Developmental+Psychology+

The+study+of+YOU+from+womb+to+tomb,+including+how+we+change+physically,+socially,+cogni>vely+and+morally+over+our+life>mes.+

Nature+Versus+Nurture+

While+going+through+this+unit+always+been+in+the+back+of+your+head….+

Are+you+who+you+are+because+of:+

•  The+way+you+were+bornG+Nature.+

•  The+way+you+were+raisedG+Nurture.+

Physical+Development+•  Focus+on+our+physical+changes+over+>me.+

Prenatal+Development+

•  Concep>on+begins+with+the+drop+of+an+egg+and+the+release+of+about+200+million+sperm.+

•  The+sperm+seeks+out+the+egg+and+aLempts+to+penetrate+the+eggs+surface.+

•  Once+the+sperm+penetrates+the+eggG+we+have+a+fer>lized+egg+called……..+

The$Zygote$

The+first+stage+of+prenatal+development.++Lasts+about+two+weeks+and+consists+of+rapid+

cell+division.+

Zygotes+•  Less+than+half+of+all+zygotes+survive+first+two+weeks.+

•  About+10+days+aRer+concep>on,+the+zygote+will+aLach+itself+to+the+uterine+wall.+

•  The+outer+part+of+the+zygote+becomes+the+placenta+(which+filters+nutrients).+

ARer+two+weeks,+the+zygote+develops+into+an….+

•  Lasts+about+6+weeks.+•  Heart+beats+and+organs+begin+to+develop.+

Embryo$

Fetus+•  By+nine+weeks+we+have+a…+

•  Touch+receptors+around+the+mouth+are+developed+by+the+twelRh+week+and+elsewhere+by+the+fiReenth.+

•  Touching+the+palms+makes+the+fingers+close,+touching+the+soles+of+the+feet+makes+the+toes+curl+down,+touching+the+eyelids+makes+the+eye+muscles+clench.++

15+weeks+

•  Nerve+cells+have+mul>plied,+synapses+are+being+formed.++

•  At+15+weeks+the+fetus+can+grasp,+frown,+squint,+and+grimace.+It+may+suck+its+thumb+and+swallow.++

•  These+movements+correspond+to+the+development+of+synapses+in+the+brain.++

20+Weeks+•  At+20+weeks+nerveGcell+

produc>on+slows+as+the+exis>ng+cells+grow+larger+and+make+more+complex+connec>ons.++

•  The+senses+of+taste+and+smell+are+now+formed.++

•  The+nerve+cells+serving+each+of+the+senses+are+developing+into+specialized+areas+of+the+brain.++

•  The+fetus+can+feel+movement+and+may+respond+to+sound+as+early+as+24+weeks.++

25+weeks+

•  The+fetus+by+about+the+6th+month,+the+stomach+and+other+organs+have+formed+enough+to+survive+outside+of+mother.+

•  At+this+>me+the+baby+can+hear+(and+recognize)+sounds+and+respond+to+light.+

25G27+weeks+•  At+25+weeks+some+babies+born+

prematurely+can+survive.++•  Nerve+supply+to+the+ear+is+

complete.++•  Brain+scans+show+response+to+

touch+at+26+weeks+and+to+light+at+27+weeks.+

•  +A+light+shone+on+the+mother’s+abdomen+will+make+the+fetus+turn+its+head,+indica>ng+some+func>oning+of+the+op>c+nerve.++

•  The+eyes+open+in+the+womb+and+the+fetus+may+see+its+hand+and+environment.++

•  ++

32G35+weeks++•  Some+researchers+put+the+start+of+

awareness+at+the+32nd+week,+at+which+>me+neural+circuits+are+as+advanced+as+a+newborn’s.+Brain+scans+show+periods+of+deep+sleep.++

•  The+fetus+begins+to+develop+daily+ac>vity+cycles.++

•  At+35+weeks+hearing+is+mature.++•  At+birth+the+baby+can+see+shapes+

and+colors+within+13+inches+of+its+face,+can+dis>nguish+loudness,+pitch,+and+tone,+and+may+even+show+a+preference+for+sweets+and+for+the+scent+of+its+mother’s+skin.++

Teratogens+

•  Chemical+agents+that+can+harm+the+prenatal+environment.+

•  Alcohol+(FAS)+•  Other+STDs+can+harm+the+baby…..+

•  HIV+•  Herpes+•  Genital+Warts++

Childbirth+

Click+the+woman+in+labor+to+watch+a+birthing+video.+Please+be+aware+that+it+is+graphic….beau>ful+but+can+be+difficult+to+watch.+

