Developmental Milestones.docx

8/14/2019 Developmental Milestones.docx

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Developmental Milestones[1][2]

46 weeksWhen held upright, holdshead erect and steady

Smiles at parent

68 weeksWhen prone, lifts self byarms; rolls from side to back.

Vocalizes;Cooes (makesvowel-likenoises).

Focuses onobjects as wellas adults

1220 weeks

Hand regard:following thehand with theeyes.[3]. Colorvision adult-like.

Serves to practiceemerging visualskills.[4]Also observedin blind children.[3]

3 monthsProne:head held up forprolonged periods. Nograsp

reflex

Makes vowelnoises

Followsdangling toyfrom side toside. Turnshead round tosound. Followsadults' gaze

(jointattention).Sensitivity tobinocular cuesemerges.

Squeals with delightappropriately.

Discriminates smile.

5 monthsHolds head steady. Goes forobjects and gets them.Objects taken to mouth

Enjoys vocalplay;

6 months

Transfers objects from onehand to the other. Pulls selfup to sit and sits erect withsupports. Rolls over prone tosupine.Palmar grasp of cube

Doublesyllable

sounds suchas 'mumum'and 'dada';babbles(consonant-vowelcombinations)

Localises sound45 cm lateral toeither ear.Visual acuity

adult-like(20/20).Sensitivity topictorial depthcues (thoseused by artiststo indicatedepth)emerges.

May show 'strangershyness'

910 monthsWiggles andcrawls. Sitsunsupported. Picks upobjects withpincer grasp

Babblestunefully

Looks for toysdropped

Apprehensive aboutstrangers

1 year

Stands holding furniture.

Stands alone for a second ortwo, then collapses with abump

Babbles 2 or 3wordsrepeatedly

Drops toys, andwatches wherethey go

Cooperates

withdressing, wavesgoodbye, understandssimple commands

18 monthsCanwalk alone. Picks up toywithout falling over. Getsup/downstairs holding

'Jargon'. Manyintelligiblewords

Demands constantmothering. Drinks fromacupwith both hands.
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[edit]Physical specifications]14 months

]Physicalo Head and chest

circumference are nearlyequal to the part of theabdomen.

o Head circumferenceincreases approximately2 cm per month until twomonths, then increases1.5 cm per month untilfour months.

o Increases are an importantindication of continued

brain growth.o Continues to breatheusing abdominal muscles.

o Posterior fontanelle.o Anterior fontanelle.o Skin remains sensitive and

easily irritated.o Legs.o Cries with tears.o Gums are red.o Eyes begin moving

together in unison(binocular vision).

o ]Motor developmento Rooting and sucking

reflexes are welldeveloped.

o Swallowing reflex andtongue movements areimmature; inability tomove food to the back ofthe mouth.

o Grasp reflex.o Landau reflexappears near

the middle of this period;when baby is held in aprone (face down)

position, the head is heldupright and legs are fullyextended.

o Grasps with entire hand;strength insufficient tohold items. Holds hands inan open or semi-openposition.

o Movements are large andjerky.

o Raises head and upperbody on arms when in aprone position.

o Turns head side to sidewhen in a supine (face up)position;can not hold headup and line with the body.

o Upper body parts are moreactive: clasps hands aboveface, waves arms about,reaches for objects.

o 48 monthso Physicalo Head and chest

circumferences arebasically equal.o Head circumference

increases approximately1 cm per month until six toseven months, then 0.5 cmper month; headcircumference shouldcontinue to increasesteadily, indicatinghealthy, ongoing braingrowth.

o Posterior fontanelleclosing or fully closed.

o Anterior fontanelle.o Breathing is abdominal;

respiration rate dependingon activity; rate andpatterns vary from infantto infant.

o Teeth may begin to appear,with upper andlowerincisors coming infirst. Gums may becomered and swollen,accompanied by increaseddrooling, chewing, biting,

and mouthing of objects.o Legs may appear bowed;

bowing graduallydisappears as infant growsolder.

