ED 098 730 BA 006 574

AUTHOR Dexter, ArthurTITLE Environmental Hazards and Systems Schools. Technical

Report No. 81.INSTITUTION Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (DOD), Washington,

D.C.; Office of Education (DREW), Washington, D.C.;Tennessee Univ., Knoxville. School Planning Lab.

PUB DATE Nov 73NOTE 27p.

EDRS PRICE HF-$0.75 BC-81.85 PLUS POSTAGEDESCRIPTORS Building Plans; Civil Defense; *Construction

(Process); Cost Effectiveness; Elementary SodondaryEducation; *Emergency Programs; FacilityRequirements; *School Design; School Planning;*School Safety; *Systems Approach

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this st%dy was to ascertain the

feasibility of incorporating certain protective concepts intoselected systems-constructed schools. These concepts were to beincorporated at a minimal cost increase, with minimal sacrifice ofamenities, and with no detrimental effect on facility configuration.The environmental hazards taken into consideration were earthquakes,tornadoes, hurricanes, and noise. The five schools selected foranalysis are cutrently in use. The design changes are offered assuggestions that might be incorporated into future designs in orderto better protect the inhabitants of the facility. Photographs mayreproduce poorly. (Author /NLF)

rwironmental Hazards & Systems Scht

A report prepared, byThe School Planning LaboratoryUniversity of Tennessee

in cooperation wi3hUnited States ()office of Education and

the Defellse Civil Preparedness Agency

Contents 3 About The Study4 What is Systems?6 Facility Selection7 Hazards

10 Facilities11 Chantilly High School14 Pasadena Lakes Elementary School17 Seminole Middle School20 John F. Kennedy High School23 Oak Grove High School

3

John E. DavisDirectorDefenseCivil PreparednessAgency

Recently, the President authorizedthe Defense Civil Preparedness Agencyto broaden its preparedness objectiveto include peacetime-disasterreadiness as well as the kind ofpreparedness needed in a nuclearcrisis.As a result, we now concentrateon helping the community build upits emergency plans, facilities, andleadership to cope with the immediatethreats to public safetyhurricanes,tornadoes, floods, in the knowledgethat these capabilities are the key tocoping with a nuclear crisis as well.

When we add school buildings tosuch a system, we do it with theknowledge that they are strategicallylocated in every neighborhood of thecountry and have traditionally beenpublic rallying points. They are alsothe daytime habitats of an importantmajor segment of the populationourschool children.This booklet shows how a recentlydeveloped school construction typethe industrial-construction schoolcan protect in time of emergency.

2

William W. ChaseProject DirectorNational CenterFor EducationalTechnology

Systems construction in the UnitedStates is gaining in popularity due toits possibilities for shorter construc-tion time and concomitant economicsavings. Systems school constructionalso provides for fluid teachingspaces which meet today's changing educaticrial needs.The schoolhouse has traditionallybeen utilized as a place of refuge intimes of emergency; in light of today'spopulation concentration in andaround urban centers, the schoolassumes an even more importantprotective role.With the increased popularity andutilization of systems construction,an investigation of this nature be-comes of prime importance.

4

Robert Berne, AIAChief ArchitectDefenseCivil PreparednessAgency

Industrialized constructionwherebuilding units are prefabricated inremote plants and shipped to thesite for erectionhas been usedsuccessfully in Europe for manyyears. Recently, the system has beenintroduced to the United States, andit has already been applied to schoolconstruction in a number of areasthe, have widely varying environments.How industrialized-building schoolsprotect their occupants againstenvironmental hazards of all typesis an important architectural con-sideration. The School PlanningLaboratory, in this study, has investi-gated ways in which protection hasbeen accomplished, with a viewtowards highlighting the need toconsider it, in this popular buildingtype.School boards, andtheir architects,considering the industrializedbuilding to meet facility needs willfind much valuable information inthis report to guide them in theirexpansion programs.

Dr. Charles E. Trotter, Jr.Director, School PlanningLaboratoryProject DirectorThe University of Tennessee

Educators and architects havegiven considerable attention tosystems school construction asevidenced ay the growing numberof buildings employing standardizedcomponents to provide rapidlyand economically for meeting theneeds of schools.

Educators have welcomed systemsconcepts for their flexibility andability to accommodate today'seducational requirements.