Healthy+Newborns+•  Turns+head+towards+voices.+•  Sees+8+to+12+inches+from+his/her+face.+•  Gazes+longer+at+human+like+objects+from+birth.+•  Infants+pay+more+aLen>on+to+new+objects+than+habituated+ones,+which+shows+they+are+learning.+

Reflexes+•  Inborn+automa>c+responses.+

–  Roo>ng+–  Sucking+– Grasping+– Moro+–  Babinski+

Click+on+pictures+to+see+clips+of+reflexes.++

Matura>on+•  Physical+growth,+regardless+of+the+environment.+

•  Although+the+>ming+of+our+growth+may+be+different,+the+sequence+is+almost+always+the+same.+

Click+to+see+movie+of+Captain+Marvel+and+his+matura>on.+++

Give+your+best+es>mate+of+the+age+at+which+about+50+percent+of+

children+begin+to:+++•  Laugh++

•  Pedal+a+tricycle++•  Sit+without+support++•  Feel+ashamed++•  Walk+unassisted++•  Stand+on+one+foot+for+10+seconds++•  Recognize+and+smile+at+mother+or+father++•  Kicks+ball+forward++•  Think+about+things+that+cannot+be+seen++•  Make+twoGword+sentences++

•  Laugh—2+months++•  Pedal+a+tricycle—24+months++•  Sit+without+support—5–6+months++•  Feel+ashamed—2+years++•  Walk+unassisted—12months++•  Stand+on+one+foot+for+10+seconds—4+1/2+years++•  Recognize+and+smile+at+mother+or+father—4–5+months++•  Kicks+ball+forward—20+months++•  Think+about+things+that+cannot+be+seen—2years++•  Make+twoGword+sentences—20–22+months++

Schemas+•  Children+view+the+world+through+schemas+(as+do+adults+for+the+most+part).+

•  Schemas+are+ways+we+interpret+the+world+around+us.+

•  It+is+basically+what+you+picture+in+your+head+when+you+think+of+anything.+

Right+now+in+your+head,+picture+a+model.+

These+3+probably+fit+into+your+concept+(schema)+of+a+model.+

But+does+this+one?+

Assimila>on+•  Incorpora>ng+new+experiences+into+exis>ng+schemas.+

If+I+teach+my+3+year+that+an+animal+with+4+legs+and+a+tail+is+a+dog….++

What+would+he+call+this?++

Or+this?+

Into+what+schema+would+you+assimilate+this?+

Assimila>on+in+High+School+

When+you+first+meet+somebody,+you+will+assimilate+them+into+a+schema+that+you+already+have.++

If+you+see+two+guys+dressed+like+this,+into+what+schema+would+you+assimilate+them?+• Would+you+always+be+right?+

Accommoda>on+

Changing+an+exis>ng+schema+to+adopt+to+new+informa>on.+

If+I+tell+someone+from+the+midGwest+to+picture+their+schema+of+the+Bronx+they+may+talk+about+the+gheLo+areas.+

But+if+I+showed+them+other+areas+of+the+Bronx,+they+would+be+forced+to+accommodate+(change)+their+schema+to+incorporate+their+new+informa>on.++

Cogni>ve+Development+

•  Old+view:+kids+were+just+stupid+versions+of+adults.+

•  Then+came+along+Jean$Piaget$

•  New+view:+kids+have+different+understandings+of+the+world+than+adults+

Cogni>ve+Development+Piaget+believed+that+the+driving+force+behind+intellectual+development+is+our+biological+development+amidst+experiences+with+the+environment.+Our+cogni>ve+development+is+shaped+by+the+errors+we+make.+

Stages+of+Cogni>ve+Development+

Sensorimotor$Stage$

•  Experience+the+world+through+our+senses.+

•  Do+NOT+have+object+permanence.+

•  0G2+

Click+Mom+to+see+a+baby+with+no+object+permanence.+++

•  2G7+•  Have+object+permanence+•  Begin+to+use+language+to+

represent+objects+and+ideas+•  Egocentric:+cannot+look+at+the+

world+through+anyone�s+eyes+but+their+own.+

•  Show+mom+a+picture…+•  Why+does+the+sun+shine?+“To+keep+

me+warm.”+Why+is+there+snow?+“For+me+to+play+in.”+Why+is+grass+green?+“Because+it’s+my+favorite+color.”+++

