Developmental Milestones

Developmental Milestones Chart

DomainAge

Physical Cognitive Communication Social/Emotional Moral/Spiritual

0-3 Mo. (Premature) Less active

Feedings: 5-8 per day

Sleep: 20 hrs. per day

Less attentive

Simple reflex activity such as grasping, sucking.

Emotion and attention through face to face communication (Mother/infants).

Infants gaze behavior by facial and vocal emotional expression during early communications with the mother.

N/A

3-6 Mo. Motor Ability: control of eye muscles, lifts head when on stomach.

Voice recognition

Repetition of change actions to reproduce interesting consequences such as kicking one’s feet to more a mobile suspended over the crib.

Vocalization with intonation

Responds to his name

Responds to human voices without visual cues by turning his head and eyes

Responds appropriately to friendly and angry tones

Smiles at a Face Visually fixates at a face, smiles at a face, may be soothed by rocking.

Recognizes his mother. Distinguishes between familiar persons and strangers, no longer smiles indiscriminately. Expects feeding, dressing, and bathing.

N/A

6-12 Motor Ability: control of head and arm movements, purposive grasping, rolls over. 7-9 : MonthsMotor Ability: control of trunk and hands, sits without support, crawls about.10-12 Months:Motor Ability: control of legs and feet, stands, creeps, apposition of

Responses become coordinated into more complex sequences. Actions take on an “intentional” character such as the infant reaches behind a screen to obtain a hidden object.

Uses one or more words with meaning (this may be a fragment of a word)

Understands simple instructions, especially if vocal or physical cues are given

Practices inflectionIs aware of the social value of speech

Protests separation from mother. Enjoys “peek-a-boo”

Responsive to own name. Wave bye-bye. Plays pat-a-cake, understands “no-no! “Gives and takes objects.

N/A

thumb and fore-finger.NOTE: Premature infants may not meet these abilities.

Discussion prompts to be addressed:Sources of information – Use the table below to list all sources (books, websites, magazines, etc.) using APA format for your citations and rate the source on reliability (do you feel the information is accurate and the source trustworthy). Rating scale - 5 – excellent, 4 – below average, 3 – average, 2 – limited 1 – poor. Use the table below – add rows as needed to document all sources you looked at. .

Source (website, book, magazine, journal, etc.) Reliability Would you recommend this source – yes/no -Why or why not?

Fuertes, M., Lopes-dos-Santos, P., Beeghly, M., & Tronick, E. (2009). Infant coping and maternal interactive behavior predict attachment in a Portuguese sample of healthy preterm infants. European Psychologist, 14(4), 320-331. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.14.4.320

3 Yes, because it was very helpful.

Lavelli, M., & Fogel, A. (2005). Developmental Changes in the Relationship Between the Infant's Attention and Emotion During Early Face-to-Face Communication: The 2-Month Transition. Developmental Psychology, 41(1), 265-280. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.265

4 Yes, the information was very reliable

National Institutes of Health (US). Office of Medical Applications of Research, National Institute on Deafness, & Other Communication Disorders (US). (1993). Consensus Development Conference on Early Identification of Hearing Impairment in Infants and Young Children: NIH Consensus Development Conference, March 1-3, 1993,... National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. National Institutes of Health.

5 Yes, this was one of our best sources because it gave creditable research.

Lyons Ruth, K., Connell, D. B., Grunebaum, H. U., & Botein, S. (1990). Infants at ‐social risk: Maternal depression and family support services as mediators of infant development and security of attachment. Child development, 61(1), 85-98.

4 Yes, because it explained in depth about security of attachment.

Macnamara, J. (1972). Cognitive basis of language learning in infants. Psychological review, 79(1), 1.

3 Yes, It focused mainly on language in infants.

Baillargeon, R. (1998). Infants' understanding of the physical world. 3 This source could have had more information about

understanding the physical development of an infant.Stevens, B., Johnston, C., Petryshen, P., & Taddio, A. (1996). Premature Infant Pain Profile: development and initial validation. The Clinical journal of pain, 12(1), 13-22.

4 Yes, because it explained a lot about the life of a premature infant.

Rice, R. D. (1977). Neurophysiological development in premature infants following stimulation. Developmental Psychology, 13(1), 69.