Not all probli-ms may be solved bythis construction tachnique. For example, by definition, there is very littlemeans to provide protection fromeither natural or nitclear disasters.

This study was initiated tc deter-mine if the systems approach toschool construction can proviaeadequate protection for hurricanes,tornadoes, earthquakes. andnuclear disasters without noticeablyincreasing the cost of construction.The School Planning Laboratorywas pleased to have been providedthe opportunity to explore this prob-lem with the U.S. Office of Educa-tion and with the Defense CivilPreparedness Agency.

"

About the Study

Arthur DexterPrincipal Investigator

This project was undertaken inorder to explore the protectionagainst certain selected environmentalhazards afforded by schools constructedthrough a systems method. Thosehazards which were taken into con-sideration were earthquakes, tornadoes,hurricanes, and noise.

The selected schools are currentlypresenting viable, meaningful programsof instruction, and the suggestedchanges in design will in no wayaffect programs or the aestheticappearance of the buildings.

The suggested design changes arein no way to be construed as anindictment of the systems approach,but a suggestion which might beincorporated into future design inorder to better protect the inhabitantsof the facility.

3

What is Systems?

4

Systems is an approach to schoolfacility construction that will con-tribute to improved buildings thatcan be constructed quickly andeconomically.

In essence, systems constructionutilizes the efficiency of modernindustrial mass production of basiccomponents that make up the schoolbuilding. (It also allows the manu-facuturers to introduce precise edu-cational requirements much earlierthan would be possible otherwiv1.)

Systems construction simplifiedthe traditional building process bya duplication of the basic buildingcot onents, with flexibility forfuture change as a characteristic.

School construction systemsdevelopment involves three basicsteps:

(1) the user must be definitive inhis physical requirements in termsof activities that will occur in theschools,

6

(2) these user requirements mustbe translated into a set of perfor-mance specifications, and

(3) industry must meet thosespecifications in terms of the hardwareor subsystems components.

In implementing these three steps, twotypes of building systems are possible.The closed system (SCSD is anexample) uses a single set of basicbuilding components which havebeen specifically designer' to integrateexclusively with one another. Theopen system (Florida's SSP, forexample) allows for the interchangeof various building components fromdifferent manufacturers. In the closedsystem, for example, the HVAC willonly be compatible with onestructural subsystem; in an opensystem it will be compatible withmost or all of the subsystems bid.

1 STRUCTI in.::6 CABINETS

C--3117

2 HVAC COMPONENT

ROOF

3 CEILINGLIGHTING

5 PARTITIONS

4 CARPETING & FLOOR

Designing and programming involvesnine basic steps:

(1) Contacting the architect andsigning contract,

(2) Developing an educationalprogram,

(3) Determining building program-ming and project scheduling,

(4) Obtaining approvals of design,

(5) Preparing bid documents for sub-systems,

(6) Receiving bids on subsystems,

(7) Preparing working drawings andspecifications,

(8) Letting contracts, and

(9) Inspecting and supervisingconstruction.

A possible exception to the abovewould be a utilization of two-stagebidding. In general, bids are taken

following the completion of theworking drawings and related con-tract documents. Two stage biddingfollows the same procedure but addsearlier bidding for key componentsknown as "pre-bidding."

Pre-bidding, therefore, is takingcompetitive bids which are basedon preliminary design and abridgedspecifications, oftentimesperformance oriented, for buildingsystems and other componentsbefore the working drawings havebeen developed.

In the Florida SSP, the compatibilityof the facility componentsis visibly demonstrated in the sketchabove. Construction of the systemsschool begins with the structure (1)erected in only days instead of weeksor months. Next, the roof, environ-mental controls and distribution(2) are installed, followed by thelighting/ceiling (3) system unit. Othercomponents go into the buildingsimultaneously, such as the exteriorwells of whatever material the architecthas chosen, and the electrical/plumb-hg units. Carpeting (4) is laidthrougt out the building before theinstallation of the demounta'ale andoperable partitions (5). Cabinetry(6) and special equipment completethe school building.

5

Facility Selection

6

11.0111011

The focus of this project . is toascertain the feasibility of incorporat-ing certain environmental protectiveconcepts into selected systems-constructed schools. These conceptswere to be incorporated at a minimalcost increase, with minimal sacrifice ofamenities, and with no detrimentaleffect on facility configuration.Therefore, the design concepts whichare incorporated in this: documentdiffer from school to school.

