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Transcript of Development of technology of methane combustion on granulated catalysts for environmentally friendly...
Development of technology of methane combustion on granulated catalysts
for environmentally friendly gas turbine power plant
Z.R.Ismagilov, N.V.Shikina, S.A.Yashnik, A.N.Zagoruiko
M.A.Kerzhentsev, V.A.Ushakov,S.R.Khairulin, V.A.Sasonov,
V.N.Parmon Boreskov Institute of Catalysis,
Novosibirsk, Russia
V.M.Zakharov, B.I.Braynin, G.K.Vedeshkin, E.D.Sverdlov, O.N.Favorski Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Moscow, Russia
The Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors (CIAM) is leading establishment of the Russia aviation engine - building for provision of world-level basic and applied research, creation of scientific and technological base for development of new "critical" technologies – gas turbine power units.
Development advanced environment friendly gas turbine with
catalytic combustion chamber
The Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (BIC) is one of the largest research centers worldwide specialized in catalysis. The BIC’s R&D activities span the areas from fundamental problems of catalysis to development of new catalysts and catalytic technologies, including catalytic combustion.
D-30KP
A-50 (powered by D-30KP) IL-78 (powered by D-30KP)
Airplane engines designed at CIAM
CIAM – the only research organization realizing integral scientific studies and development in the field of aero engines - from fundamental studies of physical processes up design of new engines, certification, as well as scientific support of their operation by reliability and failures. Practically all Soviet (Russian) aircraft engines were created under direct participation of Institute and passed upgrading at CIAM facilities.
Large scale engine and turbine testing facilities of CIAM
Moscow (CIAM)
St-Petersburg
Omsk
Novosibirsk (BIC)
RUSSIAVolgograd
UIC
BIC and CIAM in Russia
The goalDevelopment of catalyst and catalytic combustion chamber for small gas turbine power plants for decentralized power supply
Approach- Regenerative turbine technology- Low temperarue turbine- Granulated catlyst for stationary turbine loading
Key steps
1) development and study of advanced granulated catalysts with low Pd content, providing minimum emissions of NOx (<5ppm), CO (<5ppm) and HC (5ppm)
2) modeling of the processes in a catalytic combustor
3) design of a model catalytic combustion chamber and pilot testing
4) design and testing of a prototype catalytic combustion chamber
Catalysts for high-temperature combustion of hydrocarbon fuel
Catalysts based on
noble metals
Pd
Catalysts based on transition
metal oxides
MnOx
MnLaAl11O19
The thermal stability of MnOx/Al2O3 catalysts can
be increased (up to 1300oC) by doping with La, Mg or
Ce oxidesZ.R.Ismagilov, Patent RU 2185238(2002)
For oxidation of methane, MnOx/Al2O3 and hexaaluminates
are less active at low temperature than Pd/CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts
The properties of these two catalyst-types will be used for development of the combined catalytic package with reduced
Pd content for combustion chamber,
Most active in deep oxidation of methane,
CO, unsaturated hydrocarbons
Stable to thermal sintering in the
oxidizing environment
J.J.Spivey, J.B.Butt Catal. Today. 11 (1992) 465.
The upper temperature limit of their use is
about 800-900°C
PdO Pd
R.J.Farrauto, et.al. Appl. Catal. A 81 (1992) 227.
Very expensive
Low light-off temperature
MnLaAl11O19 has high thermal stability
Inexpensive
1. 2.