5 Yes, this source was very detailed about the neurophysiological development of an infant. This source gave us good information on an infant’s cognitive development.

Brooks Gunn, J., Klebanov, P. K., Liaw, F. R., & Spiker, D. (1993). Enhancing the ‐Development of Low Birthweight, Premature Infants: Changes in Cognition and ‐Behavior over the First Three Years. Child Development, 64(3), 736-753.

5 Yes, Because it gave good information on the different stages of an infant’s cognitive development.

Evaluation of information - Describe your decision making process for this project. (What types of sources did you consider? Where did you go to find your information? Why did you choose the sources you did? Are there other sources you could use to get more information – list them. Did you find any sources that you choose not to use - why? What made you choose your sources? Do you feel your information is reliable?

Our decision making process involved choosing the most reliable sources and we used peer-reviewed articles. The sources that we chose were from LibGuides. We chose the sources that we did because they had credible resources. If we were to choose different resources from else were we would have chosen Google Scholar. No, all of the sources that we found were credible. We chose these sources because they were peer-reviewed. Yes, the information was reliable.

Application - List some ways this information can be used. Who would find the information helpful? In what careers would a professional need this information. Give at least one example of how this information could be used. Give an example of a leisure activity (game, hobby, pastime, event, etc.) for someone in this age category.

This would help with being able to understand the stages of early childhood. People that would find this information reliable would be caregivers and parents. Some careers that would need this information would be: Teaching, Daycare Centers, Recreation Specialist, etc. This information would help you to understand why a child cries when their hungry due to their communication. Someone in these age category could play games such as peek –a – boo.


Domain Physical Cognitive Communication Social/Emotional Moral/Spiritual

Age

2-3 drink from a straw

feed himself with a spoon

help in washing hands

put arms in sleeves with help

build a tower of 3-4 blocks

toss or roll a large ball

open cabinets, drawers, boxes

operate a mechanical toy

Point to an object that you name

Recognize the names of familiar people, objects, and body parts

Use short phrases and two- to four-word sentences

Follow simple instructions

Repeat words she overhears

Find objects even when you hide them under two or three blankets

Sort objects by shape or color

Play make-believe

enjoys simple stories, rhymes, and songs

uses 2-3 word sentences

says names of toys

hums or tries to sing

enjoys looking at books

points to eyes, ears, or nose when asked

repeats words

interested in learning

how to use common items

enjoys simple make-believe like talking on phone, putting on hat

very possessive - offers toys to other children but then wants them back

needs considerable time to change activities

capable of frequent tantrums, which are often a result of his inability to express himself even though he has ideas

A sense of spirit is developed through the five senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and tasting.

Spiritual practices that engage the senses (such as having certain foods on a holiday or lighting a candle) are helpful.

Even very young children discover a spiritual perspective of the world. If parents and caregivers are warm and caring, they’ll find a wonderful world.

bend over to pick up a toy and not fall

walk up steps with help

take steps backward

Discussion prompts to be addressed:

Sources of information – Use the table below to list all sources (books, websites, magazines, etc.) using APA format for your citations and rate the source on reliability (do you feel the information is accurate and the source trustworthy). Rating scale - 5 – excellent, 4 – below average, 3 – average, 2 – limited 1 – poor. Use the table below – add rows as needed to document all sources you looked at. .

Source (website, book, magazine, journal, etc.) Reliability Would you recommend this source – yes/no -

Why or why not?

Sullivan, D. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.babycenter.com/0_your-24-month-olds-language-and-cognitive-development-asking_1273382.bc

5 I would recommend this source; it provides several articles backing up the information. Also there is a box where you can ask the doctor a question if you have any concerns.

Powell, J., & Smith, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nncc.org/child.dev/mile2.html 5

http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=12&sid=333ad4e1-40cc-41eb-8ac4-eca726cf146e%40sessionmgr4&hid=15&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=pdh&AN=2012-23151-001

5 Yes. It was very detailed in explaining the different physical developments of the ages 2 to 3 years old

http://www.parentfurther.com/ages-stages/0-2 5 Yes. Because there are numerous articles that provide the right sources for the given developmental milestone


We began to look at the suggested lib guides and when we found out some of the information was not there we began to branch out and look at different websites. After researching over 10 websites, most of them said about the same thing. The sources we chose were credible, on one of the websites it had a question box that you could ask a doctor certain questions concerning the ages of a child. I feel this information is very reliable, due to not only one website had it but multiple websites, and they also had sources.


