MILLATHCOLLEGE OF TEACHER

EDUCATION

(Affiliated to the University of Kerala)

SOORANAD , KOLLAM -690522

ASSIGNMENT

(SEMESTER-2)

B.ED. COURSE 2013-2014

Name of Student Teacher : Devika Murali

Subject : Social Science

Reg .No : 13375oo7

ioÀjIw

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä

BapJw

Hcp [mc-Wtbm kmam\yhXvI-cWtam hni-Z-am-

¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶tXm aqey-§Ä kzmwio-I-cn-

¡m³ Ip«n-Isf klm-bn-¡p-¶tXm Bbn kaq-l-¯n-ep-

ffsXÃmw ]T-\t¯ Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡p¶ kmaq-ly-hn-`-h-§-fmbn

IW¡m-¡mw. ]Tn-Xm-¡Ä¡v X§-fpsS _u²n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-

Ihpw sshbànIhp-amb kn²n-IÄ {]tbmKn¡m³ Ah-kcw \

ÂIp¶ GsXmcp kmaq-lykmlNcyhpw A¯cw hn`-h-§-fnÂ

DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. X§-fpsS hnIm-c-§Ä {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m\pw

aqey-§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m\pw Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-¡p¶

Hmtcm A\p-`-hhpw AXn DÄs¸-Sp-¶Xp Xs¶. kmaq-

ly-hn-`-h-§-fn Xs¶ hfsc {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-Wv `qan-im-

kv{X]c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä. `qan-bnse AXy-

[nIw kpµ-chpw BIÀj-I-hp-amb Øe-§-fm-WnXv. Ch ]e-

t¸mgpw ]Tn-Xm-hnsâ ]mTy hnj-b-§-fn DÄs¸-Sp-¶-

Xp-amWv. A[ym-]-\hpw ]T-\hpw {]k-à-am-Ip-¶Xv Ah

Ip«n-I-fpsS kmaq-lym-\p-`-h-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶p

F¶-Xn-\m-em-sW¶p \mw HmÀ¡Ww. `qan-im-kv{X-]-

c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§-sf-¡p-dn¨p IqSp-XÂ ]Tn-

¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn IqSp-XÂ CS-s]-g-Ip-

hm\pw {]IrXn kwc-£-W-¯nsâ {]m[m-\ys¯ Xncn-¨-dn-

bp-hm\pw ]Tn-Xm-hn\p km[n-¡p-¶p.AXpsImp-Xs¶

`qan-imkv{X]c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff C¯cw Øe-§-sf-

Ip-dn-¨p-ff ]T\w hfsc A\n-hm-cy-am-b-sbm-¶m-Wv.

Df-f-S¡w

`qim-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä

km[m-cWKXn-bn hnZym-e-b-¯n\p sXm«-Sp-¯p-ff kmaq-lnI hn`-h-§sf am{Xta \mw ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-dp-ffp. F¶m ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-hp¶ aäp hn`-h-§fpw \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. Ah-bn Xs¶ hfsc {][m-\-s¸«sbm ¶mWv `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä. AWs¡-«p-IÄ , Ip¶p-IÄ, Imb-ep-IÄ, \Zn-IÄ , \Zo-XS]²-Xn-IÄ, ]md-s¡-«p-IÄ , Dd-h-IÄ , tXbn-e-t¯m-«-§Ä, shf-f-¨m-«-§Ä , \à Irjn-bn-S-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv Cu C\-¯n s]Sp-¶Xv. ChsbÃmw ]Tn-Xm-hnsâ ]mTy hnj-b-§-fn hfsc {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§sfbpw ]T-\-¯n AXnsâ {]m[m-\y-s¯bpw ]än-bp-ff {][m\ hnh-c-§Ä NphsS ]d-bp-¶-h-bm-Wv.