o Fat rolls ("Baby Fat")appear on thighs, upperarms and neck.

o Trueeye color isestablished.

o Motor developmento Reflexive behaviors arechanging:o Blinking reflex is well

establishedo Sucking reflex becomes

voluntaryo Moro reflex disappearso When lowered suddenly,

infant throws out arms asa protective measure.

o Swallowing reflex appearsand allows infant to movesolid foods from front ofmouth to the back forswallowing.

o Picks up objects usingfinger and thumb (pincergrip).

o Reaches for objects withboth arms simultaneously;later reaches with onehand or the other.

o Transfers objects from onehand to the other; graspsobject using entire hand(palmar grasp).

o Handles, shakes, andpounds objects; putseverything in mouth.

o Able to hold bottle.o Sits alone without

support, holding headerect, back straightened,and arms propped forwardfor support

o Pulls self into a crawlingposition by raising up onarms and drawing kneesup beneath the body; rocksback and forth, but

generally does not moveforward.o Lifts head when placed on

back.o Can roll over from back or

stomach position.o May accidentally begin

scooting backwards whenplaced on stomach; soon

ontorail. Begins to jump withboth feet. Can buildatower of 3 or 4 cubes andthrow aball

Feeds self with aspoon. Most childrenwith autism arediagnosed at this age.
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will begin to crawlforward.

o Looks for fallen objects by7 months

o Plays peek-a-boo gameso Cannot understand no or

dangero 812 Monthso Physicalo Respiration rates varywith activityo Environmental conditions,

weather, activity, andclothing still affectvariations in bodytemperature.

o Head and chestcircumference remainequal.

o Anterior fontanelle beginsto close.

o Continues to useabdominal muscles forbreathing.

o More teeth appear, oftenin the order of twolowerincisors then twoupperincisors followed byfour more incisors and twolowermolars but somebabies may still be waitingfor their first.

o Arm and hands are moredeveloped than feet andlegs (cephalocaudaldevelopment); hands

appear large in proportionto other body parts.

o Legs may continue toappear bowed.

o "Baby Fat" continues toappear on thighs, upperarms and neck.

o Feet appear flat as arch hasnot yet fully developed.

o Both eyes work in unison(true binocularcoordination).

o Can see distant objects (4to 6 m or 13 to 20 ft away)and points at them.

o Motor developmento Reaches with one hand

leading to grasp an offeredobject or toy.

o Manipulates objects,transferring them from onehand to the other.

o Explores new objects bypoking with one finger.

o Uses deliberate pincergrasp to pick up small

objects, toys, and fingerfoods.

o Stacks objects; also placesobjects inside one another.

o Releases objects or toys bydropping or throwing;cannot intentionally putan object down.

o Beginning to pull self to astanding position.

o Beginning to stand alone,leaning on furniture forsupport; moves aroundobstacles by side-stepping.

o Has good balance whensitting; can shift positionswithout falling.

o Creeps on hands andknees; crawls up anddown stairs.

o Walks with adult support,holding onto adult's hand;

may begin to walk alone.o Watches people, objects,and activities in theimmediate environment.

o Shows awareness ofdistant objects (4 to 6 m or13 to 20 ft away) bypointing at them.

o Responds to hearing tests(voice localization);however, loses interestquickly and, therefore,may be difficult to testformally.

o Follows simpleinstructions.

o Reaches for toys that areout of reach but visible

o Recognizes objects inreverse

o Drops thing intentionallyand repeats and watchesobject

o Imitates activities likeplaying drum

o Begins to developexpressive rather than

receptive language- childactually responding towhat is said to him insteadof only receiving andwatching theinteraction.[5]

o Toddlers (1224 months)o Physicalo Weight is now

approximately 3 times thechild's birth weight.

o Respiration rate varieswith emotional state andactivity.

o Rate of growth slows.o Head size increases

slowly; growsapproximately 1.3 cm everysix months; anteriorfontanelle is nearly closed

at eighteen months asbones of theskull thicken.

