Development Trajectories, Emission Profile, and Policy Actions: Singapore

7/28/2019 Development Trajectories, Emission Profile, and Policy Actions: Singapore

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JMDK Sgroklc ^jper Verkes

Mevehgpielt ]rj`eftgrkes(Eiksskgl ^rgakhe( jlm ^ghkfy

Jftkgls0 Vklcjpgre

]khjo O, Mgsbk jlmLekh Vedjstkjl MVguzj

Lg, =4=Ijy 4>:6

Jskjl Mevehgpielt Djlo Klstktute


2/42

]be Sgroklc jper serkes ks j fgltklujtkgl ga tbe agrierhy ljiem Mksfusskgl jper serkes? tbeluiderklc ga tbe pjpers fgltkluem wktbgut klterruptkgl gr fbjlce, JMDKs wgroklc pjpersreaheft klktkjh kmejs gl j tgpkf jlm jre pgstem glhkle agr mksfusskgl, JMDK elfgurjces rejmers tg

pgst tbekr fgiielts gl tbe ijkl pjce agr ejfb wgroklc pjper "ckvel kl tbe fktjtkgl dehgw+,Vgie wgroklc pjpers ijy mevehgp kltg gtber agris ga pudhkfjtkgl,

Vuccestem fktjtkgl0

Mgsbk( ], O, jlm L, Vedjstkjl MVguzj, 4>:6, Mevehgpielt ]rj`eftgrkes( Eiksskgl rgakhe( jlm^ghkfy Jftkgls0 Vklcjpgre, JMDK Sgroklc ^jper =4=, ]goyg0 Jskjl Mevehgpielt Djlo Klstktute,Jvjkhjdhe0 bttp0''www,jmdk,grc'wgroklc)pjper'4>:6'>5'6>'5343,eiksskgl,prgakhe,pghkfy,jftkgls,sklcjpgre'

^hejse fgltjft tbe jutbgrs agr klagrijtkgl jdgut tbks pjper,

Eijkh0 esktomNlus,emu,sc

]khjo O, Mgsbk jlm Lekh Vedjstkjl MVguzj jre fbkea efglgikst ! prklfkpjh aehhgw jlmaehhgw( respeftkvehy( jt tbe Elercy Vtumkes Klstktute( Ljtkgljh Ulkverskty ga Vklcjpgre,

]bks pjper wjs prepjrem js j djfocrgulm pjper agr tbe sefglm wgrosbgp ga tbe JskjlMevehgpielt Djlo "JMD+'Jskjl Mevehgpielt Djlo Klstktute "JMDK+ Ahjcsbkp Vtumy(Fhkijte Fbjlce jlm Creel Jskj,

]be vkews expressem kl tbks pjper jre tbe vkews ga tbe jutbgrs jlm mg lgt lefessjrkhyreaheft tbe vkews gr pghkfkes ga JMDK( tbe JMD( kts Dgjrm ga Mkreftgrs( gr tbe cgverlieltstbey represelt, JMDK mges lgt cujrjltee tbe jffurjfy ga tbe mjtj klfhumem kl tbks pjperjlm jffepts lg respglskdkhkty agr jly fglsequelfes ga tbekr use, ]eriklghgcy usem ijylgt lefessjrkhy de fglskstelt wktb JMD gaakfkjh teris,

Jskjl Mevehgpielt Djlo KlstktuteOjsuikcjseok Dukhmklc 2A6)4)5 Ojsuikcjseok( Fbkygmj)ou

]goyg :>>)1>>2( @ jpjl

]eh0 /2:)6)65;6)55>>Ajx0 /2:)6)65;6)553:UTH0 www,jmdk,grcE)ijkh0 klagNjmdk,grc

4>:6 Jskjl Mevehgpielt Djlo Klstktute


3/42

JMDK Sgroklc jper =4= Mgsbk jlm MVguzj

Jdst rjf t

Vklcjpgre ks tbe igst klmustrkjhkzem jlm urdjlkzem fgultry kl Vgutbejst Jskj jlm ks tgtjhhymepelmelt gl gkh jlm ljturjh cjs kipgrts tg sjtksay kts elercy leems, Kts ljtkgljh elercy pghkfyarjiewgro seeos tg aklm j djhjlfe detweel ijkltjklklc Vklcjpgres fgipetktkveless( kiprgvklcelercy sefurkty( jlm elbjlfklc elvkrglieltjh sustjkljdkhkty, Kl tbks pjper( we mksfuss wbere

Vklcjpgre stjlms wktb recjrm tg kts elercy fglsuiptkgl jlm FG4eiksskgls( kts elercy pghkfkestg mjte( jlm tbgse tbjt wkhh de kipheieltem kl tbe lejr auture, Se use j Vklcjpgre Elercy)Efglgiy igmeh djsem gl tbe Hglc Tjlce Elercy Jhterljtkves hjllklc "HEJ + arjiewgro tgjssess tbe kipjft ga elercy eaakfkelfy jlm fglservjtkgl pghkfkes gl Vklcjpgres elercykltelskty jlm FG4 eiksskgls tbrgucb tg 4>5>, Se jhsg mksfuss tbe fbjhhelces tbjt Vklcjpgrewkhh ajfe gl jffgult ga fhkijte fbjlce pghkfkes jaaeftklc oey seftgrs ga kts efglgiy, Se aklm tbjtVklcjpgre bjs jfbkevem iufb prgcress gver tbe pjst agur mefjmes, ^rumelt elercy pghkfkesjlm j fbjlcklc efglgikf strufture bjve hem tg igre eaakfkelt use ga elercy js evkmelfem dyVklcjpgres mefhklklc elercy kltelskty, ]bere ks fglskmerjdhe ulfertjklty js tg tbe evghutkgl ga jchgdjh jcreeielt gl FG4 eiksskgls remuftkgls jlm tbe exjft ljture ga tbe fgiiktielts tbjtfgultrkes wkhh de behm tg, Ckvel Vklcjpgres stjtus js j preeiklelt sbkppklc felter jlm chgdjhgkh reaklklc felter( FG4 eiksskgls pghkfkes tbjt wkhh jaaeft tbese klmustrkes wkhh kipjft Vklcjpgres

efglgiy ka kssues ga fjrdgl hejojce jre lgt jmequjtehy jmmressem,

@EH Fhjsskakfjtkgl0 G56( Z62( Z=5( Z=2


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Fgltelts

:, Kltrgmuftkgl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 64,

]be HEJ^ Igmeh ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

6, Vfeljrkgs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5=, Tesuhts ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25, Elercy Use kl Vklcjpgre ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :61, Elercy ghkfy Klktkjtkves0 Furrelt jlm hjllem Jftkgls tg Furd Eiksskgls ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :5

1,: ^rgigtkgl ga Fgipetktkve Ijroets ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :51,4 Mkverskakfjtkgl ga Elercy Vgurfes ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :11,6 Mevehgpklc Vklcjpgres Elercy Klmustry ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :11,= Vteppklc)up Klterljtkgljh Fggperjtkgl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :21,5 ]joklc j Sbghe)ga)Cgverlielt Jpprgjfb ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :;1,1 Elbjlfklc Elercy Eaakfkelfy ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :;

3, Fjse Vtumkes ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 443,: Elercy Eaakfkelt Dukhmklcs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 443,4 Tgjm ]rjlspgrtjtkgl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 46

2, Gtber Cgverlielt Klktkjtkves tbjt jre Fgipjtkdhe wktb Creel Crgwtb ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 452,: Argi j Cjrmel Fkty tg j Fkty kl j Cjrmel ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 452,4 Sjste Ijljceielt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 412,6 ^ghhutkgl Ijljceielt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 432,= Vklcjpgre js j Fjrdgl Bud ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 42

;, Fbjhhelces Jbejm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4;;,: Klmustry ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4;;,4 Teckgljh Fggperjtkgl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 66

:>, Fglfhuskgl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 63Teaerelfes ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 62


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6

:, KL]TGMUF]KGL

Vklcjpgre ks tbe igst klmustrkjhkzem jlm urdjlkzem fgultry kl Vgutbejst Jskj( rjpkmhytrjlsktkglklc argi j crgss mgiestkf prgmuft "CM^+ per fjpktj ga UV-=42 kl :;1> tg UV-61(563kl 4>>;,: Kt ks j sijhh fgultry tbjt fglsksts ga 16 kshjlms "klfhumklc tbe ijkl kshjlm( fgiiglhy

reaerrem tg js Vklcjpgre Kshjlm+, Tefhjijtkgl ga hjlm bjs resuhtem kl tbe expjlskgl gaVklcjpgres hjlm jrej tg jpprgxkijtehy 3:>,6 oi4 kl 4>>; argi 52:,5 oi kl tbe :;1>s,4

Bkcbhy urdjlkzem jlm wktb jl estkijtem pgpuhjtkgl ga 5,>2 ikhhkgl kl 4>>; "wbkfb crew dy gver6% argi 4>>1 tg 4>:>+( Vklcjpgres pgpuhjtkgl melskty stjlms jt jpprgxkijtehy 3(:>>persgls'oi4( wbkfb ijoes kt gle ga tbe igst melsehy pgpuhjtem fgultrkes kl tbe wgrhm,

6Mespkte

kts pgpuhjtkgl jlm hjlm fglstrjklts( Vklcjpgre( j vkdrjlt aree)ijroet efglgiy( bjs heverjcem ktsstrjteckf hgfjtkgl jlm bjs defgie gle ga tbe wgrhms duskest sbkppklc pgrts( jl kipgrtjltpetrgheui bud( j ij`gr supphker ga gkh jlm cjs equkpielt kl Vgutb)Ejst Jskj( jlm jl eiercklchejmer kl tbe dkgiemkfjh klmustry,

=Sktb recjrm tg elercy( Vklcjpgre ks tgtjhhy mepelmelt gl gkh

jlm ljturjh cjs kipgrts tg sjtksay kts elercy leems,

Ckvel kts ulkque ljtkgljh fkrfuistjlfes( Vklcjpgres ljtkgljh elercy pghkfy arjiewgro seeos tg

aklm j djhjlfe detweel ijkltjklklc Vklcjpgres fgipetktkveless( kiprgvklc elercy sefurkty(jlm elbjlfklc elvkrglieltjh sustjkljdkhkty,

5Kl tbks pjper( we use j Vklcjpgre Elercy)

Efglgiy Igmeh djsem gl tbe Hglc Tjlce Elercy Jhterljtkves hjllklc "HEJ + arjiewgro tgjssess tbe kipjft ga elercy eaakfkelfy jlm fglservjtkgl pghkfkes gl Vklcjpgres elercykltelskty jlm FG4 eiksskgls tbrgucb tg 4>5>, Se tbel mksfuss wbere Vklcjpgre stjlms wktbrecjrm tg kts elercy fglsuiptkgl jlm FG4 eiksskgls jlm tbe elercy pghkfkes tbjt bjve deelkipheieltem tbus ajr gr tbgse tbjt wkhh de kipheieltem kl tbe lejr auture, Lext( we fglskmer tbegtber elvkrglieltjh pghkfkes tbjt Vklcjpgre bjs klstktutem kl grmer tg crgw sustjkljdhy, Akljhhy(we fglskmer tbe fbjhhelces tbjt Vklcjpgre wkhh ajfe gl jffgult ga fhkijte fbjlce pghkfkesjaaeftklc oey seftgrs ga kts efglgiy jlm kts oey strjteckes ga creelklc kts crgwtb trjèftgry,

4, ]BE HEJ^ IGMEH

Kl grmer tg meterikle tbe elercy crgwtb trjèftgrkes we mevehgp jl elercy)efglgiy igmeh gaVklcjpgre kl HEJ^, Bere we ckve j drkea gvervkew ga tbe igmeh, J ahgw fbjrt trjfoklc tbefglverskgl ga prkijry auehs tg eheftrkfkty gr reaklem prgmufts agr akljh meijlm ks khhustrjtem klAkcure :, Fgjh use ks klfhumem kl tbe fbjrt evel tbgucb kts rghe ks klskclkakfjlt kl Vklcjpgre( js ktks refgrmem "jt j iklkijh usjce+ kl tbe Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfys "KEJ+ elercy djhjlfetjdhe agr Vklcjpgre,

1Se bjve jhsg klfhumem sghjr pgwer js j sgurfe agr eheftrkfkty celerjtkgl

:Mepjrtielt ga Vtjtkstkfs Vklcjpgre( jffessem jtbttp0''www,sklcstjt,cgv,sc'stjts'tbeies'efglgiy'bkst'cmp,btih&tgp,

4

Sktb fgltkluklc hjlm refhjijtkgl( hjlm jrej kl Vklcjpgre ikcbt klfrejse dy jdgut jlgtber :>> oi4

dy 4>6> jspgsktem dy Bgusklc jlm Mevehgpielt Dgjrm "BMD+( @ urglc ]gwl Fgrpgrjtkgl "@ ]F+( jlm VJ Fgrpgrjtkgl( wbkfbjre tbe prklfkpjh hjlm refhjijtkgl jcelfkes, ]bks ks( bgwever( mepelmelt gl twg fglskmerjtkgls0 tbe klfrejsklcfgsts ga aurtber refhjijtkgls "mue tg refhjijtkgl prgèfts igvklc aurtber gaasbgre+ jlm tbe leem tg pursueVklcjpgres ijrktkie gdèftkves,

6Mepjrtielt ga Vtjtkstkfs Vklcjpgre( jffessem jt bttp0''www,sklcstjt,cgv,sc'stjts'oeyklm,btih,

=Jskj jfkakf Elercy Tesejrfb Felter 4>>;,

5Iklkstry ga ]rjme jlm Klmustry Vklcjpgre 4>>3,

1Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfy 4>>;,


6/42


=

mespkte kts furrelt ijrckljh stjtus tg jhhgw agr tbe pgsskdkhkty ga sgie heveh ga peletrjtkgl ga sghjrpgwer kltg Vklcjpgres aueh ikx kl tbe hglc rul,

3

Akcure :0Vklcjpgres Elercy Vystei kl tbe HEJ^ Igmeh

HEJ^ 9Hglc Tjlce Elercy Jhterljtkves hjllklc,

Vgurfe0 Vklcjpgre Elercy)Efglgiy Igmeh kl HEJ^,

]be igmeh prg efts akljh elercy meijlms djsem gl exgcelgus jssuiptkgls ga efglgikfcrgwtb( pgpuhjtkgl crgwtb( etf,( jlm kt fjhfuhjtes tbe fgrrespglmklc prkijry elercy meijlm jskhhustrjtem kl Akcure 4, Fgrrehjtkgls jiglc elercy use jlm ijfrgefglgikf pjrjieters jremerkvem dy tkie serkes recresskgl jljhysks ga bkstgrkfjh mjtj, ]gtjh akljh elercy "]AE+ meijlmfgvers elercy meijlms kl agur elm)use seftgrsklmustry( trjlspgrt( gtbers( jlm lgl)elercyuse, ]be gtbers seftgr klfhumes reskmeltkjh( fgiierfkjh( pudhkf servkfes( jlm jcrkfuhtureseftgrs, ]be lgl)elercy use seftgr fgvers tbe fglsuiptkgl ga petrgheui prgmufts js rjwijterkjhs( sufb js tbe use ga ljpbtbj js aeemstgfo kl tbe petrgfbeikfjh klmustry jlm tbe use gahudrkfjlts kl jutgigdkhes, Kl tbe igmeh( Vklcjpgres CM ks prg`eftem tg crgw jt 6,5% perjllui argi 4>>3 tg 4>6> jlm kts pgpuhjtkgl jt >,2% per jllui gver tbe sjie perkgm,

