notes:1) Supply VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC2) Bus VTs are not necessary if potential to relay terminals is <= 480 VAC

52G

M-3410A Relay(ungrounded primary)

M-3410A

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 104: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

A

B

C

52G

52I

9 11 1310 12 14

M-3410A

2

9 11 1310 12 14

M-3410A

2

A

B

C

A

B

C

10 129 11

M-3410A

2

10 129 11

M-3410A

2

A

B

C

13 14

Three VT Wye-WyeConnection

1 Two VT Open-DeltaConnection

1

Alternate VT connections

VTs are not necessary if theNominal Rated InterconnectionVoltage is < 480 V ac.

Voltage input for 25 function canonly be used in line-line VTconfiguration.

1

2

13 14

3

3

3

A

B

C

A

B

C

13 14

13 14

M-3410A

M-3410A

2

A B C

5 ACT Configuration

1 ACT Configuration

22 23

19 20

16 17

M-3410A

21 23

18 20

15 17

M-3410A

Forward

Forward

Reverse Revers

eRevers

eForwar

d

RelayDGUtilityPower Flow

Utility System

DG Facility

Phase Voltage

Phase Current

Neutral VoltageM-3410A TypicalConnection Diagram

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 105: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

52G

52I

ForwardForwardReverseReverseReverseForward

RelayDGUtilityPower Flow

A

B

C

LocalDG

FacilityLoads

To Utility

Power Flow Convention

Forward power is from DG to utility

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 106: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Two outputs, each can be configured in hardware as form “a” or “b”contact- This must be known at the time of M-3410A order

This facilitates different failsafe philosophies based on type of isolation device- Power-to-trip breaker (shunt trip)- Unpower-to-trip (contactor)

Utilities want failsafe operation, meaning if there is a failure of the relay or power to the relay, the DG will be tripped from the power system

The self-diagnostic contact is a form “c” set and employs a failsafe philosophy- Self-diagnostic relay coil is energized when relay and relay power OK,

deenergizes on failure. The contacts revert back to standard reference condition (“a” open, “b” closed)

Programmable Outputs

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 107: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

M-3520 DG Interconnection Relay

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 108: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Design Criteria:

Large Application Scope: Able to meet all protection requirements for DG installations up to 10 MVA

Low Project Cost:- integrated metering and waveform capture allow wiring errors,

instrument application errors, and setting errors to be observed and rapidly corrected

- software has been designed to allow a relay to be completely programmed in less than 30 minutes

- autodocumentation reduces engineering time and transcription errors- ability to standardize for many repeat projects, facilitating boilerplating

Low Lifecycle Costs:- self-diagnostics combined with no need to calibrate can reduce or

eliminate period testing - no maintenance requirements

M-3520 DG Interconnection Relay

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 109: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Outputs

CurrentsVoltages

InputsRS-485Comms

RS-232 Comms

IRIG-B

Fuses

Power

M-3520

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 110: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Abnormal Power Flow:- useful as a supplemental means of

loss of parallel operation if DG sizeand load are conducive to usingutility export/import setpoints ortransformer magnetization(extremely sensitive)

Restoration:- elements check that utility supply is

viablereconnect timer, can besupervised by sync-check/voltage verificationfunctions

- sync-check and dead bus/lineelements to assure DG is properlyrestored according to utility policy

Protection Applications:Loss of Parallel Operation Elements:- undervoltage, overvoltage,

instantaneous overvoltage, - underfrequency, overfrequency

Fault Backfeed:- phase overcurrent, groundovercurrent

directional and non-directional- ground overvoltage, ground

undervoltage- phase distance elements (2)

Damaging System Conditions:- negative sequence overvoltage,

negative sequence current, out-of-step

M-3520 DG Interconnection Relay

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 111: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

52I

21

UTILITY

M-3520 Relay

3251V67

3Y

52G

= standard function

= optional function

BUS

79

2747598181R

25

LED Targets (opt)Programmable I/OMeteringIRIG-B InputCommunications (MODBUS or BECO 2200)