Facility design, even though allare systems schools, displayed avariance as each of the variousgeographical locations was takeninto consideration. All are currentlyin use and offer educationalprograms which present a viable,meaningful, and educationally soundopportunity to those in attendance.

Sr 'loot selection was based upona prior determination of that areaof the United States in which thehighest incidence of occurrence for

each hazard was recorded. A seconddetermining factor in selection wasthat none of the facilities was sounusual in design that a counterpartcould not be located in another areaof the country.

All of the facilities are located insuburban areas where the majorityof our population spends the greaterpercentage of its time. Also takeninto consideration was the fact thatthe urban centers with their largeand exceptionally well-built buildingsare provided with a number of sheltersfrom environmental and manmadehazards.

The environmental hazards takeninto consideration were earthquakes,tornadoes, hurricanes, and noise. Theeducational facilities of BrowardCounty, Florida, were utilized for thesegment on protection from hurricanesthose in and around San Jose, Californifor added protection from earthquakes,Chantilly High School in FairfaxCounty, Virginia, for protection fromunwanted sounds and for the incor-poration of protective concepts ft omtornadoes. It was found that whileincorporating an increased degree ofprotection for one hazard, there wasa concomitant increase in protectionfrom the others, both nuclear andenvironmental.

The configuration of each of theschools was arrived at after dueconsideration had been given tothe sacriacing of educational goals,aims and objectives, structural amenityand the normally right budgetaryallocetion. It would be a simple taskto provide proteclon without theabove considerations.

Hazards

MMIIME

NoiseCleaning up America's polluted

air and water is a lob for all citizens,industry, and government at all levels.An aroused America is moving withdetermination on various fronts todefeat these debilitating pollutantsof our natural resources.

What about noise and its disastrouslycumulative effects?

Noise has been functionally definedas unwanted sound. This unwantedsound, or noise, can range from alevel at which it is merely disturbingto levels at which exposure can resultin violent psychological or physio-logical reactions. It is measured inunits called decibels.

Victor Gruen, a notable architectand urban planner, said, "Noise islike smog in that they are both slowagents of death." This view is sharedby Dr. Vern 0. Knodsen, professor ofphysics and chancellor emeritus ofthe University of California. He is ofthe belief that if noise continues togrow at the present rate, it could be

9

fatal for many humans. Doctors believethat noise, through the stimulationof the reaction of fear or rage, maycause high blood pressure. Dr. GiovanniStreneo of Italy found that constrictionsof the blood vessels in fingers and eyesand dilation of those in the brain canbe inflicted by noise. He also foundthat noise endangers the heart bydirectly altering the rhythm of its beat.

Noise in and around our cities hasbecome one of the end.products ofman's constant drive toward thingsbigger, better, and faster than before.The emergence of the supersonictransport (SST), with the ensuing con-troversy over the noise hvels itwould produce, is a prime example.

The Federal Aviation Administra-tion recently reported that, at the pres-ent rate of growth, O'Hare InternationalAirport in Chicago will increase thearea seriously affected by noisefrom 72 square miles in 1965 to 123

square miles by 1975. T'he populationaffected will increase from 236,000

to 432.000.In New York City, John F. Kennedy

International Airport causes similarnoise problems. Kennedy air trafficproduces damaging, disturbing noisethat affects 23 square miles, 35,000dwelling units, over 100,000 residents,and 22 schools.

It was determined in another studythat. in a senior high school located onemile south of Los Angeles internationalAirport, the exterior noise levelwould be at 85.0 db, but that throughschool partitioning and room arrange-ment they were able to take advantageof both distance and effective barrierusage to assist in sound level reduction.The exterior walls and slabs were allconcrete and no windows were in

7

line with the direct propagation ofthe primary sound sources. The useof double glazing aided in the reductionof sound transmission.

It has been determined that aprolonged exposure to sound in the85 db range could result in a hearingloss. The rapid expansion of jettransport operations, as well as thespiralling popularity of the smallcommercial and private jet aircraft,has led to intensified noise problems.Today's cities and those areas whichsurround modern airports reach thispotentially damaging level in anumber of ways. In order to helpalleviate this problem adjacent toairports, the Federal Aviation Agencyhas established regulationi whichrestrict helicopter, prop, and jet noise.