This can be used to help understand some of the stages of childhood and being a toddler. I believe early childhood development majors would need this information and also parents would find this information useful. A few careers would be a daycare, some teachers and babysitters. A few games would be Simon Says and Hot and Cold. Simon Says would be good because it helps them learn body parts and also observation skills. Hot and cold is a good game because it reinforces the idea of object permanence, just because you can’t see any object doesn’t mean it’s not there.



Age

4-5 year olds Gains about 4-5 pound per year

Grows about 2-3 inches per year

Spreads with a knife

Vision has reached 20/20

Good balance

Maintains balance while standing on one foot with eyes closed

Speak clearly using complex sentences

Count ten or more objects

Recognizes letters

Can write their names

Concept of time daily activities (breakfast, lunch then dinner)

Follow two-to-three step commands

Knows address/ phone number if taught.

Builds a tower of blocks 9-10

Holds pencil like an adult

Cut along a straight line

Puts on most of items of clothing by themselves

Feed themselves with a spoon and fork.

Mastery of sounds (y,v,s,z,ch,j and i)

Uses past tense correctly

Defines words

Answers “why” questions

Enjoys Rhymes

Uses 6-8 word sentences

Understand Complex Questions

List items in category

Do a somersault and hop

Walk up and down stairs without help

Walk forward and backwards easily

Peddle a tricycle

Copy a triangle, circle, square, and other shapes

Draw a person with a body

Stack 10 or more blocks

Use a fork and spoon

Dress and undress, brush teeth, and take care of other personal needs without much help Wants to be like friends

More likely to agree and understand rules

Becomes aware of right and wrong

Usually wants to do right

Blames others for own wrongdoing

Likes to sing, dance, and pretend

Shows more independence

Sometimes demanding,

sometimes eagerly cooperative




Why or why not?

Fitneva, S. A., Lam, N. L., & Dunfield, K. A. (2013). The development of children's information gathering: To look or to ask?. Developmental Psychology, 49(3), 533-542. doi:10.1037/a0031326

4 I would recommend this source because it gave us a lot of information about children development

Kilgus, S. P., Chafouleas, S. M., & Riley-Tillman, T. (2013). Development and initial validation of the Social and Academic Behavior Risk Screener for Elementary Grades. School Psychology Quarterly, 28(3), 210-226. doi:10.1037/spq0000024

4 I would not recommend this because it’s a lot of words that really has nothing to do with the subject

Kramer, L., & Kowal, A. K. (2005). Sibling relationship quality from birth to adolescence: the enduring contributions of friends. Journal Of Family Psychology, 19(4), 503-511. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.4.503

3 I would recommend this because I learned a lot about how the 4-5 year old interacts with their siblings and other counterparts

Marcon, R. A. (1999). Differential impact of preschool models on development and early learning of inner-city children: A three-cohort study. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 358-375. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.358

4 I would recommend this source if you would love to learn more about how inner-city children act different from children from other parts of the city.


Our decision making process for this assignment was to spilt up all the work and come back together and converse about what we found alone. We considered the libguides that Mr. Leak taught us in class. We choose these sources because it was the best reliable source herein the library next to looking it up in actual books. No we just used the libguides. We choose not to use Wikipedia because they falsify all their information. We feel like libguides are the best reliable source that C.G. O’Kelly offers.


This information can be used to help create programs for this age group that helps their physical and cognitive development. Preschool teacher would need this information so that they could teach the children and have them prepared for school when they turn 5/6. This could be used in pre-school during activities like writing your name… or complete the sentence to help the students learn about complex sentences. A type of leisure activity that this age group could do would be playing with blocks or playing pretend and imagining different things.


Domain

Age


6-7 Fully walking and discover self-strength.

Learning how to describe and understand ones different feelings.

Learning how to spell words and speak them in complete sentences.

Extremely playful, youthful as early childhood promotes

High morale, enthusiastic and willing to try any new things.

8 Fully running, baby teeth leave and second set begin to grow

Logical reasoning, induction, and concept formation.

Fully responsive, can keep a conversation with friends and adult figures.