o Anterior fontanelle closingor fully closed, usually atthe middle of this year.

o Chest circumference islarger than headcircumference.

o Legs may still appearbowed.

o Toddler will begin to losethe "Baby Fat" once he/shebegins walking.

oBody shape changes; takeson more adult-likeappearance; still appearstop-heavy; abdomenprotrudes, back is swayed.

o Motor developmento Crawls skillfully and

quickly.o Stands alone with feet

spread apart, legsstiffened, and armsextended for support.

o Gets to feet unaided.o Most children walk

unassisted near the end ofthis period; falls often; notalways able to maneuveraround obstacles, such asfurniture or toys.

o Uses furniture to lowerself to floor; collapsesbackwards into a sittingposition or falls forwardon hands and then sits.

o Enjoys pushing or pullingtoys while walking.

o Repeatedly picks upobjects and throws them;direction becomes moredeliberate.

o Attempts to run; hasdifficulty stopping andusually just drops to thefloor.

o Crawls up stairs on allfours; goes down stairs insame position.

o Sits in a small chair.o Carries toys from place to

place.
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o Enjoys crayons andmarkers for scribbling;uses whole-armmovement.

o Helps feed self; enjoysholding spoon (oftenupside down) anddrinking from a glass orcup; not always accurate

in getting utensils intomouth; frequent spillsshould be expected.

o Helps turn pages in book.o Stacks two to six objects

per day.o [edit]Cognitive

Developmento Enjoys object-hiding

activities.o Early in this period, the

child always searches inthe same location for a

hidden object (if the childhas watched the hiding ofan object). Later, the childwill search in severallocations.

o Passes toy to other handwhen offered a secondobject (referred to as"crossing the midline" - animportantneurological development).

o Manages three to fourobjects by setting anobject aside (on lap or

floor) when presentedwith a newtoy.

o Puts toys inmouth lessoften.

o Enjoys looking atpicturebooks.

o Demonstratesunderstanding offunctional relationships(objects that belongtogether):Putsspoon inbowl andthen uses spoon as if

eating;placesteacup onsaucer and sips from cup; tries tomake doll stand up.

o Shows or offers toy toanother person to look at.

o Names many everydayobjects.

o Shows increasingunderstanding of spatialandform discrimination:puts all pegs inapegboard; places three

geometric shapes in largeformboard orpuzzle.

o Places several small items(blocks, clothespins, cerealpieces) in a container orbottle and then dumpsthem out.

o Tries to make mechanicalobjects work after

watching someone else doso.

o Responds with some facialmovement, but cannottrulyimitatefacialexpression.

o Most children with autismare diagnosed at this age.

o [edit]Languageo Produces considerable

"jargon": puts words andsounds together intospeech-like (inflected)

patterns.o Holophrastic speech: usesone word to convey anentire thought; meaningdepends on the inflection("me" may be used torequest more cookies or adesire to feed self). Later;produces two-wordphrases to express acomplete thought(telegraphic speech):"More cookie," "Daddybye-bye."

o Follows simple directions,"Give Daddy the cup."

o When asked, will point tofamiliar persons, animals,and toys.

o Identifies three body partsif someone names them:"Show me your nose (toe,ear)."

o Indicates a few desiredobjects and activities byname: "Bye-bye," "cookie";verbal request is often

accompanied by aninsistent gesture.o Responds to simple

questions with "yes" or"no" and appropriate headmovement.

o Speech is 25 to 50 percentintelligible during thisperiod.

o Locates familiar objects onrequest (if child knowslocation of objects).

o Acquires and uses five tofifty words; typically theseare words that refer toanimals, food, and toys.

o Uses gestures, such aspointing or pulling, todirect adult attention.

o Enjoys rhymes and songs;tries to join in.

o Seems aware of reciprocal(back and forth) aspects ofconversational exchanges;some turn-taking in otherkinds of vocal exchanges,such as making andimitating sounds.