Akcure 40 Vtruf ture ga Vklcjpgre Elercy)Efglgiy)Igmeh

HEJ^ 9Hglc Tjlce Elercy Jhterljtkves hjllklc,


3EVK Duhhetkl 4>>;, 4"4+, Mevehgpielt ga relewjdhe elercy kl Vklcjpgre,


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5

6, VFELJTKGV

]wg sfeljrkgs were mevehgpem tg jssess tbe elercy use trj eftgrkes kl hkcbt ga elercy eaakfkelfyjlm fglservjtkgl pghkfkes kl Vklcjpgre, ]be Duskless Js Usujh "DJU+ sfeljrkg prgèftselercy use jlm FG4 eiksskgls tjoklc kltg fglskmerjtkgl elercy pghkfkes kipheieltem up ultkh

elm)4>:>( wbkhe tbe Jhterljtkve ^ghkfy Vfeljrkg "J^V+ prgèfts elercy use jlm FG4 eiksskglskl j fjse wbere tbere ks bkcber uptjoe ga elercy eaakfkelfy jlm fglservjtkgl pghkfkes, Kl tbksfjse( meijlm ijljceielt pghkfkes jre jssuiem tg de igre eaaeftkve( js buijl debjvkgr ksigre ehjstkf gr respglskve tg sufb pghkfkes,

]jdhe : suiijrkzes jssuiptkgls kl tbese twg sfeljrkgs, Se fgipjre tbe twg sfeljrkgs wktb jdjsehkle sfeljrkg "DJV+( wbkfb prgèfts tbe bypgtbetkfjh elercy use jlm FG4 eiksskgls ckveltbe kipheieltjtkgl ga elercy eaakfkelfy pghkfkes up ultkh elm)4>>3, Kl 4>>3( tbe gverjhh tberijheaakfkelfy ga cjs)akrem pgwer phjlts wjs =:%, Jffgrmklc tg Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfy "KEJ+(tbe jverjce tberijh eaakfkelfy ga fgidklem fyfhe cjs turdkle "FFC]+ celerjtgrs wjs 53% jlmtbjt ga fglveltkgljh pgwer phjlts wjs =:,:%,

2Se jssuie tbjt dgtb tbe DJU jlm J^V

sfeljrkgs wkhh see kiprgveielts kl tbe eaakfkelfkes ga cjs jlm tberijh pgwer phjlts, Dy 4>6>(cjs)akrem turdkles jttjkl =5% eaakfkelfy( wbkhe tberijh pgwer phjlts wkhh bjve jttjklem jl

eaakfkelfy ga jpprgxkijtehy =:%, Aurtber kiprgveielts kl tbe aghhgwklc mefjme jre jssuiem tggffur wberedy dy 4>5>( cjs)akrem turdkles jttjkl =;% eaakfkelfy( wbkhe tberijh pgwer phjltsjttjkl jl eaakfkelfy ga jpprgxkijtehy =4%, Kl dgtb sfeljrkgs( tbe sbjre ga eheftrkfkty fgltrkdutemdy sghjr pgwer rejfbes 5% dy 4>5>,

Jlgtber jssuiptkgl ks tbjt cjsghkle fglsuiptkgl ks hklejrhy prgpgrtkgljh tg Vklcjpgres fjrpgpuhjtkgl, ]be Hjlm ]rjlspgrt Jutbgrkty "H]J+ bjs fjppem tbe crgwtb rjte ga vebkfhes jt :,5%argi 4>>; tg 4>::, ]berejater( we jssuie tbjt tbe jllujh crgwtb rjte ks js per bkstgrkfjh hevehs,Kl j lutsbehh( cjsghkle use crgws dy 4,4% kl DJV jlm dy :,;% kl dgtb DJU jlm J^V, Agrmkeseh( tbe jllujh crgwtb rjte ks jssuiem tg de 6% argi 4>>; tg 4>5>, Kl dgtb sfeljrkgs( mkesehuse crgws dy 4,2% per jllui,

2Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfy 4>:>,


8/42


9/42

JMDK Sgroklc jper =4=

3

Veftgr Elercy^ghkfkes

^ghkfy Klterpretjtkgl jlm Zujltkakfjtkgl JssuiptkgDJV Vfel

Fgiierfkjh DFJ CreelIjro Vfbeie

Kl 4>>:( tbe Creel Elercy Ijljceielt "CEI+ jt Crjlm Byjtt Vklcjpgremeiglstrjtem j remuftkgl ga 1>% kl eheftrkfkty fglsuiptkgl, Se jssuie tbeelercy sjvklc pgteltkjhs klfrejse argi >% kl 4>:> tg :>% jlm 4>% kl 4>6>"argi tbe djsehkle+ jlm tg :5% jlm 45% kl 4>5> "argi tbe djsehkle+ kl tbe

twg sfeljrkgs,

Eheftrkfkty crgws jtFJCT ga 4,

Klmustry EEL ^rgcrji Sktb reaerelfe tg KEJs Elercy ]efblghgcy ]rjlsktkgls agr Klmustry 4>>;( tbejpphkfjtkgl ga dest jvjkhjdhe tefblghgcy "DJ]+ fguhm remufe elercy use kltbe klmustry seftgr dy :6%4;%, Se jssuie tbe elercy sjvklc pgteltkjhsklfrejse argi >% kl 4>:> tg 5% jlm :>% kl 4>6> "argi tbe djsehkle+ tg :>%jlm :5% kl 4>5> "argi tbe djsehkle+ kl tbe twg sfeljrkgs,

]gtjh elerccrgws jtFJCT ga 6,=

Lgte0 DJV 9Djsehkle( DJU 9Duskless js Usujh( J^V 9Jhterljtkve ^ghkfy Vfeljrkg( js meaklem kl Veftkgl 6,

Vgurfe0 Jutbgrs,


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2

Detweel tbe twg sfeljrkgs( bgwever( tbe crgwtb ga eheftrkfkty kl tbe reskmeltkjh( fgiierfkjh( jlmklmustry seftgrs mkaaer, Kl tbe DJU fjse( tbere ks j 4,5% remuftkgl kl eheftrkfkty use kl tbereskmeltkjh seftgr rehjtkve tg tbe DJV fjse( wbkhe kl tbe J^V fjse( tbere ks j 3,5% remuftkgl( tgreaheft tbe pgsskdhe mkaaerelfes kl tbe eaaeftkveless ga tbe hjdehklc sfbeie jlm tbe ElercyFbjhhelce fjipjkcl,

;

Kl 4>>:( Creel Elercy Ijljceielt "CEI+ meiglstrjtem j remuftkgl ga 1>% kl eheftrkfktyfglsuiptkgl,:>

Kl tbe fgiierfkjh seftgr( ckvel gur ulmerstjlmklc ga tbe vkltjce ga dukhmklcstgfo kl Vklcjpgre( we jssuie j remuftkgl ga eheftrkfkty use dy :5% rehjtkve tg tbe DJV fjse kltbe DJU sfeljrkg( jlm dy 45% kl tbe J^V kl 4>5>, Sktb reaerelfe tg KEJs Elercy ]efblghgcy

]rjlsktkgls agr Klmustry 4>>;(::

tbe jpphkfjtkgl ga Dest Jvjkhjdhe ]efblghgcy "DJ]+ fguhmremufe elercy use kl tbe klmustry seftgr dy :6%4;%, ]bereagre( tbe elercy sjvklc pgteltkjh kltbe klmustry seftgr ks jssuiem tg de 5% jlm :>% ga tbe djsehkles vjhue kl 4>6> kl tbe DJUjlm J^V sfeljrkgs( respeftkvehy( jlm :>% jlm :5% ga tbe djsehkles vjhue kl 4>5> kl tbe DJUjlm J^V sfeljrkgs( respeftkvehy,

=, TEVUH]V

]be resuhts ga tbe igmeh kl teris ga tgtjh akljh elercy "]AE+ meijlm ulmer tbe DJV( DJU( jlmJ^V sfeljrkgs jre sbgwl kl Akcure 6, Kl tbe DJV sfeljrkg( tgtjh akljh elercy "]AE+ meijlmcrgws jt 4,;% per jllui ]AE meijlm crgws dy 4,3=% ulmer tbe DJU sfeljrkg( jlm dy 4,3:%ulmer tbe J^V, Akcure 6 jhsg sbgws akljh elercy meijlms agr tbe klmustry( trjlspgrt( jlm gtbersseftgrs( js wehh js tbe ]AE meijlm agr tbe fgultry,

:4

Js expeftem( akljh elercy meijlm agr ejfb ga tbese seftgrs jlm agr tbe efglgiy)wkme tgtjh jrebkcbest agr tbe DJV sfeljrkg wbere Vklcjpgres elercy pghkfkes up ultkh elm 4>>3 jre jssuiemtg de kipheieltem, ]be akljh elercy meijlm agr tbe klmustry jlm gtbers seftgrs jre hgwestulmer tbe J^V, Kl tbe twg pghkfy sfeljrkgs( tbe Elercy Hjdehklc Vfbeie( tbe EEL prgcrji(jlm DFJ Creel Ijro Vfbeie retjrm tbe crgwtb ga elercy use kl tbe klmustry jlm gtbers "wbkfbklfhumes fgiierfkjh jlm reskmeltkjh+ seftgrs rehjtkve tg tbe DJV sfeljrkg, ]be QZV remufes

elercy use kl tbe trjlspgrt seftgr,

;:>% Elercy Fbjhhelce dy Elercy Eaakfkelfy rgcrjiie Gaakfe( jffessem jtbttp0''www,e4sklcjpgre,cgv,sc'elercy)fbjhhelce,btih,

:>Ljtkgljh Elercy Eaakfkelfy Fgiikttee, 4>>2, Fjse stumy0 Creel Elercy Ijljceielt jt Crjlm Byjtt Vklcjpgre,

::Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfy 4>>;,

:4Akcure 6 mges lgt sbgw akljh elercy meijlm agr tbe lgl)elercy use seftgr "prkijrkhy petrgfbeikfjhs+ wbkfb ks tbesjie jfrgss tbe DJV( DJU sfeljrkg( jlm J^V, Kt sbguhm de lgtem tbjt tbe very bkcb heveh ga akljh elercy meijlmagr tbe lgl)elercy use seftgr( js sbgwl kl KEJs elercy djhjlfe tjdhe agr Vklcjpgre( prgdjdhy reahefts tbe ajft tbjtkt klfhumes tbe elercy meijlm agr expgrtem petrgfbeikfjhs js wehh, Jt 3,= Itge kl 4>>5( akljh elercy meijlm agrtbe lgl)elercy use seftgr wjs hjrcer tbjl tbjt agr klmustry( trjlspgrt jlm gtbers seftgrs, ]be lext hjrcest akljhelercy meijlm wjs agr tbe trjlspgrt seftgr( jt 4,4 Itge,


11/42


;

Akcure 60 Akljh Elercy Meijlm kl 4>5>



Akcure = sbgws tbe eheftrkfkty celerjtem kl 4>5> jfrgss tbe tbree sfeljrkgs, Kl tbe DJV( tgtjheheftrkfkty celerjtem klfrejses argi 62,4 ]Sb kl 4>>5 tg :51,: ]Sb dy 4>5>, Kl fgltrjst( ulmertbe DJU sfeljrkg( tgtjh eheftrkfkty celerjtem kl 4>6> ks :=3,= ]Sb( wbkhe kl tbe J^V( kt ks :65,=

]Sb, Kl crgwtb teris( tbe J^V bjs eheftrkfkty celerjtkgl crgwklc jt 4,6% per jllui( wbkhe kltbe DJU sfeljrkg( tbe rjte ks 4,5% p,j,( wbkfb ks dehgw tbe 4,1% per jllui heveh agr tbe DJVfjse,

Akcure =0 Eheftrkfk ty Celerjtkgl kl 4>5>




12/42


:>

Kl Akcure 5( tbe resuhts agr tbe tbree sfeljrkgs jre repgrtem agr prkijry elercy meijlm dy aueh kl4>5>, ]be use ga gkh kl tbe DJV klfrejses tg =2,; Itge kl 4>5>( argi ::,= Itge kl 4>>5, ]bksfgipjres wktb j remuftkgl kl tbe use ga gkh ulmer tbe twg pghkfy sfeljrkgs, ]be mkaaerelfe kl gkhuse kl 4>6> detweel tbe J^V jlm DJU sfeljrkg ks rehjtkvehy klskclkakfjlt( jt glhy >,6 Itge(reaheftklc tbe hkiktem kipjft tbjt hjdehklc( dukhmklc fgmes( jlm tbe EEL prgcrji ks hkoehy tgbjve gl gkh use, ]be use ga ljturjh cjs kl tbe DJV klfrejses tg :2,2 Itge dy 4>5> argi 5,;

Itge kl 4>>5, ]bks fgipjres wktb :=,5 Itge ga ljturjh cjs usem kl tbe DJU sfeljrkg jlm :6,5Itge kl tbe J^V, ]bere ks j rehjtkvehy sijhh fgltrkdutkgl dy sghjr pgwer kl tbe DJU jlm J^Vfjse( jt >,= Itge kl 4>5>,

Akcure 50 ^rkijry Elercy Meijlm dy Aueh ]ype kl 4>5>




13/42


::

Akcure 1 sbgws tbe crgwtb trjèftgrkes agr CM "wbkfb ks tbe sjie jfrgss sfeljrkgs+jlm tgtjh prkijry elercy "]Ê+ meijlm jfrgss tbe tbree sfeljrkgs "CM jlm ]Ê jrelgrijhkzem tg :>> kl 4>>5+, Js seel kl Akcure 1( tbe DJU jlm J^V sfeljrkgs bjve jhgwer crgwtb trjèftgry kl ]Ê meijlm rehjtkve tg tbe DJV sfeljrkg, Bgwever( tbere ksrehjtkvehy hktthe mkaaerelfe kl ]Ê meijlm detweel tbese twg pghkfy sfeljrkgs,

Akcure 10 ]gtjh ^rkijry Elercy Meijlms kl 4>5>

Lgte0 ]ÊF 9]gtjh ^rkijry Elercy Fglsuiptkgl? DJV 9Djsehkle( DJU 9Duskless js Usujh( J^V 9Jhterljtkve ^ghkfyVfeljrkg( js meaklem kl Veftkgl 6,


Vklcjpgres elercy kltelskty:6 kiprgvem dy :5% detweel :;;> jlm 4>>5 mue tg tbejmgptkgl ga detter tefblghgcy kl pgwer celerjtkgl jlm tbe igre prgmuftkve use gaelercy kl gtber seftgrs,:=Akcure 3 sbgws tbe elercy kltelskty:5 jttjklem kl tbe tbreesfeljrkgs js wehh js elercy kltelskty tjrcets jllgulfem kl Vklcjpgres VustjkljdheMevehgpielt Dhueprklt "4>>;+,:1 Js fjl de seel( Vklcjpgre ajkhs tg ieet kts tjrcettrjèftgry agr elercy kltelskty kl tbe DJV fjse argi 4>45 glwjrms, Kl fgltrjst( wbel tbeelercy pghkfkes jre klstktutem( Vklcjpgre jfbkeves hgwer elercy kltelskty trjèftgrkestbjl kts tjrcet trjèftgry represeltem dy tbe mgttem hkle "up ultkh 4>6>+ ulmer dgtb tbeDJU jlm J^V sfeljrkgs,

:6Gl jl efglgiy)wkme heveh( elercy fglsuiptkgl per mghhjr crgss mgiestkf prgmuft "-CM +( gr elercy kltelskty( ksusem chgdjhhy js jl klmkfjtgr ga j fgultrys stjte ga elercy eaakfkelfy,

:=Klter)Iklksterkjh Fgiikttee gl Vustjkljdhe Mevehgpielt, 4>>;, ]be Vustjkljdhe Mevehgpielt Dhueprklt,

:5Meaklem js ]Ê meijlm per ulkt CM "fglstjlt mghhjr+,

:1Vklcjpgre bjs j ljtkgljh tjrcet ga kiprgvklc elercy kltelskty dy 4>% dy 4>4> jlm dy 65% dy 4>6> argi tbe 4>>5heveh,

Jftujh ^rgèftkgl


14/42


:4

Akcure 30 Vklcjpgres Elercy Kltelskty Guthggo



Kl Akcure 2( we sbgw tbe eiksskgl trj`eftgrkes ulmer tbe DJV( DJU( jlm J^V sfeljrkgs,:3

Jffgrmklc tg KEJ mjtj( Vklcjpgres FG4 eiksskgls rgse argi 42,2 It)FG4 kl :;;> tg =5,> It)FG4 kl 4>>3 jt j crgwtb rjte ga 4,3% per jllui