Desire more company, becomes more detached from parents at a distance.

Becomes friendly, desires friendship and want to be liked.




Why or why not?

Electronic book- Salkind, N. J. (Ed.). (2005). Encyclopedia of human development. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412952484

5 Yes, went beyond the call of duty with supplying information and had connections to other scholarly sources. Provided a well efficient amount of statistics.

Johnson, M. (2005). The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

4 Standard call to information. Well informative. Not to out date on information well informative.


In doing this project our decision making process was pretty simple seeing as though we all have some sort of experience working with children whether it was learning about their development process during a class, field experiences, or working with children during summer camps. We considered using solely internet sources because they are so easy to obtain, but then we all realized that at the end of the day we cannot depend on all the information from internet sources to be reliable. We decided to access the library’s Lib-Guide system because it could provide us with a variety of well written scholarly articles and journals. Along with the Lib-Guide system we decided to look at The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing textbook that we checked out in the library, which also gave us a better-rounded look into ageing and the developmental stages that we all go through on a daily basis. We found some articles using google but they were all from Wikipedia, and just from being knowledgeable on the fact that Wikipedia is not a creditable way of getting reliable information we ruled those articles out instantly. We all feel that out sources are reliable because they both were written by scholars and were full of knowledgeable that provided us with the information to get us through this project.

Application - List some ways this information can be used. Who would find the information helpful? In what careers would a professional need this information? Give at least one example of how this information could be used. Give an example of a leisure activity (game, hobby, pastime, event, etc.) for someone in this age category.

The information can be used to understand or to see if a child is doing what he is supposed to do by that age. It is also helpful to measure if the child is beyond or below the measured standards. Many people will find this information helpful like parents, pediatricians, doctors and teachers. A developmental milestone could be a good way to recognize what domain needs to be addressed. If an eight year old is having communication issues it can help the teacher realize what the child should be doing if recognizing certain words and being able to spell them. The best example that I can give for a leisure activity can be baseball. When a child is five years old they get to hit the ball from the T. once the child practices and develop a better hand eye coordination they can move up to a more complex way of playing. When a child is seven he has to go in a different division called pewee. Now the child is treated as a young adult teaching the child more rules about the game. One example of this would be that if they get three strikes then they are out. But when the child is only five years old they get to hit the ball from a T since they do not have the hand eye coordination expected to hit the ball coming from a machine.


Domain

Age


9-11 Hand-eye coordination Processing speed Comprehension and language more sophisticated

excessive and impulsive activities

lying

9-11 Puberty starts Fluid reasoning Shares his/her opinion Impatient and overreaction to frustration

courage

9-11 Upper and lower limb coordination

Visual processing Picks up on words peers use

Overreactions to situations

cheerfulness




Why or why not?

Groark, C. J., McCall, R. B., McCarthy, S. K., Eichner, J. C., & Gee, A. D. (2013). Structure, caregiver–child interactions, and children’s general physical and behavioral development in three central American institutions. International Perspectives In Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 2(3), 207-224. doi:10.1037/ipp0000007

4 Yes

Reeve, R., Reynolds, F., Humberstone, J., & Butterworth, B. (2012). Stability and change in markers of core numerical competencies. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(4), 649-666. doi:10.1037/a0027520

5 Yes

Trickett, P. K. (1993). Maladaptive development of school-aged, physically abused children: Relationships with the child-rearing context. Journal Of Family Psychology,

2 Yes

7(1), 134-147. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.7.1.134

Evans, A. D., & Lee, K. (2011). Verbal deception from late childhood to middle adolescence and its relation to executive functioning skills. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 1108-1116. doi:10.1037/a0023425

3 Yes

Evaluation of information - Describe your decision making process for this project. (What types of sources did you consider? Where did you go to find your information? Why did you choose the sources you did? Are there other sources you could use to get more information – list them. Did you find any sources that you choose not to use - why? What made you choose your sources? Do you feel your information is reliable? We had each person search for separate topics to make the process easier. We went to the library advanced search.

After going to the library we were shown where to find reliable sources through Lib Guides. The information we found was reliable, but searching for certain areas were hard to find. It took a little more time to find certain areas for the chart.