Pd CeO2
• Pd 0.1 - 2 wt.% • CeO2 3 - 12 wt.%
Preparation conditions
• H2PdCl4
• Pd(NO3)2
• Pd(CH3COO)2
•Pd(NH3)4(NO3)2
•Pd(NH3)4(Cl3)2
Catalytic activity in methane oxidation• Space velocity: 1000 and 24000 h-1
• Temperature: 200 – 700oC• Feed composition: 1 vol.% in air
5. Characterization
XRD
TPR-H2
X-ray microanalysis
Pd Catalysts supported on -Al2O3
1. Type of active component
2. Loading of active component
3. Precursor
• 800 оС – 1100оС4. Calcination temperature
1.1. Development of catalyst with low ignition temperature
MnOx and MnLaAl11O19 Pd and MnOx, MnLaAl11O19
• Pd 0.1 - 2 wt.%• MnO2 - 3 -11 wt.%
•La2O3 - 5 -22 wt.%
• 900 оС – 1100оС
Preparation conditions
• H2PdCl4
• Pd(NO3)2
• Pd(CH3COO)2
Catalytic activity in methane oxidation• Space velocity: 1000 and 24000 h-1
• Temperature: 200 – 700oC• Feed composition: 1 vol.% in air
5. Characterization
XRD
TPR-H2
X-ray microanalysis
1.2. Development of catalyst with high thermal stability
Oxide and mixed Catalysts supported on -Al2O3
1. Type of active component
2. Loading of active component
3. Precursor
• 900 оС – 1100оС
4. Calcination temperature
• Mn(NO3)3
• Mn(CH3COO)2
Properties of granulated catalysts
Catalyst Tcalc. Physico-chemical properties after calcination
oC Loading
wt.%
XRD composition Ssp
m2/g
V,
cm3/g
strength
MPa
IC-12-60-2Pd-Ce-Al2O3
1000 Pd- 2.1Ce- 10.1
-Al2O3
CeO2 D~ 200Å(S33=1100)*
PdO D~ 180 and 250Å (S39=480)*
74 0.26 2.4
ICT-12-40MnOx-Al2O3
900 Mn – 6.9 (+)-Al2O3 and -Al2O3
Mn2O380 0.23 2.3
IC-12-61Mn-La-Al2O3
1100 Mn-6.9La-10.1
MnLaAl11O19 (S37=60)*
LaAlO3
-Al2O3
43 0.18 3.4
IC-12-62-2Pd-Mn-LaAl2O3
1000 Pd -0.65 Mn-7.1La- 9.4
MnLaAl11O19 (S37 = trace)*
**-Al2O3 (а – 7.937 А)
PdO D~400 Ǻ (S39 - 70)
48 0.18 2.5
Ring size: Length – 7.5 mmOD– 7.5 mmID – 2.5 mm
Development of catalyst with low ignition temperature
The catalyst IC-12-60 based on Pd-CeO2-Al2O3 was selected as a catalyst with low ignition temperature:
• the methane ignition temperature on the catalyst is 240С, the combustion products do not contain CO and NOx
• the active component is highly dispersed PdO particles which provide high activity at low temperatures
This catalyst can be used in the upstream section of combustion chamber for initiation of fuel combustion
200 300 400 500 6000
20
40
60
80
100
Temperature, oC
CH
4 c
on
vers
ion
, %
1000 h-1
24000 h-1
48000 h-1
GHSV
Pd-CeO2-Al2O3
1 vol.% CH4 in air, GHSV
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0
20
40
60
80
100
T50%
=325oC
T50%
=415oC
T50%
=370oC
Temperature, oC
CH
4 co
nv
ers
ion
, %
1 vol.% CH4 in air, 24000 h-1
MnLaAl11O19
Pd/Al2O3 (1200oC)
• At the same Pd loading (1.5 wt.%) the magnitude of the synergetic effect depends on the palladium precursor: acetate, nitrate or chloropalladic acid.
• The Pd loading (0.5 wt.%), Pd precursor (nitrate) and calcination temperature (1000oC) were optimum for Pd-Mn catalysts
Pd precursorPd(CH3COO)2
Pd(NO3)2
H2PdCl4
1.5 %Pd/MnLaAl11O19 (1200oC)
Catalytic activity of Pd-Mn catalyst: Effect of Pd precursor
1.2. Optimization of catalyst with high thermal stability
• The catalysts IC-12-61 containing Mn-La hexaaluminate structure exhibits high stability at high temperatures.