Waveform CaptureSequence of EventsUser Interface with PCIntegral HMI (optional)

59I

60FL4667

N 50

1

2 or 3

151N

50N

XX

XX

59N

27N

1 or 3

Ungrounded Primary

M-3520 DGInterconnection

Relay78

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 112: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

M-3520 DG Interconnection Relay

52I

21

UTILITY

3251V67

3Y

52G

= standard function

= optional function

BUS

79

2747598181R

25

LED Targets (opt)Programmable I/OMeteringIRIG-B InputCommunications (MODBUS or BECO 2200)

Waveform CaptureSequence of EventsUser Interface with PCIntegral HMI (optional)

59I

60FL4667

N 50

1

2 or 3

1

51N

50N

XX

XX

M-3520 Relay

Grounded Primary

78

M-3520 DGInterconnection

Relay

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 113: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Extended Functionality

Self-diagnostics

Metering

Logging

Waveform capture

Digital communications

Excellent PC software for interface and analysis

M-3410A/3520 DG Interconnection Relays

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 114: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Immediate detection of relay failure- Provides some assurance to utility that

interconnect protection is working

- Routines check software and A/D converter

- Power supply is monitored for internal as well as external failure

Utilities trip DG on relay failure- Form “c” contact that can be wired to failsafe (trip

the unit in the event of relay system or power supply failure)

M-3410A/3520 Self Diagnostics

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 115: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

IPScom Example: Relay Configuration

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 116: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

IPScom Example: Element Setting

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 117: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

IPScom Example: I/O Assignment

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 118: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

IPScom Example: Settings Summary

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 119: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

M-3410A provides comprehensive voltage, current, and calculated quantity metering

- Can interface to utility SCADA or DG plant SCADA

- Use of sequence voltage and currents allow rapid commissioning

If negative and zero sequence quantities are notpresent:

- CT/VT wiring is correctphasingpolarity

- multi-ratio transformers are all on the correct taps- power flow conventions OK

If negative and zero sequence quantities are present, you have a problem

Metering

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 120: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Metering – Correct Phase Rotation

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 121: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Metering – Incorrect Phase Rotation

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 122: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

The M-3410A provides an event log (sequence of events recorder -SOE)

SOE available at the “point of common coupling”- Event logs can help identify which system caused the tripping

(utility or DG)- Event logs have settled a number of arguments between utility and

DG owners- Events in a FIFO (newest kept, oldest discarded)- 32 event storage- Events include

Element activity- Pick up- Drop out- Trip

I/O activity- Control/status input state- Output state

Event Logging (SOE)

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 123: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

0.00 0.0

All Voltages and Currents Proper

Phasor Display (Vectors)

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 124: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Phase A Current “Rolled”

Phasor Display (Vectors)

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 125: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Displays - Impedance

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 126: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

The M-3410A / M-3520 provide digital oscillography (waveform capture)

Oscillographic records available at the “point of common coupling”- Can identify which system caused the tripping (utility or DG)- Have settled a number of arguments between utility and DG

owners- Are useful for “as found” and “as left” records, and documenting

testing and commissioning- Can be initiated anytime for PQ snapshot- Configurable pre- and post-trigger buffers- Allows you to see before the event, during the event, and post-

eventVery useful in seeing distribution events (they take along time)

Digital Oscillography

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 127: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

- Large CapacityVery useful in seeing distribution events (they take a long time)

- 120 cycles total- Up to 2 partitions

- Configurable pre- and post-trigger buffers- Allows you to see before the event, during the event, and post-

event- View power flow reversals, current reversals, types of fault

from inspection, power swings, etc.