•  Theory$of$mind++•  Do+NOT+understand+concepts+of+

conserva>on+(upsidedown+beaker)+

•  But…+2.5+year+old+vs+3+year+old+with+dog+toy+in+model+room.+

Click+the+boy+to+see+kids+with+egocentrism.+

Preopera>onal+Stage+

Conserva>on+

Conserva>on+refers+to+the+idea+that+a+quan>ty+remains+the+same+despite+changes+in+appearance+and+is+part+of+logical+thinking.+

Click+the+boy+to+see+kids+trying+to+grasp+conserva>on.++

Concrete+Opera>onal+Stage+

•  Can+demonstrate+concept+of+conserva>on.+

•  Learn+to+think+logically+•  Able+to+transform+mathema>cal+func>ons.+(4+++8+=+12+…+++++transforma>on++++++++…+12+–+4+=+8)+

Click+the+penguin+to+see+kids+try+to+grasp+concrete+logic.+

Formal+Opera>onal+Stage+

•  What+would+the+world+look+like+with+no+light?+

•  Picture+god+

•  What+way+do+you+best+learn?+

•  Abstract+reasoning+•  Manipulate+objects+in+our+minds+without+seeing+them+

•  Hypothesis+tes>ng+•  Trial+and+Error+•  Metacogni>on+•  Not+every+adult+gets+to+this+stage+

Cri>cisms+of+Piaget+

•  Some+say+he+underes>mates+the+abili>es+of+children.+

•  Informa9on:Processing$Model+says+children+do+not+learn+in+stages+but+rather+a+gradual+con>nuous+growth.+

•  Studies+show+that+our+aLen>on+span+grows+gradually+over+>me.+

Social+Development+•  Up+un>l+about+8+months+of+age,+infants+do+not+mind+strange+people+(maybe+because+everyone+is+strange+to+them?).+

•  At+about+8+months,+infants+develop+stranger$anxiety.+

•  Peaks+at+13+months.+++•  Why+do+you+think+it+starts+at+about+a+year?+

ALachment+The+most+important+social+construct+an+infant+must+develop+is+aLachment+(a+bond+with+a+caregiver).++

If+parental+or+caregiving+support+is+deprived+for+an+extended+period+of+>me,+children+are+at+risk+for+physical,+psychological,+and+social+problems,+including+altera>ons+in+brain+serotonin+levels.++

Lorenz+discovered+that+some+animals+form+aLachment+through+imprin9ng.+(imprin>ng)+

ALachment+

Harry+Harlow+and+his+monkeys.++Harry+showed+that+monkeys+needed+touch+(not+nourishment)++to+form+aLachment.+

Click+the+monkey+to+see+a+video+of+Harlow�s+experiment.+

ALachment+

•  Cri9cal$Periods:+the+op>mal+period+shortly+aRer+birth+when+an+organism�s+exposure+to+certain+s>muli+or+experiences+produce+proper+development.+

•  Those+who+are+deprived+of+touch+have+trouble+forming+aLachment+when+they+are+older.+

Click+on+the+monkey+to+see+what+a+baby+monkey+does+when+he+HAS+aLachment+and+imagine+what+it+is+like+when+he+does+not+(like+above).++

Types+of+ALachment+

Mary+Ainsworth�s++Strange$Situa9on.++Three+types+of+aLachment:+1. Secure+2. Avoidant+3. Anxious/ambivalent+

Click+picture+to+see+clip+of+Ainsworth�s+experiment.+

Paren>ng+Styles+

Authoritarian$Parents$Parents+impose+rules+and+expect+obedience.++Permissive$Parents$Parents+submit+to+children�s+demands.++Authorita9ve$Parents$Parents+are+demanding+but+responsive+to+their+children.++

Puberty+

The+period+of+sexual+matura>on,+during+which+a+person+becomes+capable+of+reproducing.+

Click+above+to+see+all+you+ever+need+to+know+about+puberty.+

Primary+Sexual+Characteris>cs+

Body+structures+that+make+reproduc>on+possible.+

Penis+

Testes+

Ovaries+Vagina+

Secondary+Sexual+Characteris>cs+NonGreproduc>ve+sexual+characteris>cs.+Widening+of+the+Hips+