• Doping of Mn-La catalyst (IC-12-62) with Pd to 0.5 wt.% allows a decrease of ignition temperature by 100C and reduction of CO content in the reaction products
• These catalysts can be used in the downstream section of the combustion chamber for high temperature fuel combustion
Stability of Mn-La and Pd-Mn-La catalyst at high temperature
1.2. Optimization of catalyst with high thermal stability
3 vol.% CH4 in air, 10000 h-1 and 930oC
0 50 100 150 200260
280
300
320
340
360
Igna
tion
tem
pera
ture
, o C
Duration time, h
0 50 100 150 200
0
20
40
60
80
100
CO
con
cent
ratio
n, p
pmDuration time, h
IC-12-62 IC-12-62, 0-5 ppm
IC-12-61, 12-86 ppm
IC-12-61
T = 100oC
360-365oC
265-275оC
2. Modeling of processes in a catalytic combustor2.1. Calculation of kinetic parameters from experimental data
,exp)ε1(0
CH0 4
P
PC
RT
Ekw
k0 – pre-exponential factor of rate constant (s-1), E – activation energy (J/mol), R – absolute gas constant (J mol-1 K-1), Т – reaction temperature (К), – part of free volume in catalyst bed, CCH4 – methane concentration (mole fraction), Р –pressure (atm), Р0 – standard pressure (1 atm).
Total rate of methane oxidation
Catalyst k0, s-1 E, kJ/mol
IC-12-60 (Pd-Ce-Al2O3) 4.36 . 107 81.4
ICT-12-40 (Mn-Al2O3) 1.09 . 105 71.2
IC-12-61 (Mn-La-Al2O3) 1.09 . 105 71.2
IC-12-62 (Pd-Mn-La-Al2O3) 3.29. 10563.8
Kinetic parameter of deep methane oxidation
2.2. Design of catalyst packages in the combustion chamber
Uniform catalyst package
Combined catalyst packages
CH4 + air CH4 + airCH4 + air
2.2 Modeling of methane combustion process on uniform catalyst package
Catalyst package: ICT-12-40 (MnOx-Al2O3) or IC-12-61(Mn-La-Al2O3)
(Ссн4- 1.5 - 5.0 vol.%, GHSV - 7000 - 40000 h-1, P – 1 atm)
Combustion efficiency as function of methane concentration and GHSV
1.5% CH4
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
GHSV, 1/час
Ко
нв
ерси
я 450
500
550
600
Co
nve
rsio
n, %
GHSV, h-1
1.5 % CH4
3.6% CH4
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
GHSV, 1/час
Ко
нв
ерси
я 450
500
550
600
Co
nve
rsio
n,
%
GHSV, h-1
3.6 % CH4
2% CH4
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
GHSV, 1/час
Ко
нв
ерси
я 450
500
550
600
Co
nve
rsio
n, %
2.0 % CH4
GHSV, h-1
5% CH4
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
GHSV, 1/час
Ко
нв
ерси
я 450
500
550
600
Co
nve
rsio
n, %
5.0 % CH4
GHSV, h-1
The methane combustion efficiency
increases with the increase of the
temperature and with methane concentration
2.3. Modeling of methane combustion process on combined catalyst package
Catalyst package: IC-12-60 (Pd-Ce-Al2O3)- 20 mm + IC-12-61(Mn-La-Al2O3)-180 mm
Temperature profile in the catalyst bed and methane conversion profile as function of GHSV
Загрузка 20/180 мм
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Относительная длина слоя
Температура,С
10000 1/час
40000 1/час
граница слоев
Te
mp
era
ture
, oC
Relative bed height
Beds border
1000 1 / h40000 1/h
Загрузка 20/180 мм
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Относительная длина слоя
Конверсияметана
10000 1/час
40000 1/час
граница слоев
Met
han
e c
on
ver
sio
n, %
Relative bed height
Beds border
h
h
• The temperature growth in catalyst bed and the methane conversion growth are higher in IC-12-60 catalyst bed than in IC-12-61 catalyst bed
Catalytic package: IC-12-60 (2%Pd-Ce-Al2O3) + IC-12-62 (0.5%Pd-Mn-La-Al2O3)
