Developmental Psychology

Toddlerhood

Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

What’s going on at 2 and 3?

Developmental Tasks

• Elaboration of locomotion

• Language development

• Fantasy play

• Self control

Parenting Styles & Characteristics-What are some thoughts/beliefs you have about

effective parenting?

1. Baumrind’s formulation of parenting styles-Demandingness & Responsiveness

• Authoritative• Authoritarian• Permissive, democratic-indulgent• Permissive, rejecting-neglecting

2. PARTheory: Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory-

Roehner• An intercultural approach-400 studies in 60 nations• Acceptance and rejection are defined in culture-specific

ways.• Perceived rejection is emphasized• Four behavioral patterns

– Warmth/affection– Rejection

• Cold/unaffectionate• Hostility/aggression• Indifference/neglect• Undifferentiated rejection

• Acceptance is linked with:– Higher self-esteem– Psychological independence– Trust– Positive world view

• Rejection is associated with– Hostility and aggression– Dependence or defensive independence– Emotional unresponsiveness– Impaired self-esteem– Impaired self-adequacy– Emotional instability– Negative worldview

Self control

1. Self control refers to the child’s ability to control her impulses and attain his goals.

2. Emotion regulation helps facilitate these abilities.

3. Infants began to develop emotion regulation skills through caregiving interactions.

• Comforting physical contact• Soothing sounds• Elimination of stimulus causing discomfort

Facilitating toddler self control

1. Teaching empathy/Increasing sensitivity to others• Perspective taking• Role modeling

2. Discipline should be• Clearly linked to unwanted behavior• Short duration• Rational• Consistent

3. Use of language• Talk about the emotions• Modify them through distraction or explanation• Give suggestions on how to manage them• Model ways of responding to emotions• Reinforce prosocial behavior

Emotion-coachingJohn Gottman on Speaker’s Forum

http://www.kuow.org/program.php?id=15530

1. Emotion coaching• What is it?• Benefits in adult relationships?• Benefits for child development?

2. Questions provoked?

3. Criticisms provoked?

Designing a high quality child care center

1. Physical space-inside and outside

2. Daily schedule

3. Sample toys

4. Policies to support families

Incorporate inclusivity and cultural relevancy into your plan.

Problem solving

• Read the “Lilly” scenario• Do a go-round with each person contributing an

observation of the scenario• Discuss adult responses that would promote

emotion regulation• Link adult responses to strategies from lecture• Plan an activity you could have parents do to

develop skills to promote emotion regulation

The role and impact of childcare

Some information about childcare• 70% of kids in the U.S. 0-5 are in care outside the

home.• There are national accreditation standards for

childcare settings that address curriculum, relationships with family, physical space, etc.

• In WA, there are 2,107 childcare centers; 143 are accredited; 6.3% of centers and .32% of homes

• Annual cost for infant: $12,000/8,424.00• Annual cost for a 4 year old: $8,804/7,140• Annual income of f/t childcare provider: $19,710

Pressing questions

1. What makes child care high quality?• Consistency and training of caregivers• Clean, safe environment• Small ratio

2. What needs can be met through high quality child care?

• Cognitive development, especially if not supported at home.• Social competence, self-esteem, empathy.• Long term benefits: hs completion, reduced criminal activity,

college entrance/completion

3. Accreditation standards: http://www.naeyc.org/academy/standards/