Deeper+Voice+Breast+Development+

Body+Hair+

Landmarks+for+Puberty+•  Menarche+for+girls.+•  First+ejacula>on+for+boys.+

Click+Tampax+for+one+of+those+ridiculous+commercials.+

Stage+Theorists+These+psychologists+believe+that+we+travel+from+stage+to+stage+throughout+our+life>mes.+

Sigmund+Freud+•  We+all+have+a+libido+(sexual+drive).+•  Our+libido+travels+to+different+areas+of+our+body+throughout+our+development.+

•  If+we+become+preoccupied+with+any+one+area,+Freud+said+we+have+become+fixated+on+it.+

•  Together+Freud+called+these+stages+our+Psychosexual$Stages$of$Development.+

Oral+Stage+•  Seek+pleasure+through+out+mouths.+

•  Babies+put+everything+in+their+mouths+(0G2).+

•  People+fixated+in+this+stage+tend+to+overeat,+smoke+or+have+a+childhood+dependence+on+things.+

Anal+Stage+•  Develops+during+toilet+training+(2G4).+

•  Libido+is+focused+on+controlling+waste+and+expelling+waste.+

•  A+person+fixated+may+become+overly+controlling+(reten>ve)+or+out+of+control+(expulsive).+

Click+to+see+a+classic+example+of+anal+reten>ve+and+anal+expulsive+behaviors.++

Phallic+Stage+•  Children+first+recognize+their+gender+(4G7).+

•  Causes+conflict+in+families+with+the+Oedipus+and+Electra+Complexes.+

•  Fixa>on+can+cause+later+problems+in+rela>onships.+

Click+the+baby+to+see+real+Oedipus+Complex++

Latency+Stage+

•  Libido+is+hidden+(7G11).+

•  Coo>es+stage.+•  Freud+believed+that+fixa>on+in+this+stage+could+lead+to+sexual+issues.+

Genital+Stage+

•  Libido+is+focused+on+their+genitals+(12Gdeath).+

•  Freud+thought+fixa>on+in+this+stage+is+normal.+

Moral+Development+

Three+Stage+Theory+by+Lawrence$Kohlberg+

Kohlberg+(1981,+1984)+sought+to+describe+the+development+of+moral+reasoning+by+posing+moral+dilemmas+to+children+and+adolescents,+such+as+�Should+a+person+steal+medicine+to+save+a+loved+one�s+life?�+He+found+stages+of+moral+development.+

PreGconven>onal+Morality+

•  Morality+based+on+rewards+and+punishments.+

•  If+you+are+rewarded+then+it+is+OK.+

•  If+you+are+punished,+the+act+must+be+wrong.+

Conven>onal+Morality+Look+at+morality+based+on+how+others+see+you.+If+your+peers+or+society+thinks+it+is+wrong,+then+so+do+you.+

PostGConven>onal+Morality+

Based+on+selfGdefined+ethical+principles.+

Your+own+personal+set+of+ethics.+

Kohlberg’s+Stages+of+Moral+Dev.+•  Woman+was+near+death+from+a+very+bad+disease.++•  One+drug+could+save+her.++•  The+druggist+was+charging+10+>mes+what+the+drug+cost+him+

to+make+G+$2000+for+a+small+dose+of+the+drug.++•  Heinz+could+get+only+about+$1000,+which+was+half+of+what+it+

cost.++•  He+asked+the+druggist+to+sell+it+cheaper+or+let+him+pay+later.++•  But+the+druggist+said,+“No.”+•  Heinz+got+desperate+and+broke+into+the+man’s+store+to+steal+

the+drug+for+his+wife.++•  What+should+Heinz+have+done?+Why?++

Preconven9onal$Morality+•  Avoids+punishment—“Heinz’s+fatherGinGlaw+might+make+big+

trouble+for+him+if+he+let+his+wife+die.”++•  Gains+rewards—“Heinz+will+have+someone+to+fix+fine+dinners+

for+him+if+his+wife+lives.”++Conven9onal$Morality+•  Gains+approval/avoids+disapproval—“What+would+people+

think+of+Heinz+if+he+lets+his+wife+die?”++•  Does+duty+to+support+society/avoids+dishonor+or+guilt—“Heinz+

must+live+up+to+his+marriage+vow+of+protec>ng+his+wife.”++Postconven9onal$Morality+•  Affirms+agreedGupon+rights—“Everyone+agrees+that+people+

have+the+right+to+live.”++•  Abstract,+autonomous+moral+principle—“Saving+a+life+takes+

precedence+over+everything+else,+including+the+law.”++

Other+Examples++

•  Exceeding+the+55Gmph+speed+limit+•  Chea>ng+in+school++•  Think+of+reasons+for+and+against+these+two+behaviors.++