It is imperative in light of today'sknowledge concerning the deleteriouseffects of unwanted sound (noise)that we recognize its seriousnessand not only initiate legal controlbut also acousti,:ally treat our buildings.

HurricanesThe word "hurricane" undoubtedly

conjures up the most pervasive fearin man's mind of any of the variety ofstorms he must endure. The hurricanebrings devastation by wind, flooding,and the storm surge.

There is still no exact understandingof the mechanism which triggershurricane generation, but conditionsneeded to produce hurricane circu-lation. as well as the relationshipsbetween the actual hurricane and thesurrounding atmospheric processes.are understood. Hurricanes are tropicalcyclones which are formed in theatmosphere over warm ocean areas.Ir. order for a storm to be technicallyclassified as a hurricane, its windsmust reach a velocity of at I3ast 74miles per hour. These winds blow

in a large spiral around the "eye"which is the comparatively calm centerarea. Hurricane circulation is counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphereand clockwise in the southernhemisphere. The far-ranging windsof hurricanes (up to 100 miles) areoften responsible for the spawningof tornadoes.

In a hurricane, winds move towardthe ;ow pressure area in thewarm andsomewhat placid core. There theconverging currents are drawn upward.This spiral action is marked by thickcloud walls which curl inward towardthe storm center and release heavyprecipitation and enormous quantitiesof heat energy.

At the center of the hurricane isthe core, or "eye," which is uniqueto this storm. No other atmosphericphenomenon has this virtually calmcore. An average eye diameter isabout 14 miles, and wind velocitiesdiminish inwardly to about 15 milesper hour.

However, each hurricane is astorm unto itself and therefore indivi-dual storm characteristics may or maynot conform to the above description.

In general, hurricane winds willnot usually cause building damageuntil the wind velocity exceeds 100miles per hour; nevertheless, buildingswhich are not structurally resilient willsuffer excessive amount of damagewith a velocity increase of 25-50miles per hour. Architects, then, havea mandate to design buildings capableof withstanding high wind loads.

1.0

EarthquakesThe earthquake, of all the natural

disasters which this country faces,has the potential capability of inflictingthe greatest loss of life and propertydamage. Our planet Is subjected toapproximately one million earth-quakes a year, and thousands ofsmall earthquakes occur in the UnitedStates.

Our planet is not "solid" as thoughtby some but actually in a state ofmercurial vacil:. !ion. It is acted uponby the periodic forces of the solarsystem which produce stresses andmovement of the earth's surface. Recentevidence indicates that the materialfrom the upper mantle is welling upalong the mid-Atlantic ridge andprecipitating the movement of largeareas of the earth's surface called"plates." These plates are believedto interact in any one of these ways:spreading where new crust is formed,subduction (one plate plunging underanother), or fault action (two platesrubbing).

The widely known earthquake beltsare outlines of large plates and givea measure of the amount and kindof movement which occur at the inter-face of the blades defined. As thesebodies move relative to one another,stresses form and accumulate untila fracture or abrupt slippage occurs.An earthquake, then, is the resultantrelease of stress, usually occurringwithin a few kilometers of theearth's crust.

The relatively small part of thecrust at which tne stresses are relievedby movement is the focus of an earth-quake. Earthquake severity is dependenupon the amount of mechanicalenergy released at the focus, and thestructural properties of the area ator near the surface of the earth atthe point of observation.

An'earthquake's magnitude isgenerally reported as having beena 7.5 or similar number with a rangeof 0-8.9; however, there is no lowerlimit or upper limit. It is estimatedthat the energy released ')y a magni-tude 8.5 earthquake on the Richterscale is equivalent to 12,000 timesthe energy released by the Hiroshimanuclear bomb.

The greatest proportion of seismicactivity in the United States occursalong the far western border of ourcountry. California and Alaska recordthe highest number, with extensiveactivity in Washington, Oregon, andNevada. However, no area in theworld is free from the ramificationsof this destructive force.

Due to increasing populationdensity, particularly in the area ofknown faults, the possibility of amajor catastrophe daily becomesless remote .

The architect must not only dealwith building-code defined force'Jut m ust concern himself with alteredfoundation support. An earthquake-proof structure cannot be guaranteed;nevertheless, the use of codes,utilization of the most detrimentalloading conditions as criteria, and theuse of unitized frame constructionwith moment-resistant connectionsis essential if the risk factor is to besignificantly diminished.