o [edit]Socialo Less wary of strangers.o Helps pick up and put

away toys.o Plays alone.o Enjoys being held and read

to.o Often imitates adultactions in play.

o Enjoys adult attention;likes to know that an adultis near; gives hugs andkisses.

o Recognizes self in mirror.o Enjoys the companionship

of other children, but doesnot play cooperatively.

o Begins to assertindependence; oftenrefuses to cooperate with

daily routines that oncewere enjoyable; resistsgetting dressed, putting onshoes, eating, taking abath; wants to try doingthings without help.

o May have atantrum whenthings go wrong or ifoverly tired or frustrated.

o Exceedingly curious aboutpeople and surroundings;needs to be watchedcarefully to prevent them

from getting into unsafesituations.o [edit]Psychologicalo Autonomy vs. Shame and

Doubt (will)o (J. Chasse, 2008)

Psychosocial stimulationis vital during the toddleryears. Play begins tobecome interactive.Toddlers begin to learnand exhibit independence,but ironically they enjoy
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sharing this discoverywith others. Anotherimportant advancement isactive social play withadults including mirroringand repeating. Songs,rhymes, and finger plays(e.g. eensy weensy spider,little teapot, etc.) are a

great way to encourageand stimulate this area ofdevelopment. They desireattention. If attention isnot paid (especiallywatching TV), they maystart throwing objects.They are scared of the darkand will start cryingloudly.

o Two year oldo Physicalo Posture is more erect;

abdomen still large andprotruding, back swayed,because abdominalmuscles are not yet fullydeveloped.

o Respirations are slow andregular

o Body temperaturecontinues to fluctuatewith activity, emotionalstate, and environment.

o Brain reaches about 80percent of its adult size.

o 16 baby teeth almostfinished growing out

o Motor developmento Can walk around

obstacles and walk moreerect

o Squats for long periodswhile playing.

o Climbs stairs unassisted(but not with alternatingfeet).

o Balances on one foot (for afew moments), jumps upand down, but may fall.

oOften achieves toilettraining during this year(depending on child'sphysical and neurologicaldevelopment) althoughaccidents should still beexpected; the child willindicate readiness fortoilet training.

o Throws large ballunderhand without losingbalance. Holds small cupor tumbler in one hand.

Unbuttons large buttons;unzips large zippers.

o Opens doors by turningdoorknobs.

o Grasps large crayon withfist; scribbles.

o Climbs up on chair, turns,and sits down.

o Stacks four to six objectson top of one another.

o Uses feet to propelwheeled riding toys.

o Cognitiveo Eyehand movements

better coordinated; canput objects together, takethem apart; fit large pegsinto pegboard.

o Begins to use objects forpurposes other thanintended (may push ablock around as a boat).

oDoes simple classificationtasks based on singledimension (separates toydinosaurs from toy cars).

o Seems fascinated by, orengrossed in, figuring outsituations: where thetennis ball rolled, wherethe dog went, what causeda particular noise.

o Attends to self-selectedactivities for longerperiods of time.Discovering cause and

effect: squeezing the catmakes her scratch.

o Knows where familiarpersons should be; notestheir absence; finds ahidden object by lookingin last hiding place first.(This iswhatPiaget termedobjectpermanence, whichusually occurs duringthesensorimotor stage ofPiaget's childhoodtheory

of cognitive development)o Names familiar objects.o Recognizes, expresses, and

locates pain.o Expected to use "magical

thinking", such asbelieving a toy bear is areal bear.

o Tells about objects andevents not immediatelypresent (this is both acognitive and linguisticadvance).

o Expresses more curiosityabout the world.

o [edit]Languageo Enjoys participating while

being read to.o Realizes language is

effective for gettingdesired responses.

o Uses fifty to three-hundred words;vocabulary continuouslyincreasing.

o Has broken the linguisticcode; in other words,much of a two-year-old'stalk has meaning to him orher.