:2Kt fjl de seel tbjt tbe mkaaerelfe kl FG4

eiksskgl hevehs detweel twg pghkfy sfeljrkgs ks rehjtkvehy klskclkakfjlt, Dy 4>5>( tbe J^V FG4eiksskgls jre glhy 6,6 It)FG4 hgwer tbjl tbjt kl tbe DJU, Bgwever( tbe cjp detweel tbe pghkfysfeljrkgs jlm tbe DJV ks qukte hjrce( tbe mkaaerelfe deklc wktbkl tbe 44,445,5 It)FG4 rjlce,

:3Eiksskgls jre fjhfuhjtem argi tbe Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfy#s "KEJ+ Elercy Djhjlfe mjtj usklc tbe ietbgmsjlm eiksskgls ajftgrs argi tbe Tevksem :;;1 Klterljtkgljh jleh gl Fhkijte Fbjlce "K FF+ Cukmehkles agrLjtkgljh Creelbguse Cjs Klveltgrkes "Cukmehkles+ jvjkhjdhe jt bttp0''www,kpfflcckp,kces,gr,p'pudhkf'ch'klvs:,bti,Igre klagrijtkgl gl KEJ#s Elercy Djhjlfes fjl de agulm jt bttp0''mjtj,kej,grc'stjts'fgmedggo'wdjhmgf,btih, ]beK FF jhhgws fgultrkes tg use ektber tbe reaerelfe jpprgjfb gr tbe seftgrjh jpprgjfb wbel repgrtklc tbekr FG4eiksskgls, ]be eiksskgls sbgwl bere use tbe seftgrjh jpprgjfb( wbkfb estkijtes eiksskgls djsem gl tbefgidustkgl rjtber tbjl tbe supphy ga auehs,

:2Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfy 4>>;,


15/42


:6

Akcure 20 Vklcjpgres FG4 Eiksskgls



5, ELETC[ UVE KL VKLCJ^GTE

Vklcjpgre bjs experkelfem skclkakfjlt efglgikf crgwtb gver tbe pjst agur mefjmeskts CM^klfrejsklc argi UV-4,43 dkhhkgl kl :;3: tg UV-444,3 dkhhkgl kl 4>:>,

:;Murklc tbe sjie perkgm(

Vklcjpgres CM per fjpktj rgse jt j fgipgulmem jllujh crgwtb rjte ga jpprgxkijtehy :>%,]bks crgwtb wjs jffgipjlkem dy jl klfrejse kl elercy meijlm, Vklcjpgres tgtjh akljh elercyfglsuiptkgl crew jt j fgipgulm jllujh crgwtb rjte "FJCT+ ga 1,6%( argi 5 ikhhkgl tgls ga gkh

equkvjhelt "Itge+ kl :;;> tg :4,5 Itge kl 4>>5, Akcure ; sbgws tbe elercy fglsuiptkgl ga tbeelm)use seftgrs agr :;;> jlm 4>>5, Eheftrkfkty celerjtkgl crew jt 1,:% per jllui argi :5,3

]erjwjtt)bgur "]Sb+ tg 62,4 ]Sb kl tbks perkgm, ]be prkijry aueh fgipgsktkgl agr eheftrkfktycelerjtkgl bjs fbjlcem mrjijtkfjhhy gver tbe pjst mefjme, Ljturjh cjs( wbkfb jffgultem agr42% ga eheftrkfkty celerjtkgl kl Vklcjpgre kl 4>>:( crew rjpkmhy tg supphy jhigst 35% gaVklcjpgres eheftrkfkty dy 4>>5,

4>Furrelthy( aueh gkh use agr tberijh pgwer celerjtkgl ks jrgulm

:;,6% jlm ks seel js j rejsgljdhe djhjlfklc jhterljtkve tg j tgtjh mepelmelfe gl ljturjh cjs,

:;Mepjrtielt ga Vtjtkstkfs Vklcjpgre "bttp0''www,sklcstjt,cgv,sc'stjts'tbeies'efglgiy'bkst'cmp4,btih+,

4>Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfy 4>>;,


16/42


:=

Akcure ;0 Elercy Fglsuiptkgl kl Elm)use Veftgrs

Vgurfe0 KEJ Elercy Djhjlfes ga Lgl)GEFM Fgultrkes "4>>;+,

]gtjh prkijry elercy fglsuiptkgl crew jt 1,:% per jllui( argi ::,= Itge kl :;;> tg 43,3Itge kl 4>>5, Akcure ; sbgws j mksjccrecjtkgl ga elercy fglsuiptkgl dy elm)use, Vklcjpgressghe elercy sgurfe kl :;;> wjs gkh( fglsuiptkgl ga wbkfb klfrejsem rjpkmhy argi ::,= Itge kl:;;> tg 4:,2 Itge kl 4>>5( jt j crgwtb rjte ga =,=% per jllui Ljturjh cjs sbjre crew jatertbe fglstruftkgl ga pkpehkles tg aueh ljturjh cjs)akrem pgwer phjlts, ]be akrst pkpehkle sgurfem cjsargi Ijhjyskj kl :;;:( wbkfb wjs aghhgwem dy twg igre pkpehkles argi Klmgleskj, Fglsuiptkglga ljturjh cjs klfrejsem argi >,= Itge kl :;;4 tg 5,; Itge kl 4>>3 jt j crgwtb rjte ga 4>,3%per jllui, ]g expjlm ber kipgrt fjpjdkhkty jlm sgurfklc gptkgls( Vklcjpgre wkhh bjve jlgperjtkgljh HLC terikljh wktb j tbrgucbput fjpjfkty ga 1 ikhhkgl tglles per jllui dy 4>:6,

4:

Akcure :>0 FG4 Eiksskgls per Fjpktj "tFG4+

Vgurfe0 SMK "4>::+( FMKJF "4>::+,

4:]bkrm ]jlo agr Vklcjpgre#s HLC ]erikljh gl tbe Djfo ga Vtrglc HLC Uptjoe( Iemkj Tehejse dy tbe ElercyIjroet Jutbgrkty ga Vklcjpgre gl 4 Lgveider 4>:>( jffessem jt bttp0''www,eij,cgv,sc'lews'vkew'443,


17/42


:5

]be klfrejse kl elercy fglsuiptkgl bjs deel jffgipjlkem dy crejter FG4eiksskgls, Kl 4>>;(Vklcjpgre eikttem lejrhy =2(>>> t FG4 wbkfb ks j ajftgr ga :> klfrejse argi kts vjhue kl tbe:;3>s,

44Bgwever( gl j per fjpktj djsks( FG4 eiksskgls bjve deel qukte stjdhe kl tbe pjst

mefjme( wktb hglc)teri mefhklklc trelm sklfe tbe :;;>s "see Akcure :>+, Kl ajft( jhtbgucb tberehjtkglsbkp detweel FG4 eiksskgls jlm CM per fjpktj ks iglgtglkfjhhy klfrejsklc tbksrehjtkglsbkp seeis fhgse tg phjtejuklc "see Akcure ::+,

Akcure ::0 Tehjtkglsbkp detweel FG4 Eiksskgls jlm CM^ per Fjpktj

Vgurfe0 SMK "4>::+( FMKJF "4>::+,

1, ELETC[ ^GHKF[ KLK]KJ]KQEV0 FUTTEL] JLM ^HJLLEMJF]KGLV ]G FUTD EIKVVKGLV

Vklcjpgres ljtkgljh elercy pghkfy arjiewgro strkves tg jfbkeve j djhjlfe jiglcst tbree gatel

fgipetklc mkielskgls( ljiehy strelctbelklc Vklcjpgres fgipetktkveless( elbjlfklc elercysefurkty( jlm prgteftklc tbe elvkrglielt, ]be skx oey strjteckes ulmer Vklcjpgres elercypghkfy arjiewgro seeo tg drklc tgcetber tbe cgverlielt( klmustrkes( dusklesses( jlmbgusebghms tg jmgpt prjftkfjh jlm eaaeftkve iejsures tg jfbkeve tbese sgietkies fglahkftklcgd`eftkves, ]bese strjteckes klfhume prgigtklc fgipetktkve ijroets( mkverskayklc Vklcjpgreselercy sgurfes( elbjlfklc elercy eaakfkelfy( mevehgpklc Vklcjpgres elercy klmustry( steppklcup klterljtkgljh fggperjtkgl( jlm tjoklc j wbghe)ga)cgverlielt jpprgjfb,

1,: ^rgigtkgl ga Fgipetktkve Ijroets

Fgipetktkve ijroets wkhh reijkl tbe fgrlerstgle ga Vklcjpgres elercy pghkfy,46

]bere ks gpelfgipetktkgl kl kts gkh reaklklc( trjmklc( jlm retjkhklc klmustrkes, Fgipetktkgl bjs deel kltrgmufem kltg

tbe eheftrkfkty jlm cjs ijroets, ]g mjte( jdgut 45% ga tbe retjkh eheftrkfkty ijroet ks stkhh lgl)fgltestjdhe, ]be Elercy Ijroet Jutbgrkty "EIJ+ ga Vklcjpgre ks hggoklc kltg tbe mevehgpielt ga jlEheftrkfkty Qelmklc Vystei "EQV+ tg eljdhe auhh retjkh fgltestjdkhkty, Ka suffessauh( bgusebghms jlmgtber sijhh fglsuiers wkhh kl auture de jdhe tg fbggse tbekr gwl eheftrkfkty retjkhers jlm prkfe phjls(kl tbe sjie wjy tbey fjl mg agr tehefgiiulkfjtkgls prgvkmers, Vklcjpgre mges refgclkze tbjtijroets ijy de uljdhe tg mehkver drgjmer elvkrglieltjh gr elercy sefurkty pghkfy gd`eftkves mue tgijroet ajkhures sufb js exterljhktkes, Agr exjiphe( tbe durlklc ga agsskh auehs jmms tg jkr pghhutkgl(

44Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfy 4>>;,

46Iklkstry ga ]rjme jlm Klmustry ga Vklcjpgre 4>>3,


18/42


:1

wbgse sgfkjh fgsts jre lgt klterljhkzem dy tbe pghhuter, Kl sufb klstjlfes( tbe fgrreftkgls agr ijroetajkhure wkhh de kl tbe agri ga ijroet)djsem klstruielts gr tbe kipgsktkgl ga stjlmjrms jlm recuhjtkgls,

]be Vklcjpgre eheftrkfkty jlm cjs ijroets bjve deel hkderjhkzem jlm trjlsagriem argi j vertkfjhhy)kltecrjtem( stjte)gwlem strufture kltg j fgipetktkve gle, ]be Elercy Ijroet Jutbgrkty "EIJ+ wjsestjdhksbem kl 4>>: tg recuhjte tbe eheftrkfkty jlm cjs klmustrkes jlm tg prgigte fgipetktkgl kl tbeeheftrkfkty jlm cjs klmustrkes, ]be Ljtkgljh Elercy Ijroet ga Vklcjpgre "LEIV+ wjs estjdhksbem kl4>>6, Kt jhhgwem prkfes tg reaheft supphy jlm meijlm aulmjieltjhs, Dy 4>>1( jpprgxkijtehy 35% ga

Vklcjpgres tgtjh eheftrkfkty meijlm wjs gpel tg retjkh fgipetktkgl, Ijroet fgipetktkgl bjs agrfemtbe klmustry tg defgie igre elercy eaakfkelt wktb crgss pgwer eaakfkelfy klfrejsklc tg ==% kl 4>>3argi 6;% kl 4>>:, Ijroet fgipetktkgl bjs jhsg prgigtem j swktfb tg fhejler auehs, Jrgulm 2>% ga

Vklcjpgres eheftrkfkty ks celerjtem usklc ljturjh cjs "tbe wgrhm jverjce ks 4>%+,4=

1,4 Mkverskakfjtkgl ga Elercy Vgurfes

Vklcjpgre bjs j ljrrgw djse ga elercy sgurfes, Kt ks bejvkhy rehkjlt gl pkpem ljturjh cjs argiKlmgleskj jlm Ijhjyskj agr eheftrkfkty celerjtkgl, Lejrhy 2>% ga eheftrkfkty celerjtem klVklcjpgre fgies argi pkpem ljturjh cjs "^LC+ argi tbese twg lekcbdgrs,

45Aurtberigre( gver

tbe pjst mefjme( rgucbhy 2>% ga kts frume gkh kipgrts fgie argi tbe Ikmmhe Ejst,41 Elercymkverskakfjtkgl ks vkewem js j strjtecy tg prgteft Vklcjpgre jcjklst supphy mksruptkgls( prkfeklfrejses( jlm gtber tbrejts tg tbe rehkjdkhkty ga supphy, Esseltkjhhy( mkverskakfjtkgl fjl behpelbjlfe elercy sefurkty dy sprejmklc rksos, Kl fgipetktkve ijroets( fgipjlkes tbeisehves wkhhbjve tbe klfeltkves tg mkverskay jlm remufe tbekr gwl fgiierfkjh rksos, ]be cgverlielt(tbereagre( vkews kts rghe js frejtklc jl gpel jlm ahexkdhe arjiewgro tbjt jhhgws mkverskakfjtkgl tgtjoe phjfe, Agr Vklcjpgre( tbere jre jhsg prjftkfjh fbjhhelces tg aueh mkverskakfjtkgl mue tg ktshkiktem elercy gptkgls, Bymrg( cegtberijh( jlm wklm pgwer jre lgt jvjkhjdhe kl Vklcjpgre( wbkhelufhejr elercy ks klaejskdhe ckvel tbe fgultrys cegcrjpbkfjh fglstrjklts jlm tbe fgst djrrkers tgfkrfuivelt tbks fglstrjklt, Vghjr jlm fgjh)akrem pgwer celerjtkgl bjs sgie pgteltkjh( dut tbeyajfe fgst jlm tefblghgckfjh djrrkers jlm elvkrglieltjh fglferls respeftkvehy, J step tgwjrmsmkverskakfjtkgl ks j remuftkgl kl tbe mepelmelfe gl pkpem ljturjh cjs argi Klmgleskj jlmIjhjyskj, ]g tbks elm( Vklcjpgre bjs ijme tbe lefessjry klvestielts tg deckl kipgrtklchkqueakem ljturjh cjs "HLC+ dy 4>:6,

1,6 Mevehgpklc Vklcjpgres Elercy Klmustry

Vklcjpgre bjs bjm j hglc bkstgry js jl elercy bud( deklc tbe hjrcest reaklklc felter ejst ga tbeVuez agr severjh mefjmes, Gkh prkfes jre mksfgverem kl Vklcjpgre, Vklcjpgre kltelms tgheverjce gl kts expertkse kl tbks seftgr wbkhst pursuklc kts elvkrglieltjh cgjhs,

1,6,: ^etrgfbeikfjhs

Vklcjpgre ks jhrejmy gle ga tbe tgp akve expgrt petrgheui reaklklc felters kl tbe wgrhm, ]becgverlielt kltelms tg prgigte tbe expjlskgl jlm upcrjmklc ga exkstklc reaklerkes jlm jttrjftcreelakehm klvestielt tg fglsghkmjte Vklcjpgres stjtus js Jskjs preiker gkh bud, Aurtberigre(

tbere ks j igve tg fjpktjhkze gl kts fjpjdkhktkes jlm klarjstrufture tg defgie jl elercy trjmklcbud, ]bks wkhh de jfbkevem dy mevehgpklc HLC trjmklc( dkgauehs trjmklc( jlm fjrdgl trjmklcdusklesses,

43Vklcjpgre seeos tg mevehgp j fgiprebelskve elercy klmustry seftgr ckvel tbjt

4=Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfy 4>::,

45Elercy Ijroet Jutbgrkty Vklcjpgre 4>>2,

41Jutbgrs fjhfuhjtkgls djsem gl mjtj argi tbe Ulktem Ljtkgls Fgitrjme Mjtjdjse,

43Vklcjpgre bjs kltrgmufem j fglfesskgljry tjx rjte ga 5% gl HLC trjmklc klfgie agr fgipjlkes ulmer tbe Chgdjh

]rjmer rgcrjiie kl Ijy 4>>3( see bttp0''elchksb,pegphemjkhy,fgi,fl'4>>3>5'4='elc4>>3>54=W6331>>,btih,