This information can be used to compare children’s developmental milestones for parent’s or other family members that are curious of these milestones. Another way to would be to find different types of games to play with appropriate age groups.



Age

15-17 puberty Problem solve Aggression Sex Judgment

Dramatic spurt Speak for themselves Peers Maturity Conscious

Peer pressure




Why or why not?

Developmental Psychology. Vol.47 (6) US : American Psychological Association pp. 1658-1673

5 This website had a chart

Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.2004-18817-000. Citation

4 Dr. Arnett wasn’t very specific

Developmental Psychology. Vol.49 (6) US: American Psychological Association pp. 1165-1173.

4 Not a lot of information

Easterlin, R. A. (1987). Birth and fortune: The impact of numbers on personal welfare (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Citation

5 Very detailed lots of information

Acklin, M. W. (1985). An ego developmental study of religious cognition. (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia State University, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45.

5 Very detailed great examples


My decision making was very precise we had to research a lot because we kept getting the same examples. We went on lib guides Therapeutic Recreation to find our information. The reason we chose our resources was because they stood out and were great to put in our categories. We used some Google websites to get a little help. We found sources and did not choose them because they were showing information we already had. Yes we feel that our information is reliable.


This info can be used for a teacher or a camp counselor dealing with this age group of children. This information can be used in the educational profession psychology profession and therapeutic recreation. A leisure activity for this age group can be charades as hobby for this age group intramurals sports.



Age

18 Continued brain development until late adolescence.

Grows taller and gains weight.

Needs life planning guidance.

Tend to be self-absorbed.

Tends to make rash decisions even though they weigh the consequences.

Technology Developed sense of humor.

Strong desire to be independent and want to do what they want freely without family.

Follow what others do.

"What's in it for me?" mentality.

20 95% of adult height reached.

Beings to think of leaving home for college, employment.

Greater capacity for setting goals.

Concerned about future, educational plans.

By the late 20s, "there's better communication between parts of the brain that process emotions and social information.

May experiment in risk taking behavior.

Strong relationship with siblings than with parents.

Firmer sense of self.

25 Marriage.

Develops unique personality and opinions.

Increased concern for the future.

Able to sense right from wrong.

Communicates in an adult manner.

Shows maturity.

Ability to compromise and make important decisions.

Relationships with family is easy and giving.

Evolve and take their place as members of society.




Why or why not?

An important study of the physical growth of children from birth to maturity. (1921). Journal of Educational Psychology, 12(8), 478-479. doi:10.1037/h0069298

Yes This article gave a lot of information about the physical parts for the age group of 18.

Störmer, V. S., Passow, S., Biesenack, J., & Li, S. (2012). Dopaminergic and cholinergic modulations of visual-spatial attention and working memory: Insights from molecular genetic research and implications for adult cognitive development. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 875-889. doi:10.1037/a0026198

Yes This was a great article not only did it give all the information that we needed but we also learn some interesting facts.

Mikami, A., Szwedo, D. E., Allen, J. P., Evans, M. A., & Hare, A. L. (2010). Adolescent peer relationships and behavior problems predict young adults’ communication on social networking websites. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 46-56. doi:10.1037/a0017420

No It was hard to find the right information.

Kiesling, C., Sorell, G. T., Montgomery, M. J., & Colwell, R. K. (2006). Identity and spirituality: A psychosocial exploration of the sense of spiritual self. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1269-1277. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1269

Yes It gave a lot of information on all the age groups.

References

Walker, L. J., & Pitts, R. C. (1998). Naturalistic conceptions of moral maturity.

No The information wasn’t as clear as we thought it should have been.

Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 403-419. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.3.403

Evaluation of information - Describe your decision making process for this project. (What types of sources did you consider? Where did you go to find your information? Why did you choose the sources you did? Are there other sources you could use to get more information – list them. Did you find any sources that you choose not to use - why? What made you choose your sources? Do you feel your information is reliable? All the sources that we have are reliable because we found all the information that we were asked for. We first looked through the article before deciding if the article was important and if it had the information that we needed. We looked for key facts like 18-20 years old in the text

Application - List some ways this information can be used. Who would find the information helpful? In what careers would a professional need this information. Give at least one example of how this information could be used. Give an example of a leisure activity (game, hobby, pastime, event, etc.) for someone in this age category. Males or females that are 18 to 25 years old can find this information helpful to them. This information can be helpful if one is trying to figure themselves out and why they feel or act the way they do. I feel that if your working with kids or someone with disabilities then this information should be known.