o Receptive language ismore developed thanexpressive language; mosttwo-year olds understandsignificantly more than

they can talk about.o Utters three- and four-word statements; usesconventional word orderto form more completesentences.

o Refers to self as "me" orsometimes "I" rather thanby name: "Me go bye-bye";has no trouble verbalizing"mine."

o Expresses negativestatements by tacking on anegative word such as "no"

or "not": "Not more milk."o Uses some plurals.o Some stammering and

other dysfluencies arecommon.

o Speech is as much as 65 to70 percent intelligible.

o Is able to verbalize needs.o Asks a lot of questions.o ]Social and emotionalo Shows signs of empathy

and caring: comfortsanother child if hurt or

frightened; appears tosometimes be overlyaffectionate in offeringhugs and kisses to children

o Continues to use physicalaggression if frustrated orangry (for some children,this is more exaggeratedthan for others); Physicalaggression usually lessensas verbal skills improve.

o Temper tantrums likely topeak during this year;
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extremely difficult toreason with during atantrum.

o Impatient; finds it difficultto wait or take turns.

o Enjoys "helping" withhousehold chores; imitateseveryday activities: maytry to toilet a stuffed

animal, feed a doll.o "Bossy" with parents and

caregivers; orders themaround, makes demands,expects immediatecompliance from adults.

o Watches and imitates theplay of other children, butseldom interacts directly;plays near others, oftenchoosing similar toys andactivities (parallelplay);[6]solitary play is

often simple andrepetitive.[7]o Offers toys to other

children, but is usuallypossessive of playthings;still tends to hoard toys.

o Making choices is difficult;wants it both ways.

o Often defiant; shouting"no" becomes automatic.

o Ritualistic; wantseverything "just so";routines carried outexactly as before;

belongings placed "wherethey belong."

o Three year oldo Physicalo Growth is steady though

slower than in first twoyears.

o Adult height can bepredicted frommeasurements of height atthree years of age; malesare approximately 53% oftheir adult height and

females, 57%.o Legs grow faster than

arms,o Circumference of head and

chest is equal; head size isin better proportion to thebody.

o "Baby fat" disappears asneck appears.

o Posture is more erect;abdomen no longerprotrudes.

o Slightly knock-kneed.

o can jump from low stepo can stand up and walk

around on tiptoeso "baby" teeth stage over.o Needs to consume

approximately 6,300 kJ(1,500 calories) daily.

o ]Motor developmento Walks up and down stairs

unassisted, usingalternating feet; may jumpfrom bottom step, landingon both feet.

o Can momentarily balanceon one foot.

o Can kick big ball-shapedobjects.

o Needs minimal assistanceeating.

o Jumps on the spot.o Pedals a small tricycle.o Throws a ball overhand;

aim and distance arelimited.o Catches a large bounced

ball with both armsextended.

o Enjoys swinging on aswing (not too high or toofast).

o Shows improved control ofcrayons or markers; usesvertical, horizontal andcircular strokes.

o Holds crayon or markerbetween first two fingers

and thumb (tripod grasp),not in a fist as earlier.

o Can turn pages of a bookone at a time

o Enjoys building withblocks.

o Builds a tower of eight ormore blocks.

o Enjoys playing with clay;pounds, rolls, andsqueezes it.

o May begin to show handdominance.

oCarries a container ofliquid, such as a cup ofmilk or bowl of water,without much spilling;pours liquid from pitcherinto another container.

o Manipulates large buttonsand zippers on clothing.

o Washes and dries hands;brushes own teeth, but notthoroughly.

o Usually achieves completebladder control during thistime.

o Cognitive developmento Listens attentively to age-

appropriate stories.o Makes relevant comments

during stories, especiallythose that relate to home

and family events.o Likes to look at books and

may pretend to "read" toothers or explain pictures.

o Enjoys stories withriddles, guessing, and"suspense."

o Speech is understandablemost of the time.

