DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY · Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Developmen ! Zone of Proximal...
Transcript of DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY · Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Developmen ! Zone of Proximal...
DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY
All life events are formative. All contribute to what we become, year by year, as we go on growing. As my friend,
the poet Kenneth Koch once said, ‘You aren’t just the age you are. You are all the
ages you have ever been.’ – Fred Rogers
Day 3: Attachment, Psychosocial Dev., and Morality
Lev Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
¨ Contrasts with Piaget (who emphasized maturation ((nature)) and development in stages ((discontinuity))
¨ Vygotsky emphasized the role of the
environment (nurture) and gradual growth (continuity).
Lev Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
¨ Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) – the range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of an adult. ¤ working closely with an instructor, a child works
close to the upper limit of his capabilities. ¤ The child eventually will be able to work at that
high level independently. ¤ Once the goal (upper limit) is achieved, it
becomes the new lower limit of that child’s ZPD.
Harry HARLOW ¨ Conducted a study of attachment
in monkeys. (1963-1968).
¨ Monkeys preferred the comfort of a cloth surrogate "mother" over that of a wire one – proving that attachment is about more than just supplying food .
Harlow's experiment (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlfOecrr6kI)
Harlow's experiment - part 2 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fg9QCeA4FJs&feature=related)
key name 19
05-1
981
Baby Monkeys Raised In Isolation
¨ Overly aggressive or; ¨ Overly fearful ¨ Incapable of mating
when older
Mary AINSWORTH ¨ Conducted the “Strange Situation
Test” of Attachment (1960s).
¨ Results showed that securely attached children:
will explore freely while the mother is present will engage with strangers will be visibly upset when the mother departs will be happy to see the mother return will not engage with stranger if mother is not in room
The Strange Situation Experiment(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU&feature=related)
key name 19
13-1
999
Ainsworth’s attachment styles
¨ Insecure-avoidant (20%) – not distressed at mother leaving or stranger arriving; cool response when mother returns
¨ Probably caused by distant mothers
Ainsworth’s attachment styles
¨ insecure- resistant (12%) – clingy to mother; traumatized by every stage of the experiment; distrustful of their mothers
¨ Caused by over-bearing, controlling mothers
Erik ERIKSON
¨ Constructed a stage theory of Psychosocial Development
key name 19
02-1
994
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
THE MAJOR EVENT IS FEEDING The infant will develop a sense of trust only if the parent or caregiver is responsive and consistent with the basic needs being met. The need for care and food must be met with comforting regularity. The infant must first form a trusting relationship with the parent or caregiver; otherwise a sense of mistrust will develop.
Trust vs. Mistrust
STAGE 1: (Birth - 18 months)
THE MAJOR EVENT IS TOILET TRAINING (AND FEEDING AND DRESSING THEMSELVES) Toilet training as well as feeding and dressing themselves is how the toddler strives for autonomy. It is essential for parents not to be overprotective at this stage. A parent's level of protectiveness will influence the child's ability to achieve autonomy. If a parent is not reinforcing, the child will feel shameful and will learn to doubt his or her abilities.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
STAGE 2: (18 months – 3 years)
THE MAJOR EVENT AT THIS STAGE IS INDEPENDENCE. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnupwmidy4w) The child continues to be assertive and to take the initiative. Children in this stage are eager for responsibility. It is essential for adults to confirm that the child's initiative is accepted no matter how small it may be. If the child is not given a chance to be responsible and do things on their own, a sense of guilt may develop. The child will come to believe that what they want to do is always wrong.
Initiative vs. Guilt
STAGE 3: (3 – 6 years)
THE MAJOR EVENT AT THIS STAGE IS ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL As a student, the children have a need to be productive and do work on their own. They are both physically and mentally ready for it. Interaction with peers at school also plays an imperative role of child development in this stage. The child for the first time has a wide variety of events to deal with, including academics, group activities, and friends. Difficulty with any of these leads to a sense of inferiority.