TornadoesOf all the various types of weather

phenomena which we experiencein the United States, the tornado isthe most abruptly violent. No otherweather disaster strikes with 3u :hsuddenness, making large-scaleevacuation almost an impossibility.

Tornadoes are local atmosphericstorms of short duration formed ofwinds rotating at very high speeds,usually in a counter-clockwise direction.A tornado is visible as a whirlpool-like column of winds swirling abouta hollow cavity. In this center cavity,a partial vacuum is formed throughcentrifugal force. As condensationoccurs around the vortex, a palecloud appears which is the familiarand extremely frightening tornadofunnel. As this storm travels alongthe ground, the outer ring of rotatingwinds becomes dark with dust anddebris, thus giving the storm an ..ivenmore ominous appearance..

While tornadoes may be theoreticallyformed either through thermal ormechanical effect, it is probable thattornadoes are produced by theconcomitant interaction of both.Tornadoes are ordinarily associatedwith thunderstorms and form alongthe path of the storm, travel forashort distance, and then dissipate.Their forward speed may range fromalmost 0 to 70 miles per hour.

On the average, tornado pathsare about one eighth of a mile wideand only rarely over 10 miles long.However, several tornadoes havebeen up to a mile wide and 300miles in length.

The destructiveness of a tornadois the ultimate result of a combinationof the burgeoning rotary winds andthe partial vacuum in the vortex.The wind causes exterior devastation,and the ensuing pressure reductionin the eye can cause explosive over-pressures inside the building.

All 50 states have at one timeexperienced a tornado, but theMidwest and the Southeast are themost patently vulnerable areas.

11

Tornado protection must be incor-porated early in the design stage,NOAA recommends that sheltershould be sought from tornadoes ina tornado cellar, underground exca-vation, or a steel-framed or rein-forced concrete structure of sub-stantial construction.

It was the original intent of thisdocument to include examples of theincorporation of protection fromtornadoes into systems buildings.Our study, however, pointed out theimpossibility of such incorporationin a systems building and remainwithin our parameters of costfeasibility and systems construction.

Due to the great mass necessitatedto resist the forces of tornadoes,(approximately 7 inches of concretefolded plate construction in oneinstance for the roof), it then becomesnecessary to "beef up" the supportingstructural system or completelyredesign the area to receive theprotection needed.

Fallout protectionAs in obtaining protection from

tornadoes, the method for gainingfallout protection is through theutilization of mass. Limited by theparameters of cost and the utilizatonof systems construction it is, at thistime, impossible to incorporate falloutprotection into systems schools.

However, work presently being donewith prestressed concrete systems maydevelop a solution to this problem.

9

dh

.ao.

1:N

pv.r"31.

Chantilly High School

Aria leg.

a

0; 4 1%amsVmo

.

I it,4

.111 Z714411111011111111b

DMA

The HazardNoiseThe SchoolChantilly High School,

Fairfax County, VirginiaThe ArchitectBerry, Rio & Associates,

AIA

About the SchoolChantilly High School is designed

for 2,500 full time students and 300part time vocational students. Theconstruction was fast tracked with13 separate contracts let. The schoolis organized with provision fora schoolwithin a school. The four humanitieshalls will accommodate 625 studentseach. The design allows for changein organizational s'ructure, freedomfrom restrictive physical barriers, andprovides interchangeable multi-usespaces.

The structure is based on a 5' x5' grid with floor bays of 30' x 30'and roof bays generally 30' x 60'.The exterior skin is precast concreteand sandwiched insulation. Theroot is 21/2" poured gypsum over 2"insulating formboard. Windows areminimal and glazed with sound

3

.1.0.111.

Insulating glass. Exterior doors openinto circulation areas. All duct workhas been acoustically treated withattenuators and offsets.

The interior of the building willalso receive full acoustical treatmentwith carpeted floors, acoustical tileceilings, and wall treatment whorenecessitated.

Design Criteria

Outside Noise Level =Interior Noise Level =Walls-Roof System

Filter out =stc =

90-93 dB50-55 dB

40-45 dB41 + dB

PupilGrades Capacity9-12 2,800ConstructionCostVII:, 620

Area338,266 sq. ft.Per Sq. Ft.Cost$21.03

Additional cost for acoustical treat-ment over conventional building = None

11

111.1..