o Produces expanded nounphrases: "big, brown dog."

o Produces verbs with "ing"endings; uses "-s" to

indicate more than one;often puts "-s" on alreadypluralized forms: geeses,mices.

o Indicates negatives byinserting "no" or "not"before a simple noun orverb phrase: "Not baby."

o Answers "What are youdoing?", "What is this?",and "Where?" questionsdealing with familiarobjects and events.

o [edit]Four year oldo [edit]Physical

developmento Head circumference is

usually not measured afterage three.

o Requires approximately1,700 calories daily.

o Hearing acuity can beassessed by child's correctusage of sounds andlanguage, and also by thechild's appropriateresponses to questions and

instructions.o [edit]Motor developmento Walks a straight line (tape

or chalk line on the floor).o Hops on one foot.o Pedals and steers a

wheeled toy withconfidence; turns corners,avoids obstacles andoncoming "traffic."

o Climbs ladders, trees,playground equipment.
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7/9

o Jumps over objects 12 to 15cm (5 to 6 in) high; landswith both feet together.

o Runs, starts, stops, andmoves around obstacleswith ease.

o Throws a ball overhand;distance and aimimproving.

o Builds a tower with ten ormore blocks.o Forms shapes and objects

out of clay: cookies,snakes, simple animals.

o Reproduces some shapesand letters.

o Holds a crayon or markerusing a tripod grasp.

o Paints and draws withpurpose; may have an ideain mind, but often hasproblems implementing it

so calls the creationsomething else.o Becomes more accurate at

hitting nails and pegs withhammer.

o Threads small woodenbeads on a string.

o Can run in a circleo [edit]Cognitiveo Can recognize that certain

words sound similaro Names eighteen to twenty

uppercase letters. Writesseveral letters and

sometimes their name.o A few children are

beginning to read simplebooks, such as alphabetbooks with only a fewwords per page and manypictures.

o Likes stories about howthings grow and howthings operate.

o Delights in wordplay,creating silly Language.

o Understands the conceptsof "tallest," "biggest,""same," and "more"; selectsthe picture that has the"most houses" or the"biggest dogs."

o Rote counts to 20 or more.o Understands the sequence

of daily events: "When weget up in the morning, weget dressed, havebreakfast, brush our teeth,and go to school."

o When looking at pictures,can recognize and identifymissing puzzle parts (ofperson, car, animal).

o Very good storytellers.o Counts 1 to 7 objects out

loud, but not always inorder

o follows two to three stepdirections givenindividually or in a group

o may put the "ed" on theend of words such as "Igoed outside and I played."

o [edit]Languageo Uses the prepositions "on,"

"in," and "under."o Uses possessives

consistently: "hers,""theirs," "baby's."

o Answers "Whose?","Who?", "Why?", and "How

many?"o Produces elaboratesentence structures: "Thecat ran under the housebefore I could see whatcolor it was."

o Speech is almost entirelyintelligible.

o Begins to use the pasttense of verbs correctly:"Mommy closed the door,""Daddy went to work."

o Refers to activities, events,objects, and people that

are not present.o Changes tone of voice and

sentence structure toadapt to listener's level ofunderstanding: To babybrother, "Milk gone?" ToMother, "Did the babydrink all of his milk?"

o States first and last name,gender, siblings' names,and sometimes owntelephone number.

o Answers appropriatelywhen asked what to do iftired, cold, or hungry.Recites and sings simplesongs like mangoes andrhymes.

o [edit]Social developmento Outgoing; friendly; overly

enthusiastic at times.o Moods change rapidly and

unpredictably; laughingone minute, crying thenext; may throw tantrumover minor frustrations (a

block structure that willnot balance); sulk overbeing left out.

o Imaginary playmates orcompanions are common;holds conversations andshares strong emotionswith this invisiblefriend.

o Boasts, exaggerates, and"bends" the truth withmade-up stories or claimsof boldness; tests thelimits with "bathroom"talk.