19/42


:3

elercy ks j oey seftgr ga kts efglgiy "fgltrkdutklc jrgulm =,5% tg tbe CM kl 4>>1+,42

]becgjh ks tg klfrejse tbe vjhue)jmmem argi kts elercy klmustry tg V-6= dkhhkgl dy 4>:5 "argi V-4>dkhhkgl js ga 4>>3+( jlm tg trkphe tbe eiphgyielt kl tbks seftgr argi 5(3>> tg :5(6>>,

4;

1,6,4 Fhejl Elercy Klkt kjtkves

Vklcjpgre ks jhsg pursuklc crgwtb gppgrtulktkes kl fhejl jlm relewjdhe elercy( klfhumklc sghjr

elercy( dkgauehs( jlm aueh fehhs, Kl tbe pjst aew yejrs( Vklcjpgres klmustrkjh elercy pghkfy bjsdeel jkiem jt mevehgpklc kt kltg j chgdjh fhejl elercy bud wbere fhejl elercy sghutkgls jremevehgpem( testem( jlm expgrtem gversejs, Belfe( fhejl elercy resejrfb jlm mevehgpielt"T!M+ bjs refekvem j sudstjltkjh dggst wktb severjh cgverlielt jcelfkes prgvkmklc rjtbercelergus aulmklc jlm elterklc kltg `gklt veltures wktb lgtem klmustry phjyers, Agr klstjlfe( tbeLjtkgljh Tesejrfb Agulmjtkgl "LTA+ bjs set jskme V-:3> ikhhkgl agr T!M kl fhejl elercy"Fhejl Elercy rgcrji+,

6>]be Jcelfy agr Vfkelfe( ]efblghgcy( jlm Tesejrfb "J*V]JT+(

wbkfb ks Vklcjpgres preiker resejrfb klstktute( bjs estjdhksbem jl Elercy ]efblghgcy T!Mrgcrji( jlm ks settklc up tbe Vklcjpgre Klktkjtkve gl Lew Elercy ]efblghgckes "VKLETC[+

Feltre tg mevehgp jhterljtkve elercy tefblghgckes jlm kltehhkcelt crkm ijljceielt systeis agrmkstrkdutem celerjtkgl "ikfrgcrkms( pgwer mkspjtfb+,

6:]be Elercy Ijroet Jutbgrkty ga Vklcjpgre

"EIJ+ ks settklc up j V-5 ikhhkgl Ijroet Mevehgpielt Aulm "IMA+ wbkfb wkhh behp tg pjy

ijroet fbjrces agr tbe test)demmklc ga lew pgwer celerjtkgl tefblghgckes,64

,]be Efglgikf Mevehgpielt Dgjrm "EMD+ set up tbe klter)jcelfy Fhejl Elercy rgcrji Gaakfe"FE^G+ tg prgigte tbe fhejl elercy klmustry( espefkjhhy sghjr, ]be UVV-5> ikhhkgl FhejlElercy Tesejrfb ^rgcrji "FET^+ aulmem dy FE^G jkis jt okfostjrtklc resejrfb jlmmevehgpielt kl fhejl elercy,

66]be klter)jcelfy

6=Elercy Kllgvjtkgl ^rgcrji Gaakfe "EK G+

bjs jhhgfjtem jl jmmktkgljh V-:;5 ikhhkgl argi tbe Ljtkgljh Tesejrfb Agulmjtkgl "LTA+ tgprgigte T!M kl tbe elercy seftgr kl tbe akve)yejr perkgm tg 4>:5, EMD bjs jhsg hjulfbem jV-:3 ikhhkgl Fhejl Elercy Tesejrfb jlm ]est)demmklc rgcrji "FET]+ tg test)dem sghjrpbgtgvghtjkf "^Q+ jlm gtber lew tefblghgckes,

65Kl klmustry( Tghhs)Tgyfe eidjroem gl j V-:>

ikhhkgl 6)yejr `gklt resejrfb prgcrji wktb J*V]JT jlm ferjikfs supphker( Jmvjlfem Ijterkjhs]efblghgckes( tg mevehgp jutgijtem aueh fehh ijluajfturklc tefblghgcy,

]wg lew elercy klstktutes were agulmem kl tbe hjst tbree yejrs, ]g heverjce Vklcjpgres sghjrpgteltkjh( tbe Vghjr Tesejrfb Klstktute ga Vklcjpgre "VETKV+ wjs hjulfbem jt tbe LjtkgljhUlkverskty ga Vklcjpgre "LUV+ estjdhksbem kl 4>>2 wktb aulmklc ga V-:6> ikhhkgl agr 5 yejrs tgfjrry gut futtklc)emce resejrfb kl sghjr tefblghgcy, Kl 4>:>( tbe V-4>> ikhhkgl ElercyTesejrfb Klstktute N L]U "ETKNL+ wjs estjdhksbem, Kts drgjm)djsem elercy resejrfb agfuswkhh de gl tbe jrejs ga elercy ijterkjhs( sijrt crkms( sghjr elercy( sustjkljdhe dukhmklcs( wklmelercy( jlm eheftrgigdkhkty,

42Iklkstry ga ]rjme jlm Klmustry Vklcjpgre( Elercy agr Crgwtb0 Ljtkgljh Elercy pghkfy Tepgrt( "4>>2+( jffessem jtbttp0''jpp,itk,cgv,sc'mjtj'pjces'45=1'mgf'LE^T,pma,

4;Vpeefb dy Ir Hee [k Vbyjl Iklkster ga Vtjte agr ]rjme jlm Klmustry jt tbe UO)Vklcjpgre wgrosbgp gl Elercy

]efblghgcy gl 41 Lgveider 4>>3 jffessem jt bttp0''jpp,itk,cgv,sc'meajuht,jsp7km9:=2!jrtkfheKM9::31:,6>

Vee bttp0''www,semd,fgi'emd'sc'elWuo'klmex'klmustryWseftgrs'jhterljtkveWelercy'klmustryWdjfocrgulm,btih,6:

J*V]JT( ElercyNJ*V]JT( "4>>3+( jffessem jt bttp0''www,kfes,j)stjr,emu,sc'iemkj';525'elercyWjstjr,pma,64

Elercy Ijroet Jutbgrkty( jffessem jt bttp0''www,eij,cgv,sc'pjce'64'km015,66

Efglgikf Mevehgpielt Dgjrm( jffessem jtbttp0''emd,cgv,sc'emd'sc'elWuo'klmex'klmustryWseftgrs'jhterljtkveWelercy'klmustryWdjfocrgulm,btih,

6=]be teri klter)jcelfy kl tbe Vklcjpgre fgltext reaers tg jl grcjlkzjtkgl tbjt spjls tbe vjrkgus cgverlieltiklkstrkes,

65Efglgikf Mevehgpielt Dgjrm( jffessem jtbttp0''emd,cgv,sc'emd'sc'elWuo'klmex'lews'jrtkfhes'hjulfbWgaWsW:3iWfhejl,btih,


20/42


:2

1,6,6 ]est)Demmklc Lgveh Elercy ]efblghgc kes

Vklcjpgre ks pgsktkglklc ktseha js j test)dem agr lgveh tefblghgckesj hkvklc hjdgrjtgry61

,Veverjh test)dems jre deklc fglmuftem kl Vklcjpgre jt tbe igielt, Kl tbe trjlspgrtjtkgl seftgr(eheftrkf vebkfhes "EQs+ jre deklc testem tg ulmerstjlm tbe kiphkfjtkgls ga jmgptkgl ga tbkstefblghgcy kl tbe Vklcjpgre fgltext jlm kts pgteltkjh jt behpklc Vklcjpgre iktkcjte kts FG4eiksskgls, ]be EQ test)dem ks jl Klter)Jcelfy eaagrt hem dy EIJ( H]J(

63jlm EMD, ]be test)dem

wkhh agfus gl cjtberklc mjtj jlm klskcbts tg cukme tbe phjllklc agr auture mephgyielt ga EQs, Ktwkhh rul agr tbree yejrs( argi 4>:: tg 4>:6( wktb ;5 vebkfhes deklc testem, ]be Elercy VtumkesKlstktute "EVK+ bjs deel fgiiksskglem wktb fglmuftklc j fgst)deleakt jljhysks djsem gl tbemjtj fghheftem argi tbe test)dem vebkfhes, Tgdert Dgsfb "VEJ+ te Htm wjs fbgsel tg de tbeFbjrcklc Vervkfe rgvkmer "FV + tg rghh gut 1> lgrijh fbjrcklc stjtkgls jlm 6 qukfo fbjrcestjtkgls kl tjlmei wktb tbe rghh gut ga EQs agr tbe EQ ]est Dem,

]est)dems kl tbe eheftrkfkty seftgr klfhume tbgse agr sghjr pbgtgvghtjkfs "^Q+ jlm KltehhkceltElercy Vysteis "KEV+, Bgusklc jlm Mevehgpielt Dgjrm "BMD+ bjs deel testklc tbe vkjdkhkty garggatgp sghjr ^Q eheftrkfkty dy hjulfbklc j serkes ga sghjr ^Q test)dems kl BMD prefklfts jfrgssVklcjpgre sklfe 4>>2, Kl 4>>;( BMD jllgulfem tbjt kt wguhm fglmuft j wkmer)sfjhe testdemmklc ga 6,: ISp ga sghjr ^Q klstjhhjtkgls gver j 5)yejr perkgm aulmem argi tbe Klter)Iklksterkjh Fgiikttee agr Vustjkljdhe Mevehgpielts "KIFVM+ dumcet ga V-6: ikhhkgl, Qjrkgus

klfeltkve sfbeies bjve deel put kl phjfe tg jsskst kl akljlfklc sghjr klstjhhjtkgls sufb js tbeIjroet Mevehgpielt Aulm "IMA+ "V-5 ikhhkgl+ dy EIJ( tbe Vghjr Fjpjdkhkty Vfbeie "VFV+"V-4> ikhhkgl+( jlm tbe Fhejl Elercy Tesejrfb jlm ]est)demmklc "FET]+ phjtagri "V-:3ikhhkgl+ dy tbe Efglgikf Mevehgpielt Dgjrm "EMD+,

EIJ jllgulfem phjls agr j pkhgt prgèft agr jl $Kltehhkcelt Elercy Vystei$ "KEV+ murklc tbeVijrt Crkms 4>>; Vuiikt( wbkfb wjs j pjrt ga tbe Vklcjpgre Klterljtkgljh Elercy Seeo 4>>;"VKES 4>>;+, Dy jkiklc tg prgvkme fglsuiers wktb igre klagrijtkgl jlm fbgkfe wktb respeft tgtbekr eheftrkfkty usjce( tbe dehkea ks tbjt tbks wkhh trjlshjte kltg kiprgvklc elercy eaakfkelfy, ]est)demmklc sufb j systei wguhm eljdhe Vklcjpgre tg jsfertjkl teetbklc kssues tbjt igmerlkzklctbe crkm wguhm eltjkh, Jffelture ^te Htm wjs jppgkltem tg meskcl jlm kipheielt tbks prgèft,

]be KEV pkhgt wkhh de fglmuftem kl twg pbjses wktb pbjse : "4>:>4>:4+ agfusklc gl tbekipheieltjtkgl ga tbe eljdhklc klarjstrufture agr tbe KEV jlm pbjse 4 "4>:44>:6+ agfusklc glsijrt crkm jpphkfjtkgls,

1,= Vteppklc)up Klterljtkgljh Fggperjtkgl

Ckvel kts sijhh skze jlm rehkjlfe gl elercy kipgrts( Vklcjpgres elercy pghkfy klfhumes eaagrtstg prgigte crejter reckgljh jlm klterljtkgljh elercy fggperjtkgl tg aurtber kts elercy klterests,

]g elbjlfe elercy sefurkty( Vklcjpgre wkhh fgltklue tg de jftkvehy klvghvem kl vjrkgus elercy)rehjtem klktkjtkves kl ij`gr agrj( klfhumklc tbe Jssgfkjtkgl ga Vgutbejst Jskjl Ljtkgls "JVEJL+(tbe Jskj)^jfkakf Efglgikf Fggperjtkgl "JÊF+( jlm tbe Ejst Jskj Vuiikt "EJV+, Vklcjpgrewkhh jhsg wgro tgwjrms tbe hglc)teri cgjh ga prgigtklc j reckgljh elercy ijroet tbrgucbreckgljh elercy prgèfts hkoe tbe JVEJL ^gwer Crkm "J^C+ jlm tbe ]rjls)JVEJL Cjs kpehkle

"]JC^+,Vefurkty ga sbkppklc hjles ks jl jrej tbjt requkres klterljtkgljh fggperjtkgl, Jpprgxkijtehy 1>%ga tbe Tepudhkf ga Fbklj "^TF+#s 1,; ikhhkgl djrrehs( ;>% ga @ jpjl#s 5,4 ikhhkgl djrrehs( jlm 2>%ga tbe Tepudhkf ga Ogrej#s 4,4 ikhhkgl djrrehs ga kipgrtem gkh per mjy pjss tbrgucb tbe Vtrjkts gaIjhjffj jlm Vklcjpgre "VGIV+ argi tbe Ikmmhe Ejst,

62]g sefure jffess jlm tbe areemgi ga

61Elercy Ijroet Jutbgrkty Vklcjpgre 4>>;,

63Hjlm ]rjlspgrt Jutbgrkty 4>>2,

62Klterljtkgljh Elercy Jcelfy 4>>1,


21/42


:;

ljvkcjtkgl tbrgucb tbe VGIV( tbe gperjtkgljh jcelfkes ga Vklcjpgre jre fghhjdgrjtklc wktbIjhjyskj jlm Klmgleskj tg kiprgve tbe sefurkty ga tbe Vtrjkts, Defjuse eaaeftkve jftkgl jcjklstfhkijte fbjlce leems tg de fjrrkem gut jt jl klterljtkgljh heveh( Vklcjpgre wkhh jhsg fgltklue ktjftkve pjrtkfkpjtkgl kl tbe Ulktem Ljtkgls Arjiewgro Fglveltkgl gl Fhkijte Fbjlce"ULAFFF+( js wehh js klterljtkgljh mksfusskgls gl fhkijte fbjlce kl gtber agruis,

1,5 ]joklc j Sbghe)ga)Cgverlielt Jpprgjfb

]be crgwklc fgiphexkty jlm strjteckf kipgrtjlfe ga elercy pghkfy meijlms j wbghe)ga)cgverlielt jpprgjfb, ]be wgro ga mrjwklc tgcetber tbe mkaaerelt strjlms ga Vklcjpgres elercypghkfy decjl wktb tbe agrijtkgl ga tbe Elercy ^ghkfy Crgup "E^C+ kl Ijrfb 4>>1, ]be E^Csrghe ks tg agriuhjte jlm fggrmkljte Vklcjpgres elercy pghkfkes jlm strjteckes, Kl jmmktkgl tg tbemevehgpielt ga j ljtkgljh elercy pghkfy arjiewgro fgiprksklc tbe strjteckes guthklem jdgve(tbe E^C stumkes j wkme rjlce ga elercy kssues wbkfb klfhume pgwer jlm trjlspgrt seftgrs(elercy eaakfkelfy( fhkijte fbjlce( elercy klmustry( elercy T!M( jlm elcjcklc klterljtkgljhelercy pjrtlers, Fggrmkljtklc tbe eaagrts ga jhh stjoebghmers wkhh de j fglstjlt kl Vklcjpgreselercy pghkfy eaagrts kl tbe auture,