•  Classify+each+reason+into+one+of+Kohlberg’s+levels.++

Cri>cisms+of+Kohlberg+

•  Carol+Gilligan+pointed+out+that+Kohlberg+only+tested+boys.+

•  Overall,+males+tend+to+have+a+more+absolute+value+of+morality.+

•  Many+females+tend+to+consider+situa>onal+factors+in+moral+decision+making.+

Heinz+Example+of+Morality+

Timeline+•  Examine+the+life+cycle+in+terms+of+your+own+life++•  Turn+your+page+sideways++•  Draw+a+straight+line+across+the+middle+of+the+page.++•  Label+your+birthdate+on+the+far+leR,+a+projected+death+date+on+

the+far+right+(80/75),+and+today’s+date+to+the+leR+of+the+middle.++•  Fill+in+the+leR+side+by+no>ng+important+events+from+your+

childhood+and+adolescence.++•  Consider+an+illness,+a+family+move,+a+birthday+party,+the+

beginning+of+school...++•  Finally,+project+yourself+into+the+future.++•  What+would+you+like+to+have+accomplished+in+5+years,+in+10+

years,+by+the+>me+you+are+middleGaged,+by+the+>me+you+re>re,+by+the+>me+you+die?++

•  Did+you+learn+anything+from+wri>ng+all+this+down?+++

Erik+Erikson+

•  A+neoGFreudian+•  Worked+with+Anna+Freud+•  Thought+our+personality+was+influenced+by+our+experiences+with+others.+

•  Stages+of+Psychosocial+Development.+

•  Each+stage+centers+on+a+social+conflict.+

Trust+v.+Mistrust+

•  Can+a+baby+trust+the+world+to+fulfill+its+needs?+

•  The+trust+or+mistrust+they+develop+can+carry+on+with+the+child+for+the+rest+of+their+lives.+

•  Who+do+you+know+in+this+stage?+++

Autonomy+V.+Shame+&+Doubt+•  Toddlers+begin+to+control+their+bodies+(toilet+training).+

•  Control+Temper+Tantrums+•  Big+word+is+�NO�+•  Can+they+learn+control+or+will+they+doubt+themselves?+

•  Who+do+you+know+in+this+stage?++

Ini>a>ve+V.+Guilt+•  Word+turns+from+�NO�+to+�WHY?�+

•  Want+to+understand+the+world+and+ask+ques>ons.+

•  Is+his/her+curiosity+encouraged+or+scolded?+

•  Who+do+you+know+in+this+stage?++

Industry+v.+Inferiority+•  School+begins+•  We+are+for+the+first+>me+evaluated+by+a+formal+system+and+our+peers.+

•  Do+we+feel+good+or+bad+about+our+accomplishments?+

•  Can+lead+to+us+feeling+bad+about+ourselves+for+the+rest+of+our+lives…inferiority$complex.+

•  Who+do+you+know+in+this+stage?+

Iden>ty+v.+Role+Confusion+•  In+our+teenage+years+we+try+out+different+roles.+

•  Who+am+I?+•  What+group+do+I+fit+in+with?+

•  If+I+do+not+find+myself+I+may+develop+an$iden9ty$crisis.+

•  Who+do+you+know+in+this+stage?+

In>macy+v.+Isola>on+

•  Have+to+balance+work+and+rela>onships.+

•  What+are+my+priori>es?+

•  Who+do+you+know+in+this+stage?++

Marriage+At+least+a+5+to+1+ra>o+of+posi>ve+to+nega>ve+interac>ons+is+a+clear+indicator+of+a+healthy+rela>onship.++Eye+rolling,+or+other+signs+of+lack+of+respect,+indicate+low+chances+of+success.++

Genera>vity+v.+Stagna>on+•  Is+everything+going+as+planned?+

•  Am+I+happy+with+what+I+created?+

•  Mid+–life+crisis?!+•  Who+do+you+know+in+this+stage?+

Integrity+v.+Despair+•  Look+back+on+life.+•  Was+my+life+meaningful+or+do+I+have+regret?+•  Imagine+you+have+lived+a+rich,+meaningful+life,+

and+now+are+on+your+death+bed.+As+you+reflect+back,+what+memories+fill+you+with+happiness,+pride,+and+sa>sfac>on?++