o Cooperates with others;participates in groupactivities.

o Shows pride inaccomplishments; seeksfrequent adult approval.

o Often appears selfish; notalways able to take turns

or to understand takingturns under someconditions; tattles onother children.

o Insists on trying to dothings independently, butmay get so frustrated as toverge on tantrums whenproblems arise: paint thatdrips, paper airplane thatwill not fold right.

o Enjoys role-playing andmake-believe activities.

o Relies (most of the time)on verbal rather thanPhysical aggression; mayyell angrily rather than hitto make a point; threatens:"You can't come to mybirthday party"

o Name-calling and tauntingare often used as ways ofexcluding other children.

o Establishes closerelationships withplaymates; beginning tohave "best" friends.

oFive year old

o Physicalo Head size is

approximately that of anadult's.

o May begin to lose "baby"(deciduous) teeth.

o Body is adult-like inproportion.

o Requires approximately7,500 J (1,800 calories)daily
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8/9

o Visual tracking andbinocular vision are welldeveloped.

o Motor developmento Walks backwards, toe to

heel.o Walks unassisted up and

down stairs, alternatingfeet.

o May learn to turnsomersaults (should betaught the right way inorder to avoid injury).

o Can touch toes withoutflexing knees.

o Walks a balance beam.o Learns to skip using

alternative feet.o Catches a ball thrown

from 1 m (3.3 ft) away.o Rides atricycle or wheeled

toy with speed and skillful

steering; some childrenlearning to ride bicycles,usually withtrainingwheels.

o Jumps or hops forward tentimes in a row withoutfalling.

o Balances on either footwith good control for tenseconds.

o Builds three-dimensionalstructures with smallcubes by copying from apicture or model.

o Reproduces many shapesand letters: square,triangle, A, I, O, U, C, H, L,T.

o Demonstrates fair controlof pencil or marker; maybegin to color within thelines.

o Cuts on the line withscissors (not perfectly).

o Hand dominance is fairlywell established.

o Often has an imaginaryfriend

o Cognitiveo Forms rectangle from two

triangular cuts.o Builds steps with set of

small blocks.o Understands concept of

same shape, same size.o Sorts objects on the basis

of two dimensions, such ascolor and form.

o Sorts a variety of objectsso that all things in the

group have a singlecommon feature(classification skill: all arefood items or boats oranimals).

o Understands the conceptsof smallest and shortest;places objects in orderfrom shortest to tallest,

smallest to largest.o Identifies objects with

specified serial position:first, second, last.

o Rote counts to 20 andabove; many childrencount to 100.

o Recognizes numerals from1 to 10.

o Understands the conceptsof less than: "Which bowlhas less water?"

o Understands the termsdark, light, and early: "I gotup early, before anyoneelse. It was still dark."

o Relates clock time to dailyschedule: "Time to turn onTV when the little handpoints to 5."

o Some children can telltime on the hour: fiveo'clock, two o'clock.

o Knows what acalendar isfor.

o Recognizes andidentifiescoins; beginning

to count and save money.o Many children know

thealphabet and names ofupper- and lowercaseletters.

o Understands the conceptof half; can say how manypieces an object has whenit's been cut in half.

o Asks innumerablequestions: Why? What?Where? When? How?

o Eager to learn new things.o

Language developmento Vocabulary of 1,500 words

plus.o Tells a familiarstory while

looking at pictures in abook.

o Defines simple words byfunction: a ball is tobounce; a bed is to sleepin.

o Identifies and names fourto eight colours.

o Recognizes thehumor insimplejokes; makes up

jokes and riddles.o Producessentences with

five to seven words; muchlonger sentences are notunusual.

o States the name of owncity or town,birthday,and

parents' names.o Answers telephone

appropriately; calls personto phone or takes a briefmessage

o Speech is almost entirelygrammatically correct.

o Uses "would" and "could"appropriately.

o Uses past tenseofirregularverbs consistently: "went,""caught," "swam."