AW-s¡-«p-IÄ`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§fnÂ

hfsc {][m\s¸-«sbm¶mWv AW-s¡-«p-IÄ. \½psS tIc-f-¯n C¶p- [m-cmfw AW-s¡-«p-Ifpv. imkv{X-]-T-\-¯n ]e-t¸mgpw Ip«n-IÄ C¯cw AW-s¡-«p-Isf¡pdn¨pw sshZypXn \nÀ½n¡p-¶-Xns\¡pdn-¨p-sams¡ tI«ncn¡pw. C¯cw {]tZi§sfÃmw Xs¶ \½psS ]T-\-¯n hfsc {]tbm-P\s¸Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Cu {]Z-i-§-fn-te-s¡mcp ]T\bm{X \S-¯m-hp-¶Xv ]Tn-Xm-¡Ä¡v hfsc {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-am-bn-cn¡pw. X§Ä ]Tn-¨n-«p-ff Imcy-§sfÃmw- Xs¶ t\cn«p I-dnªp a\-kn-em-¡p-hm³ ]Tn-Xm-¡Ä¡p CX-h-kcw \ÂIp-¶p.-A-W-s¡-«p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯\X¯zw a\-kn-em-¡p-¶-Xn\pw IqSmsX {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn IqSp-X ASp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kpc-£n-X-¯z-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Ip«n-Isf t_m[-hm-·m-cm-¡p-¶-Xn\pw CXn-eqsS km[n-¡p-¶p. DZm-l-c-Wambn apÃ-s¸-cn-bmÀ AW-s¡«p kµÀin-¡p-hm³ Ip«n-Isf sImp-t]m-Ip-¶p- sh¶p Icp-Xp-I. C¶p B AW-s¡-«nsâ t]cn-ep-ff {]iv\-§sf I-dnªp a\-kn-em-¡p-¶-Xn\pw IqSmsX kaq-l-¯nse Hcw-K-sa-¶-\n-e-bn kz´w kl-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-tSbpw kpc-£n-X¯z-t¯-¡pdn-¨p-ff t_m[hpw Ip«n-I-fnepm-¡p-¶-Xn\p CXv klm-b-I-am-Ip-¶p.

Ip¶p-IÄ ]T-\-¯n \mw Ft¸mgpw tIÄ¡p¶ Hcp hm¡m-WnXv .

Ip¶p-I-sf-¸-änbpw {]Ir-Xn-bn AXnsâ {]m[m-\yt¯¸änbpw Hs¡ Ip«n-I-fpsS ]mTy-hn-j-b-¯n DÄs¸-«n-«pv. {]Ir-Xn-bn Ip¶p-IÄ¡pff {]m[m\yw hfsc hep-Xm-sW¦nepw C¶p AXp A\p-Zn\w CÃm-Xmbns¡mn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Ip¶p-I-fpsS \io-I-c-Ws¯¸änbpw AXp-aq-e-ap-m-Ip¶ hn]-¯p-I-tf-¸-

änbpw ]Tn-Xm-¡-fpsS ]T-\-¯n DÄs¸-«ncn¡p¶ hnjbwXs¶. Ip¶p-I-sf-t¸mgpw Pe-kw-`-c-W-¯n\p hfsc klm-b-I-am-Wv. C¯cw {]tZi§fntes¡mcp ]T-\-bm{X \S-¯m-hp-¶tXm AXp-a-Ã-¦n Ip¶p-I-tfbpw AXnsâ {]m[m-\y-s¯bpw kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ Nn{X {]ZÀi\w \S-¯p-I-h-gntbm Ip«n-Isf Cu hnj-b-¯n-te-¡pIq-Sp-X ASp-¸n-¡m-\mIpw. Ip¶p-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw Xncn¨dn-bp-¶-Xn\pw AXp C¶p t\cn-Sp¶ {]iv\-§tf¡pdn¨p a\-kn-em-¡p¶Xn\pw FÃmw CXp A-h-kcw Hcp-¡p¶p.D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn imkvXmw-tIm« Imb kµÀin-¡p-hm³ Ip«n-Isf sImp-t]m-Ip-¶p-sh¶v Icp-XpI. imkvXmw-tIm« Imb-en\p Npäp-ap-ff Ip¶p-IÄ B Imb-ensâ kwc-£W Ih-N-§-fn H¶m-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m B Ip¶p-I-fpsS \miw B Imb-ensâ ]X-\-¯n\p Imc-W-ambn amdp-I-bm-Wv. Chn-tS¡v Ip«n-I-fp-ambn Hcp ]T-\-bm{X \S-¯p-¶Xv {]Ir-Xn Ip¶p-I-fpsS {]m[m-\ys¯¡pdn¨v Ip«n-Isf a\-kn-em-¡n¸n¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXp-t]mse a\p-jysâ Zpjv{]-hÀ¯\-§Ä aqew {]IrXn t\cn-Sp¶ \mi-§sf t\cn Idn ªp a\-kn-em-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ip¶p-Isfbpw AXp-t]mse {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw kwc-£n-t¡-Xv hfsc AXym-h-iy-am-sW¶pff t_m[w Ip«n-I-fn-ep-m-¡p-hm\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.