Oa *a a. *.

imikthivEal. 0.1 6.. 0. 1. I ._,_.1,..0.

Longitudinal Section

J111.1.1*

Transverse Section

12

711.1....

L '

1. .. . Fir 1..-E-1 ... ., t-4±47. . . : 11.4.4t.

L

I :- L'-'i HH1 HH2111 " III pmf 1

L. . .

; !-i "MN-I liflEDIAT +1

1 F ,61

se 143 4.11

' 1.-- 1 li I I-A .....AS

Liid Palci 'I II On( 1

*CA. 7, -, " HH4 HH3. , " i t'.7r:-. .......: i _ .".i

... Ci.:::..:1, JILIL----iOk::.) -3

B IN!At

" 11

First Floor Plan

East Elevation

L.

I )11111

+1HH 1: HH2

ssi-ra-: Ns SI

. tioto

;LECTufii:11

r-U unli.1ss s.

HH4 HH3

I.

Second Floor Plan

14 oEsi COPY AVAILABLE

OutdoorLight

INDOORLIGHT

2")Air Space

Ns- 1/4" Glass

1 /2" Glass

Sandwich Insulation

Precast Panel

II5

*0

.

vir

0

. v ".

ir ''..

42

.

i.

..

Fiber GlassInsulatingForm BoardPoured Gyp.

Typical Section-2" AirSpaceAcousticalWindow

Roof System

/5

-";

13

Pasadena LakesElementary School

14

The HazardHurricanesThe SchoolPasadena Lakes Elemen-

tary School, Broward County, FloridaThe ArchitectBenham, Blair and

Associates of Florida

About the School:Pasadena Lakes Elementary School,

located in Broward County, Florida,is a K-6 facility with an open spaceconcept. There are several academicdivisions within the school, namely:a kindergarten area; an open 1-3academic area; an open 4-6 academicarea; a media center which is availableto all other areas; an art area; anda combination cafeteria-auditorium.

The structure is a one-story steelframe and trusses supported onreinforced concrete spread footings,double "T" precast concrete exteriorwall panels furred on the inside withmetal studs and gypsum board. Theroof system is metal decking with20 year built-up roofing overlightweight concrete fill.

1 6

PupilGrades CapacityK-6 650ConstructionCost$999,995.00

Area47,000 sq. ftPer Sq. Ft.Cost$23.44

Additional cost for the inclusion ofhurricane protection = 3% of contractcost.

Pasadena Floor Plan

't

T

ST

S

V1

sl

SAP

10

16

dl

a

i

DE

cl cr45CA.A-C IS

Construction Detailsillustrated below are severalmethods utilized in tieing in theroof system and a detail of apossible footing design

...

Cast-in-. (" , Cont. L 4 x 3 1/2 x 5/16weld i-- 1_,.-7),V , . .

,i J3

3,..

, oI v

i

.,, .1 TA

. .to?

a.

_

Finish Floor

Finish g

I . 1...

.6 V.:.0.-4/

Weld 1 NI 1;4..14..

1.---__":4.-- (4. a rI .

1..1 :1 I

k.

.i.., i

L.":...

.111,

'"371 COri

6 1/2"44 of col.

L-4 x 3 1/2 x 3/16" Joist-JC12_k

t2r1.71 io

Metal4

By OthersSiding

i J

i1 , ....!

; .

4*... /1/4 3I f1 /

I

L-2 x 2 x 3/16

18 Ga. Gals. Curb I 1ft

By Others

T

1.8

1

Joist J12 --yr-V

3

Clip L.2 x 2 x 3/16

Cli

0I-

9 8"

00U-

chCmC)

Vi\itIOLE

r`31

SeminoleMiddle School

The Hazard HurricanesThe SchoolSeminole Middle School,

Broward County, FloridaThe ArchitectBenham-Blair & Associates

of Florida, Inc.

About the School:Seminole Middle School was

designed to house 1250 studentson a 16.5 acre site. The facility isdivided into 6 instructional areas: (1)mathematics, social studies, languagearts, and science; (2) unified arts,home economics, art, visualcommunications, American industry;(3) music; (4) physical education;(5) media center; (6) food service(instructional cafetorium) andsupportive services areas.

The facility is a one-story steelframe and trusses supported onreinforced concrete spread footings,double "T" precast concreteexterior wall panels furred on theinside with metal studs and gypsumboard. The roof system is metaldecking with 20 year built-up roofingover lightweight concrete fill.