Digital Oscillography

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 128: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

B C D

K NMLIG H

J

A

E

F

Waveform Capture (Legend)

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 129: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

A) All analog traces. This view shows peak values. RMS values may also bedisplayed

B) Controls for going to the beginning or end of a record, as well as nudging forward or backward in time in a record

C) Zoom controlsD) Display controls for analog traces, RMS traces, fundamental waveform display,

frequency trace, power trace, power factor trace, phasor diagram, impedancediagram and power diagram

E) Marker #1F) Marker #2G) Time at Marker #1H) Time at Marker #2I) Control status input and contact output traces (discrete I/O)J) Scaling for each analog trace. This can be set automatically or manually

adjusted.K) Date and timestamp for recordL) Time of trip commandM) Time at Marker #1N) Time at Marker #2

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 130: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

PQ

R

O

S

Waveform Capture (Legend)

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 131: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

O) Drop down window for view selection, diagram selection and zoom

P) Delta value between Marker #1 and Marker #2

Q) Value at Marker #1

R) Value at Marker #2

S) Scaling for each analog trace. This can be set automatically or manually adjusted.

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 132: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Area of current reversal

Phasor diagram withvalues displayed

Phasor display shown atat Marker #1 location

Waveform Capture (Phasor)

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 133: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Area of current reversalPhasor diagram withvalues display

Phasor display shown atat Marker #1 location

Waveform Capture (Phasor)

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 134: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

M-3410A- Rear port: RS-485 (MODBUS RTU) or RS-232- Front port: RS-232 (use IPScom)

M-3520 - Rear port: RS-485 (MODBUS RTU) or RS-232- Front port: RS-232 (use IPScom)- IRIG-B port

Moderate to large size DGs may be required to telemeter data on generator operation to the utility:- status: on or off line- Voltage, Current, MW & MVAR

DG plant may want to integrate information into plant DCS orPLC

Relay targets and oscillograph information can also beaccessed through communication channels tofacilitate restoration

Communications Capability

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 135: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Benefits for Consultants/OEMs

Reduce project costs:- standardization for most powerpool and utility interconnection

requirementsAccepted by California Rule 21, Texas, NY Powerpool, many others

Beckwith Electric will work with any utility for approval

- Commissioning tools to speed factory acceptance testing and field start-up

- Forensic engineering capabilities for warranty investigations

- Programmable I/O and elements to meet different trip assignment requirements

M-3410A / M-3520 DG Interconnection Relays

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 136: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

Benefits for Utilities

Meets protection requirements:- Utility-grade relay passing pertinent ANSI and IEC specifications

Includes C37.90, C37.90.1 and C37.90.2

Elements are configurable and selectable to meet protection challenge for different sizes, types of machines, and transformer connections and utility requirements

Forensic engineering capabilities for trip dispute investigations

Beckwith Electric will work with any utility for approval- Evaluation relays and test support

M-3410A / M-3520 DG Interconnection Relays

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 137: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

DG Interconnection protection will have renewed importance in the next decade and beyond

Properly designed interconnection protection addresses concerns of both DG owners and the utility

This presentation outlines salient points utility and DG Owners, Consultants, and OEMs need to consider when developing protection requirements and schemes

Digital multifunction relays are an ideal technology for UtilityDG Interconnection Protection

The Beckwith Electric M-3410A and M-3520 Interconnection Relays meet the needs of many Utility DG Interconnection Requirements

Summary

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 138: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

The M-3410A and M-3520 DG Interconnection Protection Relays offer:- Protection that meets or exceeds virtually all utility

guidelines, including IEEE-1547- Simple and straightforward engineering- Informational tools for observation, commissioning and

event analysis- Ease of use that can translate into cost savings

Less trainingQuicker troubleshootingBetter tools for commissioning

- Value: 1st cost, project cost and lifecycle costs- Beckwith Electric Application Engineering and Field Service

Support

Summary

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

Page 139: DG interconnection protection ieee 1547

M-3410A / M-3520 DG Interconnection Relays

Thank You

Get Connected!Get Connected!

M-3410A / M-3520 DG Interconnection Relays

DG Interconnection Protection - Part 2

©2008 Beckwith Electric Co., Inc.