Effect of ratio of heights of IC-12-60 and IC-12-62 catalyst beds and GHSV on methane conversion
Inlet temperature - 450ºС,Inlet methane concentration - 1.5 vol.%, pressure – 1 atm
2.3. Modeling of methane combustion process on combined catalyst package
20/180 мм
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 0,04 0,08 0,12 0,16 0,2
Высота слоя, м
Ко
нв
ер
сия
мет
ан
а
10000 1/час
40000 1/час
60000 1/часMet
han
e c
on
ver
sio
n, %
Bed height, m
10000 h-1
40000 h-1
60000 h-1
20 / 180 mm40/160 мм
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 0,04 0,08 0,12 0,16 0,2
Высота слоя, м
Ко
нв
ерси
я м
етан
а10000 1/час
40000 1/час
60000 1/час
Met
han
e c
on
ver
sio
n, %
Bed height, m
10000 h-1
40000 h-1
60000 h-1
40 / 160 mm
• The methane combustion takes place mainly in IC-12-60 catalyst bed • This tendency becomes stronger with the decreasing space velocity and the
increasing of the height of IC-12-60 catalyst bed
10000 20000 30000 400000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Me
tha
ne
co
nve
rsio
n
GHVS, h-1
2.3. Modeling of methane combustion process on combined catalyst package
Catalyst package: IC-12-60 (Pd-Ce-Al2O3) + IC-12-61(Mn-La-Al2O3)
Combustion efficiency as function ofratio between height of the catalyst bed and GHSV
CCH4 1.5 vol. %, P – 1 atmIC-12-60 / IC-12-61 40 / 160 mm 30 / 170 mm 20 / 180 mm
CCH4 3.6 vol. %, P – 1 atmIC-12-60 / IC-12-61 20 / 180 mm
The methane combustion efficiency increases with the increase of the height of IC-12-60 catalyst bed and with methane concentration
Catalytic package: IK-12-60 (2%Pd-Ce-Al2O3) + IK-12-62 (0.5%Pd-Mn-La-Al2O3)
Effect of height ratio of IC-12-60/IC-12-62 catalyst beds on parameters of methane combustion
The methane combustion efficiency and temperature in catalyst bed increase with the increase of the height of IC-12-60 catalyst bed
2.3 Modeling of methane combustion process on combined catalyst package
Inlet temperature - 450ºС,Inlet methane concentration - 1.5% vol., pressure – 1 atm
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Объемная скорость, 1/час
Ос
тато
чн
ое
со
де
рж
ан
ие
ме
тан
а,
рр
м
0/200
20/180
40/160
200/0
Res
idu
al m
eth
ane
con
ten
t, p
pm
GHSV , 1/h
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Объемная скорость, 1/час
Мак
с.те
мп
.кат
али
зато
ра,
С0/200
20/180
40/160
200/0
GHSV , 1/h
Max
imu
m c
atal
yst
tem
per
atu
re, o
C
0,95
0,96
0,97
0,98
0,99
1
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Объемная скорость, 1/час
Ко
нв
ерси
я м
етан
а
6.5x6x2 mm
7x7x2 mm
7x7x3 mm
15x15x4 mm
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Объемная скорость, 1/час
Гид
р.с
оп
р.,
атм
6.5x6x2 mm
7x7x2 mm
7x7x3 mm
15x15x4 mm
GHSV, 1/h
Pre
ssu
re d
rop
, atm
GHSV, 1/h
Met
han
e co
nve
rsio
n
Catalyst package: IC-12-60 (2%Pd-Ce-Al2O3)-20 mm + IC-12-62 (0.5%Pd-Mn-La-Al2O3)-180 mm
Effect of shape and size of catalyst granules on parameters of methane combustion process
2.3. Modeling of methane combustion process on combined catalyst package
Inlet temperature - 450ºС, inlet methane concentration - 1.5% vol., pressure – 1 atm
The methane combustion efficiency and the pressure drop in catalyst bed increase with the decrease of the granule size
Granule shape - ring
Met
han
e co
nve
rsio
n
3. Design of catalyst packages in the combustion chamber
Uniform catalyst package
Combined catalyst packages
CH4 + air CH4 + airCH4 + air
