1. PSYCHOLOGYKatherine P. Minter William J. Elmhorst Copyright Pearson Education 2012

2. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Links to Learning Objectives11.2What are some major research issues in developmental psychology?12.1How do humans develop from conception through birth?12.2 What reflexes and abilities do newborns have?12.3What kinds of physical changes take place in infancy and childhood?12.4How do infants and children develop cognitive skills?12.5What are the stages of language development?12.6How do babies begin to develop relationships with others?12.7How do children develop socially and emotionally?13.1What physical changes happen during adolescence?13.2How do reasoning and morality develop during adolescence?13.3How do adolescents form their identities?13.5What social and cognitive changes occur during adulthood?13.7 How do scientists explain why aging occurs?13.8What are the stages of death and dying? 3. Issues inStudying HumanDevelopment 4. Copyright HumanPearson Education 2012Study of changesin people fromconceptionuntil deathevelopment 5. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Research Designs11.2 What are some major research issues in developmental psychology?LONGITUDINAL STUDYArmando Garcia1. Cognitive2. Social3. Moral4. Physical122900901000 6. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Research DesignsCross-Sectional StudyAll groups 20101. Cognitive2. Social3. Moral4. Physical1. Cognitive2. Social3. Moral4. Physical1. Cognitive2. Social3. Moral4. PhysicalGROUP 1GROUP 2GROUP 3 7. PrenatalDevelopment 8. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Fertilization, the Zygote, and Twinning12.1 How do humans develop from conception through birth? Ovum: Egg Fertilization: Uniting of egg and sperm Zygote: Cell resulting from egg-cell union Zygote divides into many cells, eventuallyforming baby 9. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Fertilization, the Zygote, and Twinning Identical twins Fraternal twins 10. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Periods of PregnancyGerminal stage:First 2 weeks after fertilization,during which the zygote moves downto the uterus and begins to implant inthe lining.The fetal stage:The time from about 8weeks after conceptionuntil the birth of the babyEmbryonic stage:The period from 2 to 8 weeks afterfertilization, during which the majororgans and structures of theorganism develop 11. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Common Teratogens 12. Infancy andChildhoodDevelopment 13. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Physical Development: Reflexes12.2 What reflexes and abilities donewborns have?Five reflexes forsurvival: Stepping Grasping Moro (startle) Sucking RootingNervous system andhealthy reflexes 14. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Click here to watchvideo footage on newborn reflexes on mypsychlab.com. 15. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Physical Development: Sensory DevelopmentTouch, taste, smell:Well developedHearing:Functional but not fullydevelopedVision:Least developed; rods arefunctional, cones take about6 months to fully develop 16. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Click here to watchclassic footage of the visual cliff experiment on mypsychlab. 17. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Physical Development: Motor Milestones12.3 What kinds of physical changes take place in infancy and childhood?Some of the majorphysical milestonesof infancy:2 to 4 months: Raisinghead and chest6 to 7 months: Sitting upwithout support7 to 8 months: Crawling8 to 18 months: Walking 18. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Cognitive Development: Piagets Stage Theory12.4 How do infants and children develop cognitive skills?Piaget: Children are not littleadults, but instead think quitedifferently about the world. Schemes Assimilation AccommodationStages:SensorimotorPreoperationalConcrete operationalFormal operations 19. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Piagets Stage Theory: SensorimotorBirth2 years Children explore usingsenses Object permanence 20. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Piagets Stage Theory: Preoperational27 years Egocentrism Conservation issuesCentrationIrreversibilitySee next slide 21. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Conservation Experiment 22. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Click here to watch a videoabout conservation onmypsychlab.com. 23. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Piagets Stage Theory: Concrete Operations712 years ConservationDecentration andreversibility Classification Concrete logic 24. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Piagets Stage Theory: Formal Operations12 years to adulthood Abstractions and analogies Hypothesis testingWhat if 25. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Vygotskys Theory Piaget: Stressed importance ofchilds interaction with objectsas a primary factor in cognitivedevelopment Vygotsky: Stressedimportance of socialinteractions with other people,typically more highly skilledchildren and adults Scaffolding Zone of proximal development 26. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Stages of Language Development12.5 What are the stages of language development?CooingBabblingOne-word speech (holophrases)Telegraphic speechWhole sentences 27. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Psychosocial Development: Temperament12.6 How do babies begin to develop relationships with others?Temperament:Behavioralcharacteristicsestablished at birth Easy Difficult Slow to warm up 28. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Psychosocial Development: Attachment Attachment: Bond between infantand caregiver Ainsworths Strange Situation Attachment stylesSecure infantsAvoidant infantsAmbivalent infantsDisorganized-disoriented infants Harlows monkeys 29. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Psychosocial Development: Eriksons Theory12.7 How do children develop socially and emotionally?Eriksons PsychosocialStages of DevelopmentStage 1Trust vs. MistrustStage 2Autonomy vs. ShameStage 3Initiative vs.GuiltStage 4Industry vs. InferiorityStage 5Identity vs. RoleConfusionStage 6Intimacy vs.IsolationStage 7Generativity vs. StagnationStage 8Ego Integrity vs. Despair 30. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Eriksons Theory: Trust vs. MistrustBirth 1 yearBasic needs consistentlyor inconsistently metpredictability trust 31. Copyright Pearson Education 2011Eriksons Theory: Autonomy vs.Shame and DoubtStage 2Autonomy vs. Shame1 3 yearsToddlers realize that they candirect their own behavior. direction autonomy 32. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Eriksons Theory: Initiative vs. Guilt3 5 yearsPre-schoolers challengedto control behavior responsibility initiative 33. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Eriksons Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority5 12 yearsSchool-aged children havemore opportunities to learn. new skills industry 34. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Gender-Role DevelopmentMale/female behavior Perception of onesgender and the behaviorthat is associated withthat genderGenderGender identity 35. Adolescence 36. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Physical and Cognitive Development13.1 What physical changes happen during adolescence?Adolescence: Age13 to early 20sPhysicalPuberty: Bodily changesand sexual developmentPrimary and secondarysex characteristicsCognitiveAdolescent egocentrism:Personal fableImaginary audience 37. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Moral Development: Kohlbergs Theory13.2 How do reasoning and morality develop during adolescence?LLaawwrreennccee KKoohhllbbeerrgg Developmentalpsychologist Influenced by Piaget andothers Developed a theory of thedevelopment of moralthinking Looked at how people ofvarious ages responded tostories about people caughtup in moral dilemmas 38. Copyright Pearson Education 2012PreconventionalConsequencesdetermine morality Reward = good Punishment = badConventionalConforming tosocietys norms Rules/lawsPostconventionalMorality decidedupon by individual May conflict withrules and/or acceptednormsKohlbergs Levels of Morality 39. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Click here to watch a videoof children's responsesto a moral dilemma onmypsychlab.com. 40. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Eriksons Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion13.3 How do adolescents form their identities?Stage 5Identity vs. Role ConfusionAdolescenceChoices among manyvalues in life self confidence identity 41. Adulthood 42. Copyright Pearson Education 2012AdulthoodAdulthood:begins inearly 20sDivided into:young, middle,late13.5 What social and cognitive changes occur during adulthood? 43. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Physical and Cognitive DevelopmentPHYSICAL COGNITIVE Menopause: Decline inreproductive system Andropause: Changes inthe sexual hormones andreproductive system ofmales Increase in health problemsReaction times slowdown, but intelligenceand memory remainrelatively stable. 44. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Click here to watch a videoabout physical changes inmiddle adulthood onmypsychlab.com. 45. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Eriksons Theory: Intimacy vs. IsolationEarly adulthoodPrimary task isfinding a mate committed relationshipwithout losing selfsharing intimacy 46. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Eriksons Theory: Generativity vs. StagnationMiddle adulthoodCreativity & productivity nurturing the next generationfocus outward generativity 47. Copyright Pearson Education 2012Eriksons Theory: Ego Integrity vs. DespairLate adulthoodWisdom, spirituality, tranquility wholeness of selfacceptance integrity 48. Copyright Pearson Education 2011Theories of Physical andPsychological Aging Cellular-clock theory Wear-and-tear theory Free-radical theory Activity theory13.7 How do scientistsexplain why agingoccurs? 