\à Irjn-bn-S-§Ä`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-

amWv \à Irjn-bnS-§Ä. \à Irjn-bn-S-§Ä¡v [mcmfw {]tXy-IX-IÄ Dv. a®v , Pe e`yX CsXÃmw AXnsâ {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. Hmtcm Irjn¡pw AXn-\\p-tbm-Py-amb Irjn-bn-S-§fpw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Ip«n-IÄ¡p ]e-t¸mgpw C¯cw Irjn-co-Xn-tb¸än-bpw Irjn-bn-S-§-tf-¸-änbpw tI«ptIÄhn am{Xta Dm-bn-cn-¡p-I-bp-ffp. C¯cw Irjn-bn-S-§sf]än Ip«n-IÄ¡v IqSp-X Adn-hp-\ÂIp¶ coXn-bn-ep-ff, bm{X-IÄ , skan-\m-dp-IÄ , Nn{X {]ZÀi-\-§Ä F¶nh \S-¯p-¶Xv ]Tn-Xm-hn\v ¢mÊv t_m[-

¯n\nS¡p ]cn-N-b-s¸« hn`n-¶-§-fmb Bi-b-§sf CW¡nt¨À¡p-¶Xn\v hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-b-I-am-Wv.

Imb-ep-IÄ`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§fnÂ

hfsc {][m-\-s¸-«-sbm-¶mWv Imb-ep-IÄ. tIc-f-¯n Xs¶ [mcmfw Imb-ep-IÄ Dv. tIc-f-¯nse Gähpw henb Imb-emWv th¼-\m-«p-Im-b Ip«n-I-fpsS ]T-\-¯n AhÀ ]e-t¸m-gpw tIÄ¡p¶ H¶p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn 8þmw ¢mknse cm-as¯ ]mTamb Ip«-\mSv F¶ ]mT `mK¯n th¼-\m-«p-Im-bens\¡pdn¨pw AXp t\cn-Sp¶ aen-\o-I-cW {]iv\-§sf¡pdn-¨p-sams¡ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶pv. C¯cw {]iv\-§sf ¡pdn-¨p-ff Nn{X {]ZÀi\w kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-bmsW¦n Ip«n-IÄ¡v Imb-ep-IÄ C¶p t\cn-Sp¶ {]iv\-§sf¡pdn¨p IqSp-X a\-kn-em-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXnsâ kpc-£sb¡pdn¨p Ahsc t_m[-hm·mcm-¡p-¶-Xn\p Ign-bp-¶p. IqSmsX Imb-ep-Ifpw Ip¶p-I-fp-saÃmw \½psS {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Hcp-`m-K-am-sW¶ t_m[w Ip«n-I-fnepm-¡p-hm\pw CXn-eqsS km[n-¡p-¶p. Pew \½psS k¼-¯m-sW¶pw AXp aen\-am-¡-cp-sX¶ Nn´bpw Ip«n-I-fn-ep-WÀt¯Xv hfsc AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