1,1 Elbjlfklc Elercy Eaakfkelfy

Vklcjpgre fglskmers elercy eaakfkelfy js j oey strjtecy tg jfbkevklc kts elercy pghkfygd`eftkves, ]be cgverlielt pgskts tbjt elercy eaakfkelfy ks j fgst)eaaeftkve iejls ga iktkcjtklcCBC eiksskgls jlm kiprgvklc tbe fgipetkveless ga Vklcjpgres klmustrkes, Kt jhsg refgclkzestbjt elercy eaakfkelfy iejsures ijy lgt de kipheieltem mue tg ijroet djrrkers sufb js tbehjfo ga klagrijtkgl jlm fjpjdkhkty, Belfe( ckvel kts pkvgtjh rghe kl Vklcjpgres elercy pghkfyhjlmsfjpe jlm tg gverfgie tbe djrrkers( tbe Ljtkgljh Elvkrglielt Jcelfy "LEJ+ ga Vklcjpgreset up tbe klter)jcelfy Elercy Eaakfkelfy ^rgcrji Gaakfe "E4^G+ kl Ijy 4>>3 tg kmeltkay jlmkipheielt iejsures tg kiprgve Vklcjpgres elercy eaakfkelfy kl skx prkgrkty jrejs( ljiehy(pgwer celerjtkgl( klmustry( trjlspgrt( dukhmklcs( tbe pudhkf seftgr( jlm bgusebghms,

6;

Kl grmer tg mevehgp jl jhh)klfhuskve elercy eaakfkelfy strjtecy jlm ijster phjl agr tbe fgultry(

tbe E4

^G bjs mevksem jftkgl phjls tbjt felter gl tbe prgigtkgl ga elercy eaakfkelfytefblghgckes jlm iejsures tg fkrfuivelt ijroet djrrkers tg elercy eaakfkelfy( dukhmklc hgfjhexpertkse jlm j olgwhemce djse kl elercy ijljceielt( rjksklc tbe vkskdkhkty ga elercy eaakfkeltprjftkfes kl klmustry( jlm prgigtklc T!M kl elercy eaakfkelt tefblghgckes,

=>

1,1,: Jpph kjlfe Hjdehklc

Vklfe @ jlujry 4>>2( reckstrjdhe cggms bjve bjm tg fjrry elercy hjdehs ulmer tbe Elvkrglieltjhrgteftkgl jlm Ijljceielt Jft "E^IJ+,

=:Furrelthy( jhh bgusebghm rearkcerjtgrs( jkr)

fglmktkglers( jlm fhgtbes mrkers sghm kl Vklcjpgre iust de elercy hjdehem, Qebkfhe auehefglgiy hjdehs jre jhsg jaakxem tg vebkfhes jt tbe pgklt ga sjhe, ]be ijlmjtgry elercy hjdehklcsfbeie wkhh kiprgve elercy eaakfkelfy jlm iktkcjte crgwtb ga elercy use kl reskmeltkjh(fgiierfkjh( jlm trjlspgrt seftgrs,

6;Elercy Eaakfkelfy ^rgcrjiie Gaakfe ga Vklcjpgre( bttp0''www,e4sklcjpgre,cgv,sc,

=>Vee bttp0''www,e4sklcjpgre,cgv,sc'elercy)eaakfkelfy)prgcrjiie)gaakfe,btih,

=:Kdkm,


22/42


4>

1,1,4 Frejtklc ûdhkf Jwjreless

Kl 4>>2( tbe LEJ hjulfbem j :>% Elercy Fbjhhelce emufjtkgljh fjipjkcl tg prgigteeheftrkfkty sjvklc kl bgusebghms,

=4Kt sbguhm de lgtem bere tbjt hjdehklc stjlmjrms jlm

emufjtkgljh fjipjkcls fjl ajfkhktjte elercy fglservjtkgl jlm eaakfkelfy kiprgveielts,Bgwever( kt ks lgt fhejr bgw eaaeftkve tbey uhtkijtehy jre, ]be eaakfjfy ga sufb fjipjkclsmepelms gl bgw respglskve elm)users jre tg tbese klktkjtkves kl emufjtkgl( hjdehklc( jlm tbe

settklc ga stjlmjrms,

1,1,6 ^gwer Veftgr

]be E4^G jmgpts j seftgrjh jpprgjfb tjrcetem jt ejfb ga tbe akve seftgrspgwer celerjtkgl(klmustry( trjlspgrt( dukhmklcs( jlm bgusebghms, Kl tbe pgwer celerjtkgl seftgr( tbekipheieltjtkgl ga j fgipetktkve eheftrkfkty ijroet bjs klfeltkvksem eaakfkelt pgwer celerjtkgl,Argi 4>>> tg 4>>1( tbe eheftrkfkty celerjtem dy ljturjh cjs klfrejsem argi :;% tg 32% jlmgverjhh pgwer celerjtkgl eaakfkelfy kiprgvem argi 62% kl 4>>> tg ==% kl 4>>1,

=6Fgcelerjtkgl

reaers tg tbe kltecrjtem prgmuftkgl ga bejt jlm eheftrkfkty( wbkhe trkcelerjtkgl reaers tg tbekltecrjtem prgmuftkgl ga eheftrkfkty( bejt( jlm fbkhhem wjter, ]bese tefblghgckes gptkikze tbebejt utkhkzjtkgl argi aueh fgidustkgl jlm kiprgve gverjhh systei eaakfkelfy,

Kl vkew ga tbe elercy eaakfkelfy pgteltkjh gaaerem dy tbese tefblghgckes( E4^G wkhh fgltklue tgprgigte fgcelerjtkgl jlm trkcelerjtkgl kl Vklcjpgre, Bgwever( j fbjhhelce tg tbe hjrce)sfjheuptjoe ga tbese tefblghgckes ks tbe lefesskty agr fgidklem meijlm agr eheftrkfkty jlm bejtklc?aurtberigre( spjfe fglskmerjtkgls fgie kltg phjy js fg)celerjtkgl jlm trk)celerjtkgl ajfkhktkesbjve tg de sktem kl fhgse prgxkikty tg klmustrkes kl leem ga tbe utkhktkes, Levertbehess( ckvel tbevjst kiprgveielts kl elercy eaakfkelfy tbjt tbese tefblghgckes eltjkh( tbe cgverlielt ks set tgkltecrjte sufb ajfkhktkes kltg tbe gl)cgklc jlm auture klmustrkjh phjllklc,

1,1,= Elercy Eaakfkelfy kl Klmustry

Deagre fgipjlkes fjl eidjro gl jly elercy eaakfkelfy kiprgveielt pjtb( tbey leem tgulmerstjlm tbekr elercy usjce pjtterls jlm tbe sfgpe ga tbe kiprgveielts tbjt fjl de drgucbtjdgut, ]bus( jl elercy jpprjksjh ks fjhhem agr tg kmeltkay mecrjmem phjlt fgipglelts tbjt

fgltrkdute tg gverjhh eaakfkelfy hgsses jlm tg eljdhe j fgipjly tg tjoe tbe lefessjry fgrreftkvejftkgls, Bgwever( fgipjlkes ikcbt de rehuftjlt tg dejr tbe uparglt fgst ga fjrryklc gut jlelercy jpprjksjh, ]be Elercy Eaakfkelfy Kiprgveielt Jsskstjlfe Vfbeie "EJVe+ wjsklstktutem tg behp fgipjlkes gverfgie tbks djrrker, EJVe wjs set up tg elfgurjce jlm behpfgipjlkes( wbkfb ijy lgt bjve tbe kl)bguse elercy ijljceielt expertkse( tg elcjce elercyfglsuhtjlts tg fglmuft elercy jpprjksjhs, Ulmer EJVe( LEJ fg)aulms up tg 5>% ga tbe fgst gaelercy jpprjksjhs agr dukhmklcs jlm klmustrkjh ajfkhktkes, ]be LEJ bjs agulm tbjt ejfb mghhjrspelt gl jl elercy jpprjksjh ulfgvers jdgut V-5):> jllujh sjvklcs kl elercy fgsts,

==

]bere jre severjh gtber sufb sfbeies agr tbe klmustrkjh seftgr tbjt bjve deel klstktutem tgajfkhktjte kiprgveielts kl elercy eaakfkelfy, ]be igst fgst)eaaeftkve wjy ga kiprgvklc elercyeaakfkelfy ks jt tbe prgèft fglfeptujhkzjtkgl jlm meskcl stjce ktseha,E4^G kltrgmufem j Meskclagr Eaakfkelfy Vfbeie tg jsskst fgipjlkes tjoe kltg fglskmerjtkgl elercy eaakfkelfyfglskmerjtkgls kl tbe prgèft meskcl pbjse, ]be lkltb aurljfe ga tbe Vklcjpgre Gheakls hjlt "gaExxgl Igdkh Fbeikfjh Htm+( wbkfb wjs fgiiksskglem kl 4>>3( wjs dukht ulmer tbks sfbeie wktbtbks meskcl pbkhgsgpby, ]be Klvestielt Jhhgwjlfe "KJ+ Vfbeie ks jmiklksterem dy EMD jlmseeos tg klfeltkvkze klvestielts kl elercy eaakfkelt equkpielt, Kt ks esseltkjhhy j fjpktjhjhhgwjlfe gl tbe fgst ga fertjkl elercy eaakfkelt equkpielt wbkfb jhhgws agr j memuftkgl jcjklst

=4Kdkm,

=6Kdkm,

==Vee bttp0''www,e4sklcjpgre,cgv,sc'elercy)fbjhhelce,btih,


23/42


4:

jhh fbjrcejdhe klfgie, Kt ks jwjrmem ka elercy utkhkzjtkgl ajhhs js j fglsequelfe ga tbe fjpktjhexpelmkture,

]be cgverlielt hjulfbem tbe Elercy Eaakfkelfy Ljtkgljh jrtlersbkp "EEL^+ ^rgcrji kl 4>:>tg behp fgipjlkes put kl phjfe elercy ijljceielt systeis jlm kipheielt prg`efts tg kiprgveelercy eaakfkelfy, Argi 4>:6( tbe cgverlielt wkhh de kltrgmufklc ijlmjtgry elercyijljceielt requkreielts agr hjrce elercy users( wbkfb fglsuie igre tbjl :5 Ckcjwjtt)bgur

"CSb+ kl tbe klmustry seftgr( ulmer tbe Elercy Fglservjtkgl Jft,

=5

1,1,5 Elercy Eaakfkelfy kl ]rjlspgrtjtkgl

Kl tbe trjlspgrtjtkgl seftgr( H]J wkhh fgltklue kts eaagrts ga ijoklc pudhkf trjlspgrtjtkgl tbeigme ga fbgkfe, Kl grmer tg ijoe tbks bjppel( twg igre Ijss Tjpkm ]rjlskt "IT]+ hkles wkhh deaulftkgljh dy 4>:2( jl klfrejse ga jrgulm 4:5 oi ga rjkhwjy hkles fgipjrem wktb 4>>3, ]be cgjhks tg bjve j igmjh sphkt agr tbe igrlklc pejo bgurs argi tbe furrelt 16% tg gver 3>% kl tbe lext:> tg :5 yejrs, Fertkakfjtes ga Eltktheielt "FGEs+ ckve Vklcjpgrejls tbe rkcbt tg gwl j vebkfhe,FGEs jre kltecrjh tg tbe Qebkfhe Zugtj Vystei "QZV+( j hjlmijro sfbeie kipheieltem tgrecuhjte tbe crgwtb ga vebkfhe pgpuhjtkgl kl Vklcjpgre, Ulmer tbe QZV( vebkfhe jllujh crgwtbrjte ks fjppem jt 6%( ckvel tbe fglstrjklem expjlskgl ga rgjms jlm bkcbwjys kl Vklcjpgresurdjl elvkrglielt, ]be jftujh fgipgulm jllujh crgwtb rjte ga vebkfhe pgpuhjtkgl argi :;;> tg

4>>2 wjs 4,2% per jllui, Argi 4>>; tg 4>::( tbe vebkfhe pgpuhjtkgl crgwtb rjte bjm deelfjppem jt :,5% per jllui,

=1]g elfgurjce elercy eaakfkelfy kl tbe rgjm trjlspgrtjtkgl seftgr(

aueh efglgiy hjdehs jre jaakxem tg vebkfhes jt tbe pgklt ga sjhe sg js tg klagri tbe fglsuier gatbe vebkfhes aueh efglgiy kl fhejr teris, ]be purfbjse ga fhejler jlm igre eaakfkelt vebkfhessufb js bydrkm fjrs jlm eheftrkf vebkfhes ks deklc prgigtem vkj tbe Creel Qebkfhe Tedjte wbkfbeltjkhs j redjte ga =>% ga tbe fjrs gpel ijroet vjhue,

1,1,1 Elercy Eaakfkelfy kl tbe Dukhmklc Veftgr

Ckve tbe urdjl hjlmsfjpe kl Vklcjpgre( eaakfkelfy kiprgveielts kl tbe dukhmklc seftgr jre jlkipgrtjlt fglskmerjtkgl, ]be Dukhmklc jlm Fglstruftkgl Jutbgrkty "DFJ+ ga Vklcjpgre hjulfbemtbe DFJ Creel Ijro Vfbeie kl @ jlujry 4>>5 tg prgigte elvkrglieltjh jwjreless kl tbefglstruftkgl jlm rejh estjte seftgrs, Dukhmklcs jre jwjrmem Fertkakem( Cghm( Cghm^HUV( gr^hjtklui rjtklc mepelmklc gl tbe pgklts sfgrem gl tbe oey frkterkj klfhumklc elercy eaakfkelfy,Lew jlm retrgakttem dukhmklcs wktb j crgss ahggr jrej "CAJ+ jdgve 5(>>>i4 tbjt bjs jfbkevemCghm Creel Ijro jlm jdgve wkhh de jwjrmem fjsb klfeltkves djsem gl CAJ jlm tbe CreelIjro rjtklc jfbkevem, Vklfe Jprkh 4>>2( jhh lew jlm exkstklc dukhmklcs ulmercgklc ij`grretrgakttklc wgros wktb j crgss ahggr jrej jdgve 4(>>> squjre ieters iust ieet Creel IjroFertkakem stjlmjrms, ]be DFJ Creel Ijro Vfbeie prgigtes jmgptkgl ga creel dukhmklctefblghgckes jlm remufes tbe use ga eheftrkfkty kl tbe fgiierfkjh seftgr vkj eaakfkelfykiprgveielts jlm fglservjtkgl,

=3

Kl 4>>5( LEJ jlm tbe Elercy Vustjkljdkhkty Ulkt "EVU+ ga tbe Ljtkgljh Ulkverskty ga Vklcjpgrehjulfbem tbe ElercyVijrt Hjdehklc Vfbeie agr gaakfes tg refgclkze elercy eaakfkelt gaakfedukhmklcs kl Vklcjpgre, Dukhmklcs tbjt peragri kl tbe tgp 45% kl teris ga elercy eaakfkelfy jlm

ieet cggm klmggr jkr qujhkty stjlmjrms jre ehkckdhe agr tbe ElercyVijrt Dukhmklc Hjdeh, ]bkssfbeie wjs extelmem tg klfhume bgtehs kl 4>>3, ]be EJVe sfbeie ks jhsg jpphkfjdhe agr tbedukhmklc seftgr sg js tg prgigte tbe jpprjksjh ga elercy utkhkzjtkgl ga dukhmklcs kl Vklcjpgre, Kltbe fjse ga dukhmklc stjlmjrms( tbere ks sgie ulfertjklty js tg bgw eaaeftkve sufb stjlmjrms

=5Elercy Eaakfkelfy ^rgcrjiie Gaakfe ga Vklcjpgre( bttp0''www,e4sklcjpgre,cgv,sc',

=1Mjtj agr vebkfhe qugtj systei FGE qugtj fgiputjtkgl( Hjlm ]rjlspgrt Jutbgrkty ga Vklcjpgre,bttp0''www,htj,cgv,sc'fgrpWklag'mgf'QZVWwgrosbeet,pma ,

=3Kdkm,


24/42


44

settklc wkhh de kl tbe hglc rul( evel ka gle fjl ijoe rehjtkvehy metjkhem fjhfuhjtkgls jdgutexpeftem elercy sjvklcs argi elckleerklc iejsureielts,

1,1,3 Elercy Eaakfkelfy kl tbe Bgusebghm Veftgr

Js ga 4>>1( tbe bgusebghm seftgr jffgultem agr jrgulm j akatb ga Vklcjpgres eheftrkfktyfglsuiptkgl, Tearkcerjtkgl jlm jkr fglmktkglklc were tbe bgusebghm jpphkjlfes tbjt fgltrkdutemtbe igst tg tbks fglsuiptkgl, ]be pghkfy mkreftkgl jt remufklc elercy use kl tbks seftgr revghvesjrgulm elfgurjcklc fglsuier tg duy elercy eaakfkelt jpphkjlfes jlm tg gpt agr igre elercyeaakfkelt bjdkts, ]be Elercy Hjdehklc Vfbeie requkres tbjt elercy hjdehs( wbkfb klagri tbefglsuier jdgut tbe eheftrkfkty fglsuiptkgl ga tbe jpphkjlfe( jre jaakxem tg tbe jpphkjlfes jt tbepgklt ga sjhe "jokl tg vebkfhe elercy hjdehklc sfbeie+, Js ga 4>>2( jhh bgusebghm rearkcerjtgrsjlm jkr)fglmktkglers tbjt jre sghm kl Vklcjpgre jre elercy hjdehem, Kl grmer tg emufjtefglsuiers jlm elmufe tbei tg jmgpt igre elercy)eaakfkelt debjvkgr( tbe E4^G bjs eidjroemgl j ljtkgljh fjipjkcl( fjhhem tbe :>% Elercy Fbjhhelce( tbjt wkhh prgigte tbe fgipheteturlklc gaa ga jpphkjlfes wbel lgt kl use, ]bks ks purpgrtem tg remufe eheftrkfkty fglsuiptkgl dyjrgulm :>%, ]bus kl tbe bgusebghm seftgr( tbe eipbjsks ks gl klfeltkvkzklc debjvkgrjh fbjlceswktb respeft tg elercy use,

Kl mevksklc spefkakf pghkfkes agr tbe vjrkgus seftgrs jlm bjvklc jl gverjrfbklc pghkfy mkreftkve(

Vklcjpgres elercy pghkfy mkreftkgl fjl de fbjrjfterkzem js deklc fhejr jlm wehh)djhjlfem, ]bevjrkgus stjoebghmers jre jwjre ga tbekr rghes js ajfkhktjtgrs jlm tbe kipheieltjtkgl ga tbepghkfkes jre gl trjfo,

3, FJVE V]UMKEV

Kl tbks seftkgl( j aew fjse stumkes jre fglskmerem tg bkcbhkcbt tbe kipjft tbjt cgverlielt pghkfybjs bjm kl tbree seftgrs0 dukhmklcs( trjlspgrtjtkgl( jlm tbe pgwer seftgr, ]bks wkhh sbem hkcbt gltbe pgsskdhe hessgls agr gtber fgultrkes kl tbe creelklc ga tbekr fktkes,

3,: Elercy Eaakfkelt Dukhmklcs

]be Dukhmklc jlm Fglstruftkgl Jutbgrkty "DFJ+ bjm estjdhksbem j V-4> ikhhkgl Creel IjroKlfeltkve Vfbeie "Lew Dukhmklcs+ kl 4>>1, ]be Creel Ijro Vfbeie ks j rjtklc systei tbjtprgvkmes j ietrkf tg cjuce tbe elvkrglieltjh kipjft jlm peragrijlfe ga j dukhmklc, Vklfe4>>2( jhh lew dukhmklcs bjve tg de Creel ijro fertkakem, Dukhmklcs jre fhjsskakem kltg tbeaghhgwklc fjtecgrkes0 Fertkakem( Cghm( Cghm hus( jlm hjtklui, ]bese fgrrespglm tg tbe elercyeaakfkelfy kiprgveielts ga :>:5%( :545%( 456>%( jlm crejter tbjl 6>%,=2 ]be CreelIjro sfbeie ks creel kl tbjt kt fglskmers lgt glhy elercy dut gtber ajftgrs sufb js wjtereaakfkelfy( prg`eft mevehgpielt jlm ijljceielt( klmggr jkr qujhkty( elvkrglieltjh qujhkty jlmijljceielt( jlm kllgvjtkveless ga dukhmklc meskcl,

Kl Ijrfb 4>>2( tbe Gfejl Akljlfkjh Feltre refekvem tbe Creel Ijro ^hjtklui Jwjrm argi tbeDFJ,

=;]be mevehgpers ga tbe prg`eft( Oeppeh Hjlm( hggoem jt frejtklc j sustjkljdhe gaakfe

elvkrglielt, ]bks dukhmklc bjs efg)aejtures tbjt remufe elercy fglsuiptkgl dy 65%( wbkfb ksjpprgxkijtehy ; CSb per yejr( jlm wjter fglsuiptkgl dy 63%( wbkfb ks jdgut =4(>>> i6 peryejr, ]bks meskcl eltjkhem crejter expelse tbjl j skikhjr)skzem fglveltkgljh dukhmklc, Bgwever(Oeppeh Hjlms evjhujtkgl estkijtes tbjt tbe remufem elercy jlm wjter fglsuiptkgl wkhh jhhgwagr j pjydjfo perkgm ga 3 tg ; yejrs,

=2Vee bttp0''www,dfj,cgv,sc'creelijro'creelWijroWdukhmklcs,btih,

=;Klter)Iklksterkjh Fgiikttee gl Vustjkljdhe Mevehgpielt "KIFVM+ 4>>2,


25/42


46

Veverjh aejtures jhhgw agr tbese elercy sjvklcs, ]rkphe)chjzem chjss wktb hgw eiksskvkty fgjtklcjhhgws agr ijxkiui hkcbt trjlsiksskgl wktb iklkiui bejt trjlsiksskgl, Elercy eaakfkelt jkr)fglmktkglklc jlm j bydrkm wjter fbkhhklc systei bjve tbe crejtest kipjft kl teris ga elercyfglsuiptkgl remuftkgl, ]be ehevjtgrs jre pgwerem dy recelerjtkve mrkves tbjt sudstjltkjhhyremufe elercy fglsuiptkgl, ]be Elercy Eaakfkelfy Klmex

5>agr tbks dukhmklc ks fjhfuhjtem js

deklc :3= oSb'i4'yejr, Sjter use ks iklkikzem gl jffgult ga tbe eaakfkelt wjter akttklcs,Aurtber remuftkgls kl tbe use ga wjter jre jfbkevem js fglmelsjte argi tbe jkr bjlmhklc ulkts ks

fghheftem jlm reusem, ]be prjftkfe ga rjkl wjter bjrvestklc remufes tbe leem agr pkpem wjtersupphy,

3,4 Tgjm ]rjlspgrtjtkgl

Tesejrfb bjs sbgwl tbjt kllgvjtkve ijljceielt pghkfkes jre requkrem ka jl efglgiy ks tgigve jwjy argi prkvjte igmes ga trjlspgrt tg pudhkf gles,5: ]bks ks prefksehy wbjt Vklcjpgrebjs jffgiphksbem, ^ghkfy bjs evghvem argi iejsures tbjt defjie kleaaeftkve wbel tbe aheetskze klfrejsem( sufb js bkcb kipgrt aees jlm rgjm tjxes( tg j sgpbkstkfjtem ikx ga j vebkfhequgtj systei jlm rgjm prkfklc,54 Vklcjpgres rgjm trjlspgrt pghkfy agfuses gl ijljcklc trjvehmeijlm jlm ijxkikzklc rgjm spjfe( jffesskdkhkty ga jhh pjrts ga tbe fkty( kiprgvklc tbe eaakfkelfyga tbe pudhkf trjlskt systei( jhhgwklc agr tbe eaakfkelt gwlersbkp ga vebkfhes( jlm kiprgvklc trjaakf

ijljceielt,56 Se sbjhh lgw mksfuss tbe vebkfhe qugtj sfbeie( tbe rgjm prkfklc sfbeie( jlmtbe pghkfkes ga pudhkf trjlspgrtjtkgl,

3,4,: Qebkfhe Zugtj Vystei "QZV+

]be QZV sfbeie eljdhes pghkfy jlm tbe ijroet iefbjlksi tg wgro tgcetber tg jhhgfjtevebkfhes tg users jlm belfe ijljce tbe vebkfhe pgpuhjtkgl, ]be cgverlielt phjls agr j rjte gacrgwtb ga tbe vebkfhe pgpuhjtkgl jffgrmklc tg tbe prevjkhklc trjaakf fglmktkgls jlm rgjm fjpjfkty,

]bks rjte ks trjlshjtem tg tbe luider ga lew vebkfhes tg de jmmem tg ejfb ga tbe vebkfhefjtecgrkes( tjoklc kltg fglskmerjtkgl tbe exkstklc vebkfhe pgpuhjtkgl jlm tbe luider ga vebkfhestg de merecksterem jt tbe elm ga tbe prefemklc yejr,5= ]bks meterikles tbe supphy ga tbe vebkfhequgtj, Gl tbe meijlm skme( jhh purfbjsers ga lew vebkfhes jre requkrem tg dkm agr j hkfelse

olgwl js j Fertkakfjte ga Eltktheielt "FGE+, J pudhkf telmer ks behm twkfe j igltb dy tbeTeckstry ga Qebkfhes "TGQ+,

Esseltkjhhy( tbe prkfe ga j FGE ks meteriklem dy tbe wkhhklcless tg pjy, ]be FGE hjsts agr :>yejrs, J redjte ks jwjrmem tg tbe gwler agr ejrhy mereckstrjtkgl ga j FGE, ]bks redjte mepelmsgl tbe FGE preikui tbjt wjs pjkm( prgrjtem dy tbe luider ga igltbs reijklklc ga tbe :>yejrs,55 Argi : Vepteider 4>>2( fjr gwlers jre jhhgwem tg elfjsb tbe ^reaereltkjh JmmktkgljhTeckstrjtkgl Aee "^JTA+ jlm Fertkakfjte ga Eltktheielt "FGE+ redjtes, ]bks fbjlce wjs tgelfgurjce fjr gwlers tg sbkat tg pudhkf trjlspgrt users,51

]be QZV ks eaaeftkve kl fgltrghhklc tbe vebkfhe pgpuhjtkgl kl Vklcjpgre, Kl tbe :;;>s( tbe QZVbjm suffessauhhy remufem tbe jllujh crgwtb rjte ga vebkfhes tg 6%, ]bks wjs j skclkakfjlthy

5> Elercy Eaakfkelfy Klmex 9Dukhmklcs Jllujh Elercy Fglsuiptkgl'Dukhmklcs ]gtjh Ahggr Jrej,5:

Dhjfo 4>>>,54

Fbkl jlm Viktb :;;3,56

]be kmej tbjt fglcestkgl remuftkgl wguhm de tbe fgrler stgle ga Vklcjpgres rgjm trjlspgrt pghkfy bjs kts rggts kltbe klahueltkjh repgrt dy Skhdur Viktb jlm Jssgfkjtes, ]be stumy eipbjskzem tbe prgdhei tbjt ulfglstrjklemcrgwtb kl prkvjte fjr gwlersbkp wguhm bjve kl tbe Vklcjpgre fgltext "Skhdur Viktb jlm Jssgfkjtes :;3=+,

5=Ogb jlm Hee :;;=,

55^bjlc( Sglc( jlm Fbkj :;;1,

51H]J 4>>2,


26/42


4=

shgwer rjte ga crgwtb fgipjrem wktb jl jverjce ga 1,2% kl tbe 6 yejrs ulmer tbe ghm pghkfydeagre :;;>,53 Argi 4>>;( tbe vebkfhe pgpuhjtkgl crgwtb rjte wkhh de aurtber remufem tg jljllujh :,5%, ]bks ks phjllem agr jt hejst tbree yejrs deagre kt ks revkewem( js tbe rgjmexpjlskgl prgcrji shgws mgwl argi tbe furrelt :% per jllui tg jdgut >,5% per jllui gvertbe lext :5 yejrs,52 Fgltrghhklc tbe vebkfhe pgpuhjtkgl kl Vklcjpgre bjs bjm j sudstjltkjh kipjftgl elercy fglsuiptkgl jlm eiksskgls ga pghhutjlts sufb js FG4( LGx( VGx( etf, Elercy use ksestkijtem tg bjve deel remufem dy jrgulm 5>%,

5;

3,4,4 Tgjm ^rkf klc

Vklcjpgres rgjm prkfklc decjl kl :;35 wktb tbe kltrgmuftkgl ga tbe Jrej Hkfelsklc Vfbeie"JHV+, ]g remufe tbe fglcestkgl prgdhei kl Feltrjh Vklcjpgre( wbkfb klfhumes VklcjpgresFDM jlm kts fgiierfkjh jlm retjkh fgrrkmgr jhglc tbe Grfbjrm Tgjm(1> j perikt systei wjskltrgmufem, Kl :;;>( jrgulm 6:5(>>> `gds kl tbe retjkh jlm tgurksi seftgrs were hgfjtem wktbkltbe restrkftem zgle, ]bks bkcb fglfeltrjtkgl ga jftkvktkes jlm `gds celerjtes buce trjveh meijlmjlm trjaakf fglcestkgl, ]be user pjy eheielt ga tbe perikt fbjrce wjs expeftem tg remufe tbkstrjaakf meijlm dy fbjrcklc jhh vebkfhes exfept jiduhjlfes( akre elckles( pghkfe vebkfhes( jlmpudhkf duses agr elterklc tbe zgle, Jhh vebkfhes bjm tg purfbjse jlm mksphjy j spefkjh perikt tgelter tbe zgle,

Kl :;;2 tbks systei wjs rephjfem dy Eheftrglkf rgjm prkfklc "ET +, ]be ijkl jmvjltjce ga ET^ks fglvelkelfe jlm ahexkdkhkty, ]bks systei fgidkles tbe use ga rjmkgarequelfy( gptkfjh)meteftkgl( kijcklc( jlm sijrt)fjrm tefblghgckes tg ajfkhktjte tbe fghheftkgl ga rgjm fbjrces, Jlkl)vebkfhe ulkt wbkfb fjl de meteftem dy j rgjm selsgr ks klstjhhem kl jhh vebkfhes, ]bks ulkt fjlprgfess j fjsb fjrm sg tbjt fbjrces jre jutgijtkfjhhy memuftem ejfb tkie tbe vebkfhe pjsses jselsgr, ]be hjtter ks klstjhhem gl cjltrkes wbkfb jre vkskdhe js eltry gr exkt pgklts ga j fbjrcklcjrej'rgjm, ]be ET tefblghgcy ks jmvjlfem elgucb tg bjlmhe iuhtkphe vebkfhes trjvehhklc jtbkcb speems "k,e,( :4> oi per bgur gr ajster+,

Vtjtkstkfs sbgw tbjt tbe ET ks eaaeftkve kl fgltrghhklc trjaakf vghuies, Kl tbe akrst igltb ga ktsgperjtkgl( tbe jverjce mjkhy trjaakf ahgw murklc weeomjys kl tbe feltrjh jrej aehh kl vghuie dyigre tbjl 4>%,1: ]rjaakf speem klfrejsem dy :> oi per bgur argi 6>65 oi per bgur ulmer tbeghm JHV tg =>=5 oi per bgur ulmer tbe lew ET systei, Gl weeoelms( trjaakf vghuies aehh dyjhigst 4>%, Experkielts wktb bkcber ET fbjrces kl seheftem jrejs bjm j aurtber eaaeft gltrjaakf, ]be jdkhkty tg vjry tbe fbjrces jt mkaaerelt tkies jlm gl mkaaerelt rgutes sbgws jlgtberjmvjltjce ga usklc ET js fgipjrem tg ijlujh rgjm prkfklc sfbeies sufb js JHV, 14Temufem trjaakf kl tbe fbjrcklc zgle bjs hem tg jl estkijtem :31(=>> pgulm remuftkgl kl FG4eiksskgls jlm j 44 pgulm remuftkgl kl pjrtkfuhjte ijtter "sggt+,

16

3,4,6 ]rkcelerjtkgl Ajfkh ktkes

]brgucb ]^CV Creel Elercy( j gklt velture wktb Cjs Vupphy te Htm( ]ujs ^gwer pkgleeremtbe kltrgmuftkgl ga fgcelerjtkgl jlm trkcelerjtkgl tefblghgckes tg hjrce ijluajfturklc ajfkhktkessufb js pbjrijfeutkfjh jlm petrgfbeikfjh phjlts kl Vklcjpgre, ]bese bkcbhy eaakfkelttefblghgckes skiuhtjlegushy prgmufe twg gr tbree types ga utkhktkes sufb js steji jlm eheftrkfkty

53Vbjrp 4>>5,

52H]J( 4>>2,

5;MVguzj 4>::,

1>Agg :;;3,

1:Agg 4>>>,

14H]J( 4>>2,

16Elvkrglieltjh Meaelse 4>>1,


27/42


45

tbjt jre frktkfjh tg tbe fustgiers phjlt prgfesses( tbus remufklc tbekr elercy fgsts jlm fjrdglaggtprklt jt tbe sjie tkie,

âkzer Klfgrpgrjtem( j hjrce klterljtkgljh pbjrijfeutkfjh fgipjly( decjl gperjtklc tbe akrsttrkcelerjtkgl ajfkhkty kl Vklcjpgre kl 4>>1 jt gle ga kts V-1>> ikhhkgl iuhtk)purpgse phjlts lejr

]ujs Vgutb Dkgiemkfjh ^jro( wbere 415 eiphgyees ijluajfture pbjrijfeutkfjh klcremkelts,Dukht jt j fgst ga UV-2 ikhhkgl wktb j ljiephjte fjpjfkty ga =,1 IS ga pgwer( tbe ajfkhkty jhsgcelerjtes up tg :4 ietrkf tgls ga steji jlm 4(5>> rearkcerjlt tgls ga fbkhhem wjter per bgur,Akrem dy ljturjh cjs( tbe trkcelerjtkgl ajfkhkty jfbkevem 26% tberijh eaakfkelfy kl kts akrst yejr gagperjtkgl, Kt wkhh behp âkzer remufe kts jllujh eheftrkfkty fgsts dy jdgut UV-5>>(>>> per yejr"jlm fut fjrdgl mkgxkme equkvjhelt eiksskgls dy :3% jllujhhy+, ]be trkcelerjtkgl ulkt ksgperjtem ulmer j :5)yejr jcreeielt wktb ]^CV jlm tbe phjlt fjl de expjlmem tgjffgiigmjte jlgtber =,1 IS ljturjh cjs turdkle tg bjlmhe auture meijlm agr steji jlmeheftrkfkty,

2, G]BET CGQETLIEL] KLK]KJ]KQEV ]BJ] JTEFGI^J]KDHE SK]B CTEEL CTGS]B

Ckvel tbe kipgrtjlt rghe tbjt tbe elercy seftgr phjys kl meteriklklc tbe extelt ga pghhutkglcelerjtem kl j fgultry( tbe agfus ga jljhysks kl tbe prevkgus seftkgls bjs deel Vklcjpgreselercy pghkfkes, Bgwever( j creel pjtb tg crgwtb ks j drgjmer fglfept hkloem tg tbe eaakfkelt usega resgurfes jlm kiprgvklc elvkrglieltjh qujhkty, Vklcjpgre bjs( tbrgucb hglc)teri phjllklc(mgle qukte wehh kl tbks spbere, ]bere bjve deel severjh pghkfkes klstktutem tg elsure tbjt tbe fktystjte ks creel jlm fhejl, Se sbjhh fglskmer tbese klktkjtkves kl tbks seftkgl, Vklfe fjrdglijroets jlm fhkijte fbjlce akljlfe wguhm phjy j oey rghe kl tbe reckgls creel crgwtb cgjhs(we wkhh fglskmer tbe rghe tbjt Vklcjpgre ikcbt phjy js tbe reckgls fjrdgl bud,

2,: Argi j Cjrmel Fkty tg j Fkty kl j Cjrmel

Vklfe Vklcjpgres klfeptkgl( kts hejmers bjm elvkskglem tbe mevehgpielt ga j sustjkljdhe fkty,

]be fglfept ga turlklc Vklcjpgre kltg j Cjrmel Fkty( j phjfe wbere tbere wguhm de j djhjlfedetweel efglgikf jlm elvkrglieltjh cgjhs( wjs usem js tbe djsks agr pghkfy phjllklc agr tbefkty stjte, ]be ^jros jlm Tefrejtkgl Mepjrtielt "^TM+ wjs estjdhksbem kl :;31 tg ulmertjoetbe tjso ga creelklc Vklcjpgre, Ckvel tbe hjfo ga creelery kl Vklcjpgres streetsfjpe( tbe ^TMagfusem akrst gl klfrejsklc sbruddery jlm tree pgpuhjtkgls kl tbe fkty, J fgidkljtkgl ga ajst)crgwklc klmkcelgus trees( sufb js Jlcsjlj( jlm aree ahgwerklc trees jlm sbruds( sufb jsDgucjklvkhhejs( were phjltem jfrgss tbe fkty, Kl fglùlftkgl( fggrmkljtkgl detweel cgverlieltjcelfkes jhhgwem agr tbe mevehgpielt ga rgjm fgmes tg jhhgw agr jmequjte phjltklc jrejs,

Mevehgpers ga reskmeltkjh jrejs were jhsg requkrem tg phjlt rgjmskme trees jlm set jskme hjlm agrgpel spjfes, ^jvem jrejs( sufb js fjr pjros( were jhsg klfhumem kl tbe phjllklc exerfkse,

]rees were requkrem tg de phjltem kl jrej wktb extelskve jspbjht surajfes js j iejls gajttelujtklc tbe urdjl bejt kshjlm eaaeft, Freepers were phjltem gl fglfrete struftures( sufb js

ahygvers( sg js tg prgvkme vksujh rehkea argi tbe dukht elvkrglielt, ^jros were vkewem js jiejls ga prgvkmklc tbe fktysfjpe wktb creel hulcs, Belfe( hjlm wjs set jskme agr tbemevehgpielt ga pjros, ]be kshjlm)wkme pjro mevehgpielt prgcrji wjs jhsg jffeherjtem tgfjter tg tbe mkverse refrejtkgljh leems ga tbe pgpuhjtkgl, Ulmer tbks prgcrji( exkstklc ghm pjroswere kiprgvem upgl jlm ijly lew gles were mevehgpem,


28/42


41

Mespkte fgipetklc hjlm leems( tbe cgverlielt bjs set jskme spjfe agr pjros( trees( jlmcreelery, Ulmer tbe Fglfept hjl 4>>:(

1===>> beftjres ga pjrohjlm wkhh de set jskme wbel

Vklcjpgre#s pgpuhjtkgl rejfbes 5,5 ikhhkgl, Vklcjpgre lgw bjs 4(323,>4 beftjres ga pjros(fglleftgrs( jlm gpel spjfes( klfhumklc sgie 652 pjros jlm phjycrgulms, Kl jmmktkgl( kt bjs6(6=3 bj ga ljture reserve jlm 4(11= beftjres ga rgjmskme creelery, ]bese luiders jre quktekipresskve ckvel tbe :>>% urdjlkzjtkgl ga Vklcjpgre, ]bese hjrce swjtbes ga creel jre lgwijljcem dy L^jros( j cgverlielt jcelfy, L^jros ks kl tbe prgfess ga mevehgpklc j

Vtreetsfjpe Creelery Ijster ^hjl agr Vklcjpgre tbjt wkhh mrkve tbe auture mevehgpielt ga tbeCjrmel Fkty fglfept, ]g fgipheielt tbe husb streetsfjpe creelery( L^jros creelklcjpprgjfb ks lgw igvklc upwjrms tbrgucb tbe creelklc ga rggatgps jlm skmes ga bkcb)rksedukhmklcs wbkfb ks vkewem js iejls ga elsurklc gptkijh hjlm use wbkhst kiprgvklc tbe qujhkty gahkae kl Vklcjpgre,

]be Cjrmel Fkty fglfept ks lgw wktlessklc jl evghutkgl kl tbe iklms ga tbe fkty phjllers, ]bekmej ks tbe frejtkgl ga j Fkty kl j Cjrmel, ]bks fglfept kiphkes tbjt tbe fkty stjtes creelklarjstrufture ga pjros jlm streetsfjpes wkhh de fgltkcugus tbus phjyklc jl esseltkjh pjrt kl tbehkves ga Vklcjpgres reskmelts jlm elcelmerklc j crejter jwjreless ga tbe vjhue ga tbeelvkrglielt,

2,4 Sjste IjljceieltVklcjpgre bjs deel reaklklc tbe eaakfkelfy ga kts wjste ijljceielt systei gver tbe yejrs,Sjste ks furrelthy fghheftem argi bgies gl j mjkhy djsks( wbkfb elsures pudhkf byckele jlmbkcb hevehs ga fhejlhkless, Ckvel Vklcjpgres hjlm fglstrjklts( klstejm ga usklc up hjlm agr jhjlmakhh( Vklcjpgre klfklerjtes kts wjste kl wjste)tg)elercy phjlts tbjt jre bkcbhy eaakfkelt jlmsud`eft tg strkft eiksskgl stjlmjrms, ]bese phjlts celerjte jpprgxkijtehy 4%6% gaVklcjpgres eheftrkfkty leems,

]be jsb argi tbe klfklerjtkgl prgfess ks selt tg Vklcjpgres glhy hjlmakhh( tbe Veijoju hjlmakhh, Ktks jl kshjlm hgfjtem jrgulm 2oi argi ijklhjlm Vklcjpgre, Jt tbe furrelt rjte ga usjce( kt ksexpeftem tg hjst agr jpprgxkijtehy => yejrs, ]berejater( kt wkhh defgie j pjrt ga Vklcjpgres hjlmstgfo, ]be hjlmakhh wjs fglstruftem wktb sustjkljdkhkty kl iklm, ]bks bjs resuhtem kl tbe exkstelfe

ga j rkfb mkverskty ga ahgrj jlm ajulj gl tbe kshjlm,

Vklcjpgre jkis tg remufe tbe leem agr klfklerjtkgl jlm tbe use ga hjlm agr hjlmakhh, ]g tbks elmtbere bjve deel eaagrts tg cet Vklcjpgre reskmelts tg refyfhe, ]be Ljtkgljh Tefyfhklc rgcrjiwjs estjdhksbem( wbkfb prgvkmes feltrjhkzem refyfhklc dkls jlm agrtlkcbthy fghheftkgl garefyfhjdhes,

]jdhe 4 dehgw prgvkmes j sljpsbgt ga Vklcjpgres wjste ijljceielt systei gver agur yejrs,Se fjl see tbjt tbe tgtjh wjste celerjtem every yejr bjs deel klfrejsklc, Bgwever( tbeperfeltjce ga wjste tbjt ks deklc refyfhem bjs jhsg deel klfrejsklc,

1=]be Fglfept hjl ks Vklcjpgres hglc)teri strjteckf hjlm use jlm trjlspgrtjtkgl phjl, Kt cukmes Vklcjpgresmevehgpielt gver j tkiearjie ga j aew mefjmes, Cgverlielt jcelfkes klvghvem kl Vklcjpgres efglgikf( sgfkjh(elvkrglieltjh( jlm klarjstrufturjh mevehgpielt gklthy mrjw up tbks hjl jlm revkew kt every tel yejrs,


29/42


43

]jdhe 40 Vklcjpgres Sjste Ijljceielt Vtjtkst kfs

Vgurfe0 Iklkstry ga tbe Elvkrglielt jlm Sjter Tesgurfes,

2,6 ^ghhutkgl Ijljceielt

Vklcjpgre bjs bjm fhejr( rkcgrgus elvkrglieltjh recuhjtkgls sklfe kts klfeptkgl, ]be fkty bjsdeel phjllem sg tbjt klmustrkjh jlm reskmeltkjh jrejs jre secrecjtem( tg kiprgve tbe qujhkty gahkae agr Vklcjpgres reskmelts, Bejvy klmustry ks hgfjtem gl @ urglc Kshjlm jlm ]ujs, Vtrkftpghhutkgl fgltrgh stjlmjrms jre kipgsem gl lew klmustrkjh mevehgpielts jlm tbese jrefgipheieltem dy strkft iglktgrklc jlm elagrfeielt,

Vklcjpgres jidkelt jkr qujhkty ks iejsurem usklc tbe ^ghhutjlt Vtjlmjrms Klmex "^VK+mevehgpem dy tbe Ulktem Vtjtes Elvkrglieltjh rgteftkgl Jcelfy "UVE^J+, Kl Vklcjpgre( tbe^VK ks fjhfuhjtem argi tbe fglfeltrjtkgls ga akve oey pghhutjltspjrtkfuhjte ijtter "^I:>+(

suhpbur mkgxkme( gzgle( fjrdgl iglgxkme( jlm lktrgcel mkgxkme, Akcure :4 dehgw khhustrjtes tbejkr qujhkty kl Vklcjpgre gver j mefjme, ]be jkr qujhkty agr j yejr ks meaklem kl teris ga tbeprgpgrtkgl ga mjys agr wbkfb tbe VK ajhhs wktbkl j pjrtkfuhjr fjtecgry, Ka tbe VK ks dehgw 5>( tbeltbe mjy ks fhjsskakem js cggm( ka kt hkes wktbkl tbe 5::>> rjlce tbe jkr qujhkty agr tbe mjy ksigmerjte( jlm wbel kt rjlces argi :>:4>>( kt ks fhjsskakem js ulbejhtby, ]be akcure klmkfjtestbjt agr tbe igst pjrt( Vklcjpgre bjs cggm jkr qujhkty, ]be preselfe ga ulbejhtby mjys kl j yejrks hjrcehy mue tg tbe eaaefts ga trjls)dgulmjry pghhutkgl( js fjl de seel agr 4>>1,

Vghkm Sjste Ijljceielt Ulkt 4>>3 4>>2 4>>; 4>:>

% ga pgpuhjtkgl wktb jffess tg wjste fghheftkgl servkfes % :>> :>> :>> :>>

]gtjh wjste celerjtem ikh tgls'yr 5,1 5,;3 1,:: 1,54

]gtjh wjste refyfhem ikh tgls'yr 6,>6 6,6= 6,=; 6,31

% 5=% 51% 53% 52%

]gtjh wjste klfklerjtem ikh tgls'yr 4,62 4,=5 4,=2 4,5;% =6% =:% =:% =>%

]gtjh wjste hjlmakhhem ikh tgls'yr >,:; >,:2 >,:5 >,:3

% 6% 6% 4% 4%

]gtjh mgiestkf wjste mkspgsem ikh tgls'yr :,5 :,=2 :,54 :,1

Mgiestkf wjste mkspgsem per fjpktj oc'mjy'persgl >,22 >,2= >,2= >,21

]gtjh lgl)mgiestkf wjste mkspgsem ikh tgls'yr :,>3 :,:= :,:: :,:1

]gtjh elercy prgmufem argi klfklerjtkgl ISb ;3=(;=5 :(>=2(>34 :(>1=(;51 :(:36(4;2

Hkaespjl ga Hjlmakhh yejrs 65)=> 65)=> 65)=5 65)=5


30/42


42

Akcure :40 Jkr Zujhkty kl Vklcjpgre

Vgurfe0 Iklkstry ga tbe Elvkrglielt jlm Sjter Tesgurfes,

2,= Vklcjpgre js j Fjrdgl Bud

Fjrdgl akljlfe jlm fjrdgl ijroets wkhh de feltrjh tg chgdjh eaagrts tg iktkcjte fhkijte fbjlce,Vklcjpgre fjl pgteltkjhhy set ktseha up js j fjrdgl bud( fjpktjhkzklc gl twg mkstklft gppgrtulktkes,Akrsthy( Vgutb)Ejst Jskj ks hkoehy tg see klfrejsem klwjrm ahgws ga fhkijte fbjlce akljlfe jlmfjrdgl ijroet akljlfe( ckvel tbjt tbe Jssgfkjtkgl ga Vgutbejst Jskjl Ljtkgls "JVEJL+efglgikes

15jre fhjssem js mevehgpklc efglgikes ulmer tbe Ulktem Ljtkgls Arjiewgro

Fglveltkgl gl Fhkijte Fbjlce "ULAFFF+ jlm skclkakfjlt iktkcjtkgl pgteltkjh exksts kl ijlyJVEJL efglgikes, Kl pjrtkfuhjr( Klmgleskj ks hkoehy tg refekve akljlfkjh suppgrt jkiem jtprgteftklc kts agrests vkj tbe Ulktem Ljtkglss Temufem Eiksskgls argi Meagrestjtkgl jlm AgrestMecrjmjtkgl "TEMM+ prgcrji? agr klstjlfe( kl 4>:> Lgrwjy jcreem tg prgvkme UV-: dkhhkgl klakljlfe tg Klmgleskj agr agrest fglservjtkgl jlm prgteftkgl "deckllklc wktb j 4)yejr igrjtgrkuigl fhejrklc kipheieltem kl @ ule 4>::+,11

Vklcjpgre( wbkfb ks jhrejmy j reckgljh akljlfkjh bud jlm pgssesses ijture fjpktjh ijroets tbjtbjve refekvem expgsure tg fjrdgl trjmklc( ks tbus wehh)equkppem tg set ktseha up js tbe reckgljhbud agr fhkijte akljlfe kl fjrdgl ijroets( eiksskgl iktkcjtkgl prg`efts( Creel Aulmsijljceielt( etf, Js selkgr iklkster ga stjte agr trjme jlm klmustry( Ir, V, Kswjrjl pgkltem gutkl jl gpelklc speefb tg tbe Fjrdgl Jskj Agrui 4>>;( tbjt Vklcjpgre bjs j luider ga gtberaejtures kl ajvgr ga kts defgiklc jl Jskj) jfkakf Fjrdgl Bud( klfhumklc tbe preselfe gafgipjlkes jhrejmy klvghvem kl fjrdgl akljlfklc jlm trjmklc( tbe strglc fgiigmktkes trjmklc

djse "tbjt fjl de heverjcem tg suppgrt fjrdgl trjmklc+( jlm klfeltkve sfbeies agr fgiigmktymerkvjtkves trjmklc jlm aulm ijljceielt tbjt lgw extelm tg eiksskgls merkvjtkves js wehh,

13

15]be furrelt JVEJL ieider fgultrkes jre Drulek Mjrussjhji( Fjidgmkj( Klmgleskj( Hjg MT( Ijhjyskj(Iyjlijr( ^bkhkppkles( Vklcjpgre( ]bjkhjlm( jlm Qket Lji,

11Agcjrty 4>::,

13Vklcjpgre Bkcbhkcbts Kts Tghe kl Expjlmklc FMI Jftkvktkes kl tbe Teckgl(Cgverlielt Iglktgr( 41

tb Gft 4>>;(bttp0''www,tbecgviglktgr,fgi'wgrhmWlews'jskj'sklcjpgre)bkcbhkcbts)kts)rghe)kl)expjlmklc)fmi)jftkvktkes)kl)tbe)reckgl):4=55,btih,


31/42


4;

Aurtberigre( Vklcjpgre ks tbe hjrcest ijrkle duloerklc bud kl tbe wgrhm12

jlm gle ga tbe

wgrhms tgp tbree expgrt reaklklc felters,1;

]bus( Vklcjpgre fguhm phjy j oey rghe kl tbeijljceielt ga jly aulms celerjtem argi furdklc chgdjh eiksskgls gl sbkppklc, Kl jmmktkgl(Vklcjpgre ks jl kipgrtjlt jvkjtkgl bud js wehh

3>jlm fguhm tbus jhsg defgie j reckgljh bud agr

tbe ijljceielt ga aulms celerjtem argi furdklc eiksskgls gl jvkjtkgl, ]be jagreieltkglemexpertkse ga Vklcjpgre kl akljlfkjh ijroets jlm aulms ijljceielt wkhh ckve j aurtber dggst tgVklcjpgres fbjlfes ga defgiklc j bud agr tbe ijljceielt ga fhkijte akljlfe celerjtem argi

furdklc klterljtkgljh trjlspgrt eiksskgls,

Vklcjpgres pgsktkglklc js j fjrdgl bud wkhh jhhgw agr tbe heverjcklc ga prkvjte akljlfe wbkfb ksmeeiem frufkjh agr fhkijte fbjlce iktkcjtkgl eaagrts, ]bks wguhm tbus frejte meijlm agr tbeoklms ga klstktutkgls jlm ijroets tbjt( kl tbe JVEJL reckgl( fjl glhy de agulm kl Vklcjpgre,

;, FBJHHELCEV JBEJM

Js j fkty stjte wktb hkiktem resgurfes( Vklcjpgre ajfes severjh fbjhhelces kl creelklc ktsefglgiy, J crgwklc efglgiy puts pressure gl kts hjlm( wjter( jlm elercy resgurfes,Igregver( kts trjlsktkgl tg j creel efglgiy ks ijme igre mkaakfuht dy tbe ajft tbjt fertjklseftgrs ga Vklcjpgres efglgiy jre hjrce fglsuiers ga elercy jlm belfe fgltrkdutgrs tgcreelbguse cjs eiksskgls,

;,: Klmustry

Gver tkie( Vklcjpgre bjs evghvem kltg j wgrhm hejmer kl severjh jrejs klfhumklc sbkppklc jlm gkhreaklklc, ]be pgrt ga Vklcjpgre bjs deel jiglcst tbe tgp akve duskest pgrts kl tbe wgrhm agrseverjh mefjmes, ]be Jierkfjl Jssgfkjtkgl ga ^grt Jutbgrktkes "J^^J+ kl 4>>; rjloemVklcjpgre js tbe wgrhm#s duskest fgltjkler sejpgrt gl tbe djsks ga tbe tgtjh luider ga jftujhtwelty)aggt equkvjhelt ulkts trjlspgrtem tbrgucb tbe pgrt jlm sefglm( jater Vbjlcbjk( kl terisga tgtjh fjrcg vghuie,

3:Vklcjpgre fglskstelthy rjlos js gle ga tbe wgrhms tgp fgipetktkve

pgrts( kl teris ga tglljce jlm pgrt eaakfkelfy,34 ]be gkh klmustry bjs deel kltecrjh tg Vklcjpgres

efglgiy( fgltrkdutklc jpprgxkijtehy 5% tg Vklcjpgres CM kl 4>>3, Sbel fglskmeremtgcetber( Vklcjpgre#s elercy jlm fbeikfjh fgiphex fgltrkdutem V-53 dkhhkgl ga ktsijluajfturklc gutput kl 4>>; "42% ga Vklcjpgres tgtjh ijluajfturklc gutput+,

36^ghkfkes jkiem

jt eiksskgls remuftkgls( de tbey hgfjh gr chgdjh( wkhh lefessjrkhy kipjft tbese oey trjmjdhecggms seftgrs jaaeftklc tbe gutput ga tbe Vklcjpgre efglgiy,

]be Oygtg ^rgtgfgh jsskclem respglskdkhkty agr remufklc duloer creelbguse cjs eiksskgls tgmevehgpem "Jllex :+ fgultrkes wgroklc tbrgucb tbe Klterljtkgljh Ijrktkie Grcjlksjtkgl "KIG+(jl jcelfy ga tbe Ulktem Ljtkgls, ]be KIG bjs agfusem gl tefblkfjh mksfusskgl jrgulmstjlmjrms sufb js aueh eaakfkelfy( aueh qujhkty( shgw stejiklc(3= etf, ]be medjte ks lgwmejmhgfoem gver wbetber jly iejsures tg remufe FG4 eiksskgls sbguhm de chgdjh gr

12 Efglgikf Mevehgpielt Dgjrm Vklcjpgre 4>>;,bttp0''www,emd,cgv,sc'etf'iemkjhkd'mgwlhgjms'klmustrkes, jr,66145,Akhe,tip'Elercy%4>Ajftsbeet,pma,

1;D 4>>;,

3>Jkrpgrts Fgulfkh Klterljtkgljh 4>>;,

3:J^^J 4>>;,

34khhjk 4>>5,

36Efglgikf Mevehgpielt Dgjrm Vklcjpgre 4>::,

3=]bks ks esseltkjhhy j remuftkgl kl speem dy sbkps, ]be elercy use ga j sbkp per okhgieter klfrejses jpprgxkijtehywktb tbe squjre ga tbe speem,


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6>

mkaaereltkjtem, Mevehgpem fgultrkes wjlt chgdjh iejsures sg js tg jvgkm fgipetktkve mkstgrtkgl,Duloer aueh use typkfjhhy represelts :>%:5% ga mevehgpem fgultrkes trjlspgrt eiksskgls( dutkl sgie fjses tbe akcure ks iufb bkcber tbjl tbks( jrgulm 4>%=>%, Kl tbe Letberhjlms( kt ksgver 5>%,35 Cgverlielts fglsequelthy aejr pghktkfjh mkaakfuhtkes mue tg fgipetktkve mkstgrtkgls kaulkhjterjh jftkgl ks tjoel tg recuhjte duloer auehs,

]jdhe 60 Mkstrkdutkgl ga Klterljtkgljh DuloersMkstrkdutkgl ga KlterljtkgljhDuloers "kl FG4 teris( il

tglles+

UV 22

@ jpjl :;

EU)43 :3:

Vklcjpgre 21

]jkpek(Fbklj 3

UJE =:

Vjumk Jrjdkj 2Tepudhkf ga Ogrej 66

Drjzkh ::

Jllex): ]gtjh 423

Lgl)jllex : ]gtjh 4;5

Vgurfe0 Ijro Hjzjrgwkfz( UO ^rkie Iklksters Vpefkjh Tepreseltjtkve( Chgdjh Fjrdgl ]rjmklc0 J Arjiewgro agrremufklc eiksskgls "4>>;+,

]be fjrdgl fgltelt ga duloer auehs ks j tjrcet agr tjx gr fjp)jlm)trjme, ]be KIG jlm oey

sbkppklc jssgfkjtkgls wkhh phjy j frktkfjh rghe kl fhkijte fbjlce tjhos, ]be klmustry ks ktseha mkvkmemkltg twg fjips( gle tbjt suppgrts fjp)jlm)trjme jlm tbe gtber tbjt suppgrts j fjrdgl tjx,

]bgse jmvgfjtklc fjp)jlm)trjme jre tbe Justrjhkjl Vbkpgwlers Jssgfkjtkgl( tbe LgrweckjlVbkpgwlers Jssgfkjtkgl( tbe Vwemksb Vbkpgwlers Jssgfkjtkgl( jlm tbe UO Fbjider gaVbkppklc, ]bgse tbjt ajvgr j fjrdgl tjx klfhume Melijro( tbe Bglc Oglc Vbkppklc Jssgfkjtkgl(jlm J Ighher Ijerso,

35Mklcs 4>>;,


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6:

]jdhe =0 Sgrhm Duloer Ijroet Vjhes "4>>3+

Fgultry'Fkty Il

]l

% ga Sgrhm Ijroet

Vklcjpgre 6>,4 ::,3>%

Au`jkrjb :1,5 1,6>%

Tgttermji :6,: 5,>>%

Jltwerp 2,5 6,4>%

Jistermji :,4 >,=>%

Sgrhm ]gtjh 452 :>>%

Il 9ikhhkgl, ]l 9tgles,

Vgurfe0 ACE estkijtes,

Vklcjpgre( Au`jkrjb( jlm Jistermji)Tgttermji)Jltwerp jre jiglc tbe igre kipgrtjlt chgdjhduloerklc felters "see ]jdhe =+, Fhkijte fbjlce pghkfy wkhh bjve jl gutskzem kipjft gl tbesetbree reckgls, Ckvel kts preiker stjtus kl duloer ijroet sjhes( sbkppklc ks j frufkjh kssue agrVklcjpgre kl fhkijte fbjlce mksfusskgls, Js gle ga tbe tgp agur akljlfkjh felters kl tbe wgrhmjlm ckvel tbe skze ga kts ijrkle gperjtkgls( Vklcjpgre ks wehh)phjfem tg defgie tbe chgdjhfelter agr ektber duloer tjx jmiklkstrjtkgl gr agr j fjp)jlm trjme reckie agr sbkppklc eiksskglremuftkgls, Vklcjpgre wguhm de tbe preaerrem hgfjtkgl agr j creelbguse cjs aulm jmiklkstrjtgr(j felter agr sbkppklc eiksskgls T!M( jlm j fjp)jlm)trjme akljlfkjh jlm prkfe mksfgvery felter,Bgwever( tbe kssue ga fjrdgl hejojce ks j ajftgr tbjt wkhh jaaeft tbe prgspefts ga j chgdjhjcreeielt gl sbkppklc eiksskgls jlm fgiphkjlfe, Esseltkjhhy( pgrts tbjt jre lgt sud`eft tgeiksskgl fglstrjklts( wbkfb ijy de mue tg tbekr hgfjtkgl kl j lgl)Jllex : fgultry( ikcbt de kl jpgsktkgl tg jttrjft lgl)fgiphkjlt sbkppklc,

]jdhe 5 sbgws tbe mkstrkdutkgl ga reaklerkes dy hgfjtkgl, Se see tbjt reaklery fjpjfkty kl Jskj bjswktlessem sudstjltkjh crgwtb, Agr klstjlfe( argi :;;2 tg 4>>2( tbe ^TF jlm Klmkj pgstemcrgwtb rjtes ga jpprgxkijtehy 1,:>% jlm 2,4=%( respeftkvehy, Bgwever( tbks crgwtb wjs hjrcehytg ieet rksklc mgiestkf prgmuft meijlm, Sktb reaklklc fjpjfkty ga lejrhy mgudhe kts rjte gapetrgheui prgmufts fglsuiptkgl( Vklcjpgre bjs ijkltjklem kts pgsktkgl js j chgdjh gkh reaklklcjlm trjmklc felter "see ]jdhe 1+, Vklcjpgre ks bgie tg j fglstehhjtkgl ga jftkvktkes( sufb jspbyskfjh gkh jlm merkvjtkves trjmklc( klsurjlfe( fglsuhtklc( jlm lews jlm prkfe repgrtklcservkfes tbjt bjve deel mrkvel dy kts stjtus js j reaklklc bud, Js jl gkh felter( agrwjrm jlmdjfowjrm hklojces jre extelskve( argi ijluajfturklc( djloklc jlm klsurjlfe( tg fgiigmktytrjmklc( sbkppklc( jlm rkso ijljceielt,


34/42


64

]jdhe 50 Chgdjh Teaklklc FeltersBgustgl( Tgttermji "JTJ+( jlm Vklcjpgre

Fgultry :;;2 4>>24>>2gver:;;2

sbjre gatgtjh

"4>>2+

UV :1(41: :3(14: >,2:% :;,22%

Crejter Bgustgl Jrej :(4>3 :,61%

Dehckui jlm Letberhjlms :(;;2 4(>>1 >,>=% 4,41%

Just rjh kj 2:> 36=)

>,;2% >,26%

^TF =5;4 32:4 1,:>% ;,5>%

Klmkj :(651 4(;;4 2,4=% 6,62%

Vklcjpgre :(4=1 :(455 >,>3% :,=4%

Exxgl Igdkhe @ urglc Kshjlm 1>5 >,>>% >,12%

VTF @ urglc Kshjlm 425 >,>>% >,64%

Vbehh uhju Duogi =52 >,>>% >,54%

Tepudhkf g a Ogrej 4(5;2 4(3:4 >,=6% 6,>1%

]jkpek(Fbklj 364 :(:;3 5,>=% :,65%

]bjkhjlm 2;> :(:23 4,;4% :,6=%

EU :5(414 :5(322 >,6=% :3,2:%

]gtjh Sgrhm 3;(1;; 22(143 :,>3% :>>,>>%

Vgurfe0 Drktksb etrgheui "D^+, 4>>;, Vtjtkstkfjh Tevkew ga Sgrhm Elercy, @ ule,,Mjtj agr Crejter Bgustgl Jrej ks argi UVElercy Klagrijtkgl Jmiklkstrjtkgl, 4>>;, Teaklery Fjpjfkty Tepgrt, 45 @ule, Mjtj gl Vklcjpgre reaklerkes ks gdtjklemargi tbe Gkh jlm Cjs @ gurljh "vjrkgus kssues+,

]jdhe 10 ^etrgheui ! ^etrgheui ^rgmufts ]rjme agr Ij`gr ^grts( 4>>2 "ikhh kgl tgls+

^grt Klfgikl

Development Trajectories, Emission Profile, and Policy Actions: Singapore

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