Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development.
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Transcript of Developmental Psychology Chapter 7: Cognitive Development.
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Developmental Developmental PsychologyPsychologyChapter 7: Cognitive Development
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Language DevelopmentLanguage DevelopmentPhonemes
◦Smallest unit of sound in a language◦44 in the English language
More than the alphabet Why?
_____________◦Smallest unit of meaning in a
language Single words like “help” “boat” Or prefixes and suffixes
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Theories of Language Theories of Language DevelopmentDevelopment
Biological Theory◦Predisposition to learn language at a
certain age◦Language Acquisition Device
Mechanism that allows children to listen to speech and to imitate sound and sound patterns Phonemes at 6 months Words after the 1st year Sentences by age 2 Without exposure to language it cannot be learned
Flaws? Does not explain origins of language just
mechanisms
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Theories of Language Theories of Language DevelopmentDevelopment
Learning Theory◦Language is learned just as other
behavior is learned. Imitation Conditioning Association Reinforcement
◦Flaws?? Spontaneous creations
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Theories of Language Theories of Language DevelopmentDevelopment
Cognitive Theory◦Language develops out of mental
images A direct result of cognitive development Coincides with Piaget’s stages of
cognitive development Language accelerates during the preoperational
stage as symbolic representation increases
◦Flaws? Assumes cognitive understandings prior
to language development
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Theories of Language Theories of Language DevelopmentDevelopment
_____________ Theory◦Emphasizes interaction of both
biological maturation and the role of the environment in language development Consistent with contemporary view of
language
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Sequence of Language Sequence of Language DevelopmentDevelopment
Prelinguistic Period◦Crying at birth◦Cooing(video) at 2 months◦Babbling(video) at 6 months
Spoken Words- Video◦Appears at about 10 months
Typically only a few words are known By 18 months between 3 to 50 words Two word utterances begin 18 to 24 months
◦Sentences(Video) appear at about 2 to 4 years
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When Your Child Uses Bad When Your Child Uses Bad LanguageLanguage
Video –Warning Language is Offensive
How does a parent deal with this type of language?◦ 1) parents need to avoid using
inappropriate language◦ 2) parents should avoid reinforcing the
language with extra attention and shock◦ 3) allow use of descriptive words like penis,
vagina, anus, urinate◦ 4) parents need to express their disapproval
of this type of language. Parents need to explain the meaning and express why they are disapproving
◦ What would you do to curb this behavior?
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Bilingualism and Bicultural Bilingualism and Bicultural CompetencyCompetency
How many people speak another language?
What are some of the languages you speak?◦Russian◦Farsi◦Spanish◦Tagalog
Those are my guesses!!When did you learn these languages?Do you think in another language?Class Activity
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Piagetian PerspectivePiagetian Perspective_____________Swiss Philosopher
(1896-1980)◦Great contributions
to child education◦Known as the father
of child psychology◦4 stages of cognitive
development◦Video
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Typical Age Range
Description of Stage
Developmental Phenomena
Birth to nearly 2 yearsSensorimotorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)
•Object permanence•Stranger anxiety•Imitation
About 2 to 6 years
About 7 to 11 years
About 12 through adulthood
PreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
•Pretend play•Egocentrism•Language development
Concrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
•Conservation •Mathematical transformations•Classification
Formal operationalAbstract reasoning
•Abstract logic•Potential for moral reasoning
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
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Piagetian PerspectivePiagetian PerspectiveSensorimotor Stage
◦ The task is learning to coordinate sensorimotor sequences to solve simple problems.
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Sensorimotor StageSensorimotor Stage Stage 1: reflexes 0-1 month
Proficiency at sucking, grasping Lack ability to deliberately grasp or suck
Stage 2: primary circular reactions 1-4 months Repetition of pleasurable behavior which occurs by chance (involves own body)
Stage 3: secondary circular reactions 4 – 8 months Repetition of pleasurable behavior which occurs by chance, but involves deliberate
manipulation of object in environment
Stage 4: purposeful coordination of secondary schemes 8-12months Combinations of actions (leaning and grasping) (looking, crawling, grasping)
Stage 5: tertiary circular reactions 12 – 18 months Exploration using new or novel actions Formation of trial and error discovery
Stage 6: mental solutions 18 – 24 months Thinking about problems to develop solutions Internalization of trial and error Accompanied by language formation
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Infancy and Childhood: Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
_____________Video the awareness that things continue
to exist even when not perceived
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Pre Operational StagePre Operational Stage
The child begins to deal with the world symbolically.
Mental images of the world◦Symbolism
Symbolic play Video Pretend Play Video Stars Wars Revealed
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Concrete Operational Concrete Operational StageStage
Children show a greater capacity for logical reasoning
Increase use of hierarchies and classifications
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Concrete Operational Concrete Operational StageStage
4 concrete operations◦1) Combinativity
Combining two or more classes into one larger more comprehensive class Eg. All men and all woman equals all adults
◦2)_____________ Every operation has an operation that
reverses it Eg. All adults except woman equals all men
◦3)Associativity Reaching goals in various ways
(3+6)+5 =14 and (6+5)+3=14◦4)Nullibility
When an operation is combined with its opposite it results in no change Give 3 and take away 3 gives you nothing
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Preoperational vs Preoperational vs Concrete Operational Concrete Operational
ChildChild _______________- Video
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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Infancy and Childhood: Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
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L.S. VygotskyL.S. VygotskySocial contributions to
cognitive development.
________________________________________
Language as the primary tool of cognitive development
1896-1934
Video 1Video 2Video 3
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IntelligenceIntelligenceAlfred Binet (1857-1911)
◦One of the first to approach the measurement of intelligence Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Mental Age- Chronological Age
David Wechsler Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
(WISC)Raymond Catell
______________ Intelligence Knowledge, skills, vocabulary, general information
______________ Intelligence Thinking, reasoning, perceiving relationships,
problem solving