\Zn-IÄ]mTy-hn-j-b-§-fn ]e-t¸m-gpw {]mapJyw \ÂIp¶ Hcp hnj-b-amWv \Zn-IÄ. \Zn-IÄ \½psS kwkv¡m-c-¯nâ Hcp `mKamWv . tIc-f-¯n Xs¶ 44 \Zn-Ifpv. CXn 3 F®w Ing-t¡m«pw 41 F®w ]Sn-ªm-tdm«pw Hgp-Ip-¶p. tIc-f-¯nse \Zn-I-sf-Ãmw- Xs¶ Pe-k-ar-²-amWv. \mw \Zn-I-sfbpw Imb-ep-I-sfbpw FÃmw \½psS Pohn-X¯n hfsc {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯m-dpv. \Zo-Xoc§sfÃmw Xs¶ ^e-`p-jvS-am-b-Xn-\m C¯cw Øe-§-fn-seÃmw \mw Irjn sN¿p¶p. IqSmsX Pe-tk-N-\-¯n\pw sshZyp-tXm¸m-Z-\-¯n\pwsaÃmw \Zn-Isf tI{µoI-cn¨p \mw \Zo-XS ]²-

Xn-IÄ¡p cq]w sImSp-¡m-dpv . \½psS Pnhn-X-¯nsâ Hcp `mKamWv \Zn-IÄ. F¶m C¶p Cu \Zn-IÄ A\p-Zn\w \mis¯ t\cn-Sp-¶p. a\p-jysâ Zpjv{]hÀ¯nIÄ aqew A{]Xy-£-amb \Zn-IÄ t]mep-ap-v. `mc-X-¸p-g-bpsS \miw Ct¶-hÀ¡padn-bm-hp-¶-XmWv. C-¯cw {]tZ-i§-fn-te¡p ]T\bm{XIfpw aäpw kwLSn¸n¡p¶-Xn-eqsS Ip«n-Isf \Zn-I-fpsS {]m[m-\y-s¯-¡p-dn¨p a\-kn-em-¡n¸n¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXnsâ kpc-£sb¡pdn¨v t_m[-hm-·m-cm-¡p-¶-Xn\pw km[n-¡pw. \Zn-Isf \mw Pe-tk-N-\-¯n\v , sshtZym-tXm¸-Z-\-¯n\v F¶n-§s\ hnhn[ coXn-I-fn D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯m-dpv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ \Zn-I-fpsS kwc-£Ww a\pjy Pohn-X-¯nse hfsc hen-sbmcp IS-a-bm-sW¶ t_m[w ]Tn-Xm-¡-fn DWÀ¯p-hm³ C¯cw bm{X-IÄ klmbn¡pw .

Dd-h-IÄ`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ Øe-§fmWnXv. Dd-h-IÄ km[m-c-W-ambn ]md-s¡-«p-Ifpw aäpw [mcm-f-ambn ImWp¶ {]tZ-i-§-fn-emWv ImW-s¸-Sp-¶Xv . `qan-bpsS Df-f-d-I-fn \n¶pw hcp¶ Cu Pew AXy-[nIw ip²-am-Wv. `qan-bnse {]Xn-`m-k-§-fn H¶mb CXv ]e-t¸m-gpw Ip«n-I-fpsS ]T-\-¯n {]Xn-]m-Zn¡s¸Sm-dpv . C¯cw hnj-b-§sf Ip«n-I-fpsS ap¶n-se-¯n-¡p¶ coXn-bn-ep-ff bm{X-IÄ , Nn{X-{]-ZÀi\w F¶nh ¢mÊv t_m[\¯n\nS¡v ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸« hn`n-¶-§-fmb Bi-b-§sf CW-¡n-t¨À¡p-hm³ ]Tn-Xm-hns\ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.

]md-s¡-«p-IÄ

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§fn {][m-\-s¸«sbm¶m-WnXv. tIc-f-¯n¯s¶ \nc-h[n ]md-s¡-«pÄ Dv . Ip«n-I-fpsS ]mTy-hn-j-b-§-fn ]e-t¸mgpw Chsb¸än {]Xn-]m-Zn¡mdpv. Ch {]Xy-£-¯n ]Tn-Xm-hn\v ImWp-hm³ km[n-¨m Ah\v Xm³ ]Tn-¡p¶ hnj-b-§fpamsbmcp {]Xy£ ]cn-Nbw Dm-¡p-hm³ AXp klm-b-I-amIpw .