«high temperature region» thermostable oxide catalyst, Mn-La-Al2O3, provides stable methane combustion at high temperatures
«ignition region»
Pd-catalyst with low light-off temperature - 240ºС initiates methane oxidation and provides outlet temperature sufficient to start methane combustion on the oxide catalyst
200 300 400 500 6000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110GHSV- 48000h-124000h-1
1000h-1
Temperature, oC
CH
4 co
nvers
ion
, %
Pd-Ce-Al2O3-catalyst
Schematic view of two-step methane oxidationin catalytic combustion chamber
200 300 400 500 600 700
0
20
40
60
80
100
CH
4 c
on
ve
rsio
n, %
Temperature, oC
Mn-La-Al2O3-catalyst: - initial; □- after 30 h; ○ - 50 h; ▲ - 100 h testing at 930oC
Catalytic activity in methane conversion
3. Design of catalyst packages in the combustion chamber
CH4+air
Т=1200K
Т<1000K
4. Tests in a model catalytic combustion chamberScheme of the model catalytic combustion chamber (BIC)
Thermocouples Sampling pipes
Fuel/Air mixture
Reactionproducts
4. Testing of uniform catalytic package in the model catalytic combustor
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
97.5
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
CH
4 co
nve
rsito
n,
%
Time duration, h
• The Mn-La catalyst which contains hexaaluminate structure exhibits higher stability at high temperatures than MnOx-Al2O3 catalyst
• Doping of Mn-La catalyst with palladium to 0.5 wt.% allows an increase of methane combustion efficiency (from 99.3 to 99.5%) and a decrease of inlet temperature (from 600 to 575oC)
GHSV - 15000 h-1, - 6.8-7.0, CH4 – 1.5 vol.%
T inletICT-12-40, 580oCIC-12-61, 600oCIC-12-62, 575oC
200 300 400 500 600
0
20
40
60
80
100
T50%
-340-350oC
T50%
-420oC
CH
4 con
vers
ion,
%
Temperature, oC
T50%
-385oC
GHSV - 1000 h-1, CH4 – 1.5 vol.%
80-120 hours of testing
Fresh – close symbolSpent – open symbol
4. Testing of combined catalytic package in the model catalytic combustor
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
98,0
98,5
99,0
99,5
100,0
CH
4 co
nve
rsito
n,
%
Timeon stream, h
GHSV - 15000 h-1, - 6.8-7.0, CH4 – 1.5 vol.%
Catalyst and T inletICT-12-62, 580oCIC-12-62, ring+sphere, 580oCIC-12-61 (ring)+IC-12-62(sphere), 575oC
Catalyst package formed by two beds of catalysts of the same chemical composition: the upstream bed of large rings and the downstream bed of smaller beads (with different void volumes) allows a considerable increase of combustion efficiency
4. Testing of combined catalytic package in amodel catalytic combustor
GHSV - 15000 h-1, - 6.8-7.0, CH4 – 1.5 vol.%
T inletICT-12-61, 600oCIC-12-60+IC12-61, ring, 580oCIC-12-60, IC-12-61 (ring)+IC-12-62(sphere), 470oC
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9097.5
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0
CH
4 co
nve
rsito
n,
%
Time duration, h
Composing the catalyst package by three catalysts with different chemical compositions and different shapes:
• IC-12-60 (ring) with low ignition temperature
• IC-12-61 (ring) with high thermal stability
• IC-12-62 (sphere) smaller granules and high activity
allowed us to achieve high combustion efficiency at a low inlet temperature 470оС
Scheme of the model catalytic combustion chamber (CIAM)
T2P2
P1
80
L =
100
- 3
80 м
мT1
1
2
8
34
7
5
6
9
Продукты сгорания
Х
Х=0
Sampling
Combustion Products
Air + CH4
1 – catalytic combustion chamber 2 – thermal shield 3 – air electric heater4 – compensating lattice5 – electric heater