49. DenialAngerBargainingDepressionAcceptanceCopyright Pearson Education 2012Stages of Death and DyingElisabeth Kbler-Rosstheorized that peoplego through five stagesof reaction when facedwith death:113.8 What are the stages of death and dying?2345 50. Lecture Activities 51. Get together with one or two otherpeople and develop a mnemonic to helpyou remember Piagets stages of cognitivedevelopment. Here is an example:Saundras psychology class is fun.RETURN TO LECTURE 52. The Vaccine ScandalBased on your reading about Dr. Andrew Wakefield andthe vaccine scandal, how would you respond to thefollowing questions?1. How accountable do you believe Dr. Wakefield to befor the trend of refusing immunizations for oneschild?2. How accountable are the parents who refuse tovaccinate their children based on thismisinformation?RETURN TO LECTURE 53. Harlows Classic StudyWhat did Harlow find out in his classicstudy of Rhesus monkeys?What are some possible implications forhuman mothers who feed their infantswith bottles rather than breast-feeding?RETURN TO LECTURE 54. A Moral DilemmaIn this activity, you will first read a story that poses aunique moral dilemma. After reading the story, you willbe asked to make a moral judgment about the maincharacters actions. 55. A woman in Europe was dying from a rare disease. Heronly hope was a drug that a local druggist haddiscovered. The druggist was charging ten times morethan it cost him to make it. Heinz, the husband of thedying woman, had desperately tried to borrow money tobuy the drug, but he could borrow only half of the amounthe needed. He went to the druggist, told him that his wifewas dying, and asked to let him pay the druggist later orto sell the drug at a lower cost. The druggist refused,saying that he had discovered the drug and he was goingto make money from it. Later, Heinz broke into thedruggist's store to steal the drug for his wife (Kohlberg,1969, p. 379).Should Heinz have done that?Why or why not? Write your answer. 56. Now, trade papers with your neighbor and look athis/her response to the moral dilemma. Focusparticularly on the reasoningnot just the Yes orNo. Then, using Kohlbergs theory, decide whichlevel of moral reasoning your neighbor appears tobe functioning at. Discuss your insights.RETURN TO LECTURE 57. Acknowledgments 58. Cicc Slide # Image Description Image Sourcechapter template AAJRZNR0Portrait of Woman Masterfilechapter template AAJRZNT0Young girl (3-5 years) with pig-tails, portrait(B&W)Ron Krisel / Gettychapter template AACAHSL0Red Picture Frame C Squared StudiosGetty Images, Inc.- Photodisc./RoyaltyFreechapter template AAJSFXE0orange and yellow autumn leaves isolated onwhiteAlexander Vasilyev / Shutterstockchapter template AAJSFXG0dandelions silhouettes in the wind Dan Ionut Popescu / Shutterstockchapter template AAJRFLY0Young woman's braid Trinette Reed/Blend Images/Getty Images4 tree istockphoto.com/MCFISCHER5 clock hands istockphoto.com/Juris Sturainis5 alarm clock istockphoto.com/Eva Serrabassa5 infant on hand istockphoto.com/News Features USA5 child abt 7 missing teeth istockphoto.com/GreenPimp5 teen smiling istockphoto.com/Dan Brandenburg6 stage 2 toddler istockphoto.com/Photomoment6 adult dark hair - stage 7 erikson istockphoto.com/Avid Creative, Inc.6 happy senior - stage 8 erikson istockphoto.com/bo19826 calendar w/ weekly appointment istockphoto.com/Alex Slobodkin8 human egg istockphoto.com/ChristianAnthony8 human sperm istockphoto.com/Alexander Kozachok9 human egg istockphoto.com/ChristianAnthony9 human sperm istockphoto.com/Alexander Kozachok10 pregnant woman istockphoto.com/Jim Jurica10 zygote istockphoto.com/Dmitry Knorre10 embryo istockphoto.com/LM 59. 10 fetus istockphoto.com/chrisDownie10 newborn istockphoto.com/Ruslan Dashinsky11 hand with cigarette istockphoto.com/RusN11 Table 8.2 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 30613 baby with focus on the eyes istockphoto.com/susaro14 laptop istockphoto.com/CostinT14 spring for multimedia template istockphotoPei Ling Hoo15 newborn making a face istockphoto.com/Bob Ingelhart16 laptop istockphoto.com/CostinT16 spring for multimedia template istockphotoPei Ling Hoo17 wall with picture frames istockphoto.com/sefaoncul17 baby stepping (little frame on table) istockphoto.com/Flashon Studio17 baby lifting head and shoulders istockphoto.com/Elena Korenbaum17 baby sitting up istockphoto.com/cbarnesphotogrphy17 crawling baby istockphoto.com/amanalang17 baby walking istockphoto.com/LugoStock18 growing stages of flower istockphoto.com/Wojciech Gajda18 icon: jigsaw puzzle Charlie Levin19 stage 1 baby happy istockphoto.com/Platinum Images Photography Service19 baby crawling istockphoto.com/Ranguita20 stage 2 child w/ backpack 2-7 years istockphoto.com/ktaylorg20 kid in costume istockphoto.com/Andrew Rich22 laptop istockphoto.com/CostinT22 spring for multimedia template istockphotoPei Ling Hoo23 stage 3 child - 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