shf-f¨m«-§Äshff¨m«-§Ä {]Ir-Xn-bnse Gähpw at\m-l-c-amb

Zriy-§-fn H¶p-X-s¶-bm-sW¶pXs¶ ]dbmw . tIc-f-¯n Xs¶ [mcmfw shff ¨m«-§Ä Dv. {]Ir-Xn-bnse Xs¶ Gähpw kpµ-c-amb Cu Zriyw Bscbpw BIÀjn-¡p-¶-XmWv. AXn-c-¸-ffn, Ipämew t]mep-ff shff¨m«-§Ä {]tXy-In¨pw FSp-¯p-]-d-tb--Xm-Wv. C¯cw Øe-§-fn-te¡v ]T-\-bm-{X-Ifpw aäpw kwLSn¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS ]Tn-Xm-hns\ {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn IqSp-X ASn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-¶p.

tXbn-e-t¯m-«-§Ä C¶p hfsc A[nIw em`-I-c-am-bXpw `qan-im-

kv{X-]-c-ambn hfsc {]m[m-\y-w AÀln-¡p-¶-Xp-amb H¶mWv tXbnet¯m«-§Ä. X«p X«m-bp-ff Irjn-co-Xn-bmWv tXbnet¯m«-§fpsS {]tXy-IX . tIc-f-¯n aq¶mÀ, ]ocp-taUv t]mep-ff Øe§-fn tXbne¡rjn [mcm-f-ap-v. em`-I-cw F¶-Xn-ep-]cn AXy[nIw at\m-lm-cnX ]I-cp¶ H¶p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv tXbnet¯m«-§Ä . `qansb X«p-I-fmbn Xncn¨v Irjn sN¿p¶ Xn\p-ff Gähpw \à DZm-l-c-W-ambn CXns\ Nqn¡mWn-¡mw. C¯cw {]tZ-i§sf Ip«n-Isf ]cn-Nbs¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-eqsS Ip«n-Isf

{]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn IqSp-X ASp-¸n¡p-¶-Xn\pw hnhn-[-X-cw Irjn-co-Xn-Isf¸än Ip«n-Isf a\-kn-em-¡n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw klm-b-I-am-Wv.

\nK-a\wkmaqly imkv{X¯nsâ ]T-\-t_m-[-\§Ä ‘Ne-\m-ß-

Ihpw ck-I-c-hp-w AÀ°-]qÀ®hpam-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p¶ hkvXp-\n-jvShpw Zriyhpw A\p-`-h-th-Zyhpw’ Bb hn`-h-§Ä kaq-l-¯n \n¶pw e`n-¡p-¶p. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä C¯-c-¯n s]«-h-bmWv. AW-s¡-«p-Isf¡pdn-¨pw \à Irjn-bn-S-§sf¸än-bp-ap-ff Adnhv Ip«n-¡p-e-`n-¨-Xp-sIm-m-bnà . Ah\v Ch-sb-Ãm-ambn {]Xy-£- ]-cn-Ncw Dm-IWw.{]Ir-Xn-bnse \nc-h[n {]Xn-`m-k-§-fp-ambn {]Xy-£m-\p-`hw t\Sm³ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§tf¡p-dn-¨p-ff ]T\w ]Tn-Xm-hn\p Ah-kcw \ÂIp¶p. \Ã-t]mse

Bkq-{XWw sNbvX ]cn-]mSnIfn-eqsS {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw ]TnXm-hn-t\bpw IqSp-X ASp-¸n-¡m-\mhpw. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä ]eXpw ]e-t¸m-gpw ]T-\-¯n hfsc {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶sbm¶m-Wv. C¯cw Øe-§-fn-te-¡p-ff kwL-bm-{X-IÄ ¢mÊv t_m[\¯n\nS¡v ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸« hn`n-¶-§-fmb Bi-b-§sf CW-¡n-t¨À¡p-hm³ ]Tn-Xm-hns\ hfscb-[nIw klm-bn-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ C¯cw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap-ff Øe-§Ä kmaq-lnI hn`-h-§-fn Xs¶ hfsc {][m-\s¸«h-bm-Wv.

{KÙ-kqNn

kmaqlyimkv{X ]pkvXIw ( VIII, IX ,X )

CâÀs\äv