•  Robert+Sears+reports+that+in+actual+lateGlife+reminiscences,+even+those+who+have+enjoyed+excep>onal+career+success+aLach+greater+meaning+to+their+close+rela>onships+than+to+their+stellar+accomplishments.+

•  Designer+clothing,+an+expensive+house,+a+sportscar,+a+luxury+yacht,+an+amazing+educa>onal+or+career+achievement.++

•  Close,+sa>sfying+rela>onships,+especially+bonds+with+family+and+friends.++

Adulthood+

All+physical+abili>es+essen>ally+peak+around+age+20…+and+decline+impercep>bly+aRer+that++

72+

Old+Age:+Sensory+Abili>es+

ARer+age+70,+hearing,+distance+percep>on,+and+the+sense+of+smell+diminish,+as+do+muscle+strength,+reac>on+>me,+and+stamina.+ARer+80,+neural+processes+slow+down,+especially+for+complex+tasks.+

Michael+N

ewman/+PhotoEdit+

Research+Methods+Cross:Sec9onal$Studies$

•  Par>cipants+of+different+ages+studied+at+the+same+>me.+

Longitudinal$Studies$

•  One+group+of+people+studied+over+a+period+of+>me.+

Alzheimer’s+Disease+1.  Alzheimer’s+disease+can+be+contagious.++2.  A+person+will+almost+certainly+get+Alzheimer’s+if+he+or+she+just+

lives+long+enough.++3.  Alzheimer’s+disease+is+a+form+of+insanity.++4.  There+is+no+cure+for+Alzheimer’s+disease+at+present.++5.  A+person+who+has+Alzheimer’s+disease+will+experience+both+

mental+and+physical+decline.++6.  The+primary+symptom+of+Alzheimer’s+disease+is+memory+loss.++7.  Among+persons+older+than+age+75,+forgewulness+most+likely+

indicates+the+beginning+of+Alzheimer’s+disease.++8.  An+older+man+is+more+likely+to+develop+Alzheimer’s+disease+

than+an+older+woman.++9.  Alzheimer’s+disease+is+usually+fatal.++10. Alzheimer’s+disease+can+be+diagnosed+by+a+blood+test.++

1.  False++2.  False++

3.  False+++4.  True+++5.  True++

6.  True+++7.  False++

8.  False++

9.  True++10.  False++

Alzheimer's+disease++•  a+progressive,+neurodegenera>ve+disease+characterized+by+

memory+loss,+language+deteriora>on,+impaired+ability+to+mentally+manipulate+visual+informa>on,+poor+judgment,+confusion,+restlessness,+and+mood+swings.+

•  AD+usually+begins+aRer+age+65,+but+its+onset+may+occur+as+early+as+age+40,+appearing+first+as+memory+decline+and,+over+several+years,+destroying+cogni>on,+personality,+and+ability+to+func>on.++

•  Confusion+and+restlessness+may+also+occur.+The+type,+severity,+sequence,+and+progression+of+mental+changes+vary+widely.+However,+there+are+some+earlyGonset+forms+of+the+disease,+usually+linked+to+a+specific+gene+defect,+which+may+appear+as+early+as+age+30.+

Types+of+Intelligence+Crystallized$Intelligence$

•  Accumulated+knowledge.+•  Increases+with+age.+•  Vocabulary+and+general+

knowledge+increase+with+age.+

Fluid$Intelligence$

•  Ability+to+solve+problems+quickly+and+think+abstractly.+

•  Peaks+in+the+20�s+and+then+decreases+over++>me.+

WellGBeing+Across+the+Life+Span+WellGbeing+and+people�s+feelings+of+sa>sfac>on+are+stable+across+the+life+span.+No+scien>fic+evidence+for+the+mid+life+crisis.+++

Life+Expectancy+•  Life+Expectancy+keeps+increasing+G+

now+about+78.7+years+in+the+USA.+•  Women+outlive+men+by+4.8+years.+•  More+males+are+conceived+by+126+

to+100.+105+males+are+born+for+every+100+female.+++

•  About+60+million+women+are+missing+in+3rd+world+countries+because+of+female+infan>cide,+sexGselec>ve+abor>on,+health+care+neglect,+nutri>onal+deficiency,+and+mistreatment+that+lead+to+death+

Death Elizabeth+KublerGRoss�s+Stages$of$Death/Grief.$1.  Denial$2.  Anger$3.  Bargaining$4.  Depression$5.  Acceptance$

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