Domain

Age


26-40 Slowing down Mental challenges Complex thought Child and parent concern

Legitimate authority

26-40 Sedentary risk Aware of self Understand social issues

Status importance Social contract

26-40 Finesse important Global perspective Family is center Personal identity Social conscience




Why or why not?

Adult Development and Aging - Susan Krauss Whitbourne; Stacey B. Whitbourne

Call Number: HQ1061 .W48 2011

ISBN: 9780470646977

Publication Date: 2010-12-14

Yes Yes it had a bunch of reliable resources that I used a to complete the assignments.

Human Development - Diane E. Papalia; Sally Wendkos Olds; Ruth Duskin Feldman

Call Number: BF713 .P35 2009

No Didn’t have a lot of information dealing with my age group which was 26- 40.

ISBN: 9780073370163

Publication Date: 2008-10-29


During my research I went to the Winston Salem lib guides as well as the A book and A scholarly article. What made me chose these sources I was directed to these helpful sources when we attended the library.


Main people that could use this information helpful would be people who are in the field and people who are researching the same guidelines as I have.


Domain

Age


75+ years Muscle mass and strength decline, joints deteriorate, aerobic capacity and cardiac output decrease, the immune system is less responsive and visual and auditory acuity decline.

Decline in processing speed. Need to exercise brain to stay sharp to prevent cognitive deterioration.

Loss of auditory acuity could lead to a need for hearing aids and special phones to aid in communication. Very old adults communicate their wisdom and reminisce, tell stories and give advice.

Based on personal experiences. There are different theories that support social interaction and others that see a need for independence.

The fear of death often drives the need for spiritual growth. After the spiritual growth is attained, the fear of death often lessens.




Why or why not?

Ram, N., Gerstorf, D., Lindenberger, U., & Smith, J. (2011). Developmental change and intraindividual variability: Relating cognitive aging to cognitive plasticity, cardiovascular lability, and emotional diversity. Psychology And Aging, 26(2), 363-371. doi:10.1037/a0021500

4-above average

Yes, because it was easy to read and understand. It is also a recent article.

Age and physical functioning. (2007). In Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine. Retrieved from http://152.12.30.4:2048/login?url=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/cupphm/age_and_physical_functioning

3-average Yes. Cambridge is a University that does research. It’s over 5 years old and more current research may be more reliable.

Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 79(4), 644-655. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.644

3-average Probably not, we feel there are probably more current articles addressing the topic.

Giles, H. (2009). Communication in later life. In S. Littlejohn, & K. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of communication theory. (pp. 133-136). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412959384.n53

3-average This cite explains communication on a social level, I was also looking for communication on a physical level.

Fry, P. S. (2003). Perceived self-efficacy domains as predictors of fear of the unknown and fear of dying among older adults. Psychology And Aging, 18(3), 474-486. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.3.474

3-average It is an older article but still has a lot of valuable information.


Throughout the project our group tried to come to a uniformed decision about what kind of information was most important according to each domain. We considered many of the psychology and sociology journals that applied to the aging process and medical books. We searched in the Sage category under Lib Guides. We chose the sources based on our previous knowledge of the aging process and theories related to aging. We could further our search by looking in an AARP magazine, CDChealth.gov, NIHseniorhealth.gov, and even by talking with relatives and older adults through volunteer opportunities. We did find some sources that could have applied but chose not to because they only covered parts of the information that we needed. Our chosen sources were done so by a group effort of agreement that the information seemed accurate. For the most part we did feel the information was reliable but could possibly be more current, as older adults are living longer.

http://www.credoreference.com/entry/cupphm/age_and_physical_functioning


This information could be used in the health field and volunteer opportunities. We could use it to help understand older adults better so we can better help them. We could even use it with our own relatives. Anyone in the health field would find this information helpful, as well as caregivers and family of older adults. An example of using this information is to understand that older adults have weaker immune systems and therefore need a current flu shot yearly to keep them from exposure to the influenza virus. Reminiscing the past with a grandchild by listening to music from their era would be a leisure activity for an older adult.

Developmental Milestones

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