1.9

-4011iL.

4411111L..

,.;rtriad.

PupilGrades CapacityK-6 1250ConstructionCost$2,192,650

Area103,000 sq. Ft.Per Sq. Ft.Cost$21.30

Additional cost for the inclusion ofhurricane protection = 3% of con-tract cost.

17

slEtg COP1 101.15LE.ION AA

Imo_AMMAIInt_

- - - - - 1111111.

COTION

Seminole Floor Plan

Imomilibpsish romiraliat, soft

or. :. :e..t. .010. .

,..,rt. :+.

4..........

........... :

..... .

-.4---0.).

!ELTIT

............ .

..-

! t ! : . I ..!112112;18

Wind Pressure Diagram

Roof Overhangir Receives UpliftPressure From

41. Above and BelowV OP

--

Wind ....We'

John F. KennedyHigh School

an

I

The HazardEarthquakesThe SchoolJ.F. Kennedy,

Sacramento, California.The ArchitectStafford and Peckinpaugh

About the School:Johr, F. Kennedy High School,

Sacramento, California is a compre-hensive high school offering a well-rounded curriculum to 2,000 studentsand was constructed as an SCSDbuilding.

The fourdation of this buildingis a concrete pad that allows forsupport column movement. Thiswas necessitated through constructionon a fill area.

A unique alarm system allowsany teacher to alert the main officein times of emergency. Each teachercarries a pencil-like device whichenables her to contact a receivingsystem which indicates the troublearea through a lightei panel.

PupilGrades Capacity Area10-12 2,000 230,732

Construction Per Sq. Ft.Cost Cost$4,408,214 $19.10

Additional cost for inclusion ofearthquake protection = 2% of con-tract cost.

II.

4.

Am

Kennedy Floor Plan

.9

'Alt/

j.."1.AL r C41'11V4ift 601.

UPr

. '7!:17:AALaTe

41

'L.., ...JC)."5*(.1.0%1 0,0...11,.. 01, 'Ca

11014.04I

man

VIM IV .114. 4.11% 111.14111t.

2.

4,10.0.11it1

wia®wt..cr..)11

2

a

5.4

:ii;411ITAL.

3

e

9-,110e 1.6..G0

21

Construction Details

These drawings show a method ofincorporating protection from seismicshock.

Steel rod bracing must be kept undertension by use of the turnbuckles.Uniformity in the location and lengthof shearing units throughout theentire structure makes the flow offorces smoothresults in economyas well.

Shearing units should be as sym-metrical as possible so that torsion wnot occur in the building.

Steel Deck Welded to Purlins

Purlins Welded to Trusses

Steel Column-4.1

Floor

/// Steel Rods

SeeDetail

i0---Steel Column

ryjDETAIL

BALANCED SHEARING UNITS

111 Imir INOwl

;.).

111 01.11

, Ilmome 0.10 111, 0000

MM.

J

Oak GroveHigh School

414

it&

The HazardEarthquakesThe SchoolOak Grove High School,

San Jose, CaliforniaThe ArchitectAlan Walters & Associates

About the SchoolOak Grove High School is a four-

year comprehensively designedfacility located on 44 acres for 1850students on a campus style plan.The campus consists of 16 individualbuildings which house the variousacademic disciplines and supportivefunctions.

The structural subsystem is ona 5 foot by 5 foot horizontal and 2foot vertical module and all subsystemsmust allow for interior design to beplaced on a 4 inch by 4 inch module.

The interior allows for rearrange-ment of interior partitions withrelocatable partitions and easilyadaptable subsystems.

A unique feature of Oak Groveis the absence of a dining area. Foodmay be purchased from vendingmachines or from a school foodpreparation area. Students thendine in an open courtyard.

sh

Incorporation of protectionagainst seismic shock in SCSD buildingsmay be accomplished throughmoment resisting frames, shear walls,or a combination of both. Thebuilding configuration and itsfundamental period affect itsearthquake resistance considerably.Symmetry in plan aids in the elimina-tion of high-stress-concentration areas.

23

24

Oak Grove Floor Plan

tori kvittgoi

t II I I g

1

f. g, 74

...or Air1.

r6 .-.

I 11 s

.," , , ..r.Si I-,

D

26 GPO 1974 0 - 530- 61