oUses past-tenseinflection (-ed)appropriately to markregular verbs: "jumped,""rained," "washed."

o Social developmento Enjoys and often has one

or two focus friendships.o Plays cooperatively (can

lapse), is generous, takesturns, shares toys.

o Participates in group playand shared activities withother children; suggests

imaginative and elaborateplay ideas.

o Shows affection and caringtowards others especiallythose below them or inpain

o Generally subservient toparent or caregiverrequests.

o Needs comfort andreassurance from adultsbut is less open to comfort.

o Has better self-controlover swings of emotions.

o Likes entertaining peopleand making them laugh.

o Boasts aboutaccomplishments.

o Often has an imaginaryfriend

o Six year oldo Physicalo Weight gains reflect

significant increasesinmuscle mass.
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9/9

o Heart rate and respiratoryrates are close to adults.

o Body may appear lanky asthrough period of rapidgrowth.

o Baby teeth beginning to bereplaced by permanentones, starting with thetwo lower front teeth

o 20/20 eyesight; if below20/40 should see aprofessional.

o The most common visionproblem during middlechildhood is myopia, ornearsightedness. (Berk,2007).

o Uses 6,700 J to 7,100 J(1,600 to 1,700 calories) aday.

o Motor developmento Gains greater control over

large and fine motor skills;movements are moreprecise and deliberate,though some clumsinesspersists.

o Enjoys vigorous running,jumping, climbing, andthrowing est.

o Has trouble staying still.o Span of attention

increases; works at tasksfor longer periods of time,though

o Can concentrate effort butnot always consistently.

o Understands time (today,tomorrow, yesterday) andsimple motion (things gofaster than others).

o Recognizes seasons andmajor activities done inthe times.

o Has fun with problemsolving and sortingactivities like stacking,puzzles and mazes

o Enjoys the challenge ofpuzzles, counting andsorting activities, paper-and-pencil mazes, andgames that involvematching letters andwords with pictures.

o Recognizes some words bysight; attempts to soundout words

o In some cases the childmay be reading well.

o functioning whichfacilitates learning to ride

a bicycle, swim, swing abat, or kick a ball.

o Making things is enjoyed.o Reverses or confuse

certain letters: b/d, p/g,g/q, t/f.

o Able to trace objects.o Folds and cuts paper into

simple shapes.

o Can Tie Laces, string (likeshoes).o Languageo Can identify right and left

hands fairly consistently.o Holds onto positive beliefs

involving theunexplainable (magic orfantasy)

o Arrives at someunderstanding aboutdeath and dying; expressesfear that parents may die.

oTalks a lot.o Loves tellingjokes andriddles; often, the humor isfar from subtle.

o Experimentswithslang and profanityand finds it funny.

o Enthusiastic andinquisitive aboutsurroundings and everydayevents.

o Able to carry on adult-likeconversations; asks manyquestions.

o Learns 5 to 10 words a day;vocabulary of 10,00014,000.

o Uses appropriate verbtenses, word order, andsentence structure.

o Social and emotionalo Uses language rather than

tantrums or physicalaggression to expressdispleasure: "That's mine!Give it back, you dummy."

o Talks self through stepsrequired in simpleproblem-solving situations(though the "logic" may beunclear to adults).

o Has mood swings towardsprimary caregiverdepending on the day

o Friendship with parent isless depended on but stillneeds closeness andnurturing.

o Anxious to please; needsand seeks adult approval,

reassurance, and praise;may complain excessivelyabout minor hurts to gainmore attention.

o Often can't view the worldfrom anothers point ofview

o Self-perceived failure canmake the child easily

disappointed andfrustrated.

o Can't handle things notgoing their own way

o Does not understandethical behavior or moralstandards especially whendoing things that have notbeen given rules

o Understands when he orshe has been thought to be"bad"; values are based onothers enforced values.

oMay be increasingly fearfulof the unknown likethings in the dark, noises,and animals.

o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages

o
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