Competence (Industry) vs. Inferiority
STAGE 4: (6- 12 years)
THE MAJOR EVENT AT THIS STAGE IS ESTABLISHING PEER RELATIONSHIPS At this stage, adolescents are in search of an identity that will lead them to adulthood. Adolescents make a strong effort to answer the question "Who am I?" Erikson notes the healthy resolution of earlier conflicts can now serve as a foundation for the search for an identity. If the child overcomes earlier conflicts they are prepared to search for identity. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sr8j_p1o0os&feature=related)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
STAGE 5: (12 – 18 years)
IN THIS STAGE, THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS ARE LOVE RELATIONSHIPS. Intimacy refers to one's ability to relate to another human being on a deep, personal level. An individual who has not developed a sense of identity usually will fear a committed relationship and may retreat into isolation.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnSHJmk0muI&NR=1&feature=fvwp)
STAGE 6: (19 – 40 years)
IN THIS STAGE, THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENT IS PARENTING. In this stage generativity refers to the adult's ability to care for another person. Generativity has a broader meaning then just having children. Each adult must have some way to satisfy and support the next generation.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
STAGE 7: (40 – 65 years)
IN THIS STAGE, THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENT IS ACCEPTANCE OF ONE’S LIFE. According to Erikson, achieving a sense of integrity means fully accepting oneself and coming to terms with the death. Accepting responsibility for your life and being able to undo the past and achieve satisfaction with self is essential. The inability to do this results in a feeling of despair.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
STAGE 8: (65 years - death)
Failure to resolve a developmental challenge results in conflict
throughout adulthood.
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Elisabeth KUBLER-ROSS ¨ Identified the 5 Stages of Grief: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
(Scrubs) (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waCo3bMz4hY&playnext=1&list=PL9C7DB8C50AE58166)
(Simpsons) (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6mh8SX_sXs)
key name 19
26-2
004
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Day 4: MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Dilley's - delayed gratification (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CYr4FgMYGI)
Lawrence KOHLBERG
¨ Constructed a stage theory of Moral Development
¨ Said that we make moral decisions based on an “ethic of justice”
key name 19
27-1
987
Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development
Approximate Age Range Stage Substages
4-10 Preconventional 1) Avoid punishment 2) Gain Reward
Age 10 to 13 Conventional 3) Gain Approval & Avoid Disapproval from others
4) Duty & Guilt (law & order)
Age 13+ maybe never Postconventional 5) Agreed upon rights 6) Personal moral standards
Ethic of JUSTICE
Heinz was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that could save her that was discovered by a druggist in town. The druggist was the only person who had the drug. It cost him $200 to make the drug, but he charged the customers $2,000. Heinz only had $1,000, and he tried to borrow the other $1,000. Nobody would loan him the money. Heinz told the druggist his dilemma and asked if he could pay him the other $1,000 later. The druggist refused his offer. That night, Heinz broke into the store and stole the drug for his wife. Did Heinz do the right thing? Why
Carol GILLIGAN ¨ Constructed a theory of Moral Development that
contradicted Kohlberg’s previous work ¨ She argued that he only studied privileged, white
men and boys. She felt that this caused a biased opinion against women.
¨ Gilligan argued women are not morally inferior
or less developed, they are just different. Women make decisions based on an ethic of care (compassion).
key name 19
36-_
___
Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Development
Stage Goal
Preconventional Goal is individual survival
Transition is from selfishness -- to -- responsibility to others Conventional Self sacrifice is goodness
Transition is from goodness -- to -- truth that she is a person too
Postconventional Principle of nonviolence: do not hurt others or self
Ethic of CARING
HOW DO WE STUDY DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY?
Longitudinal studies
¨ We can study a sample for a long, long time (like 30 years).
¨ They are expensive and time consuming. ¨ They are good at observing change over time
in individuals. ¨ Example, follow a group of 200 people for 30
years and give them a survey every 7 years to measure their developmental changes.
Cross-sectional studies
¨ Much cheaper and less time-consuming than longitudinal studies.
¨ They study different “sections” or cohorts or groups of people at the same time.
¨ Example: survey a group of teenagers, 20-year-olds, 40 – year olds and 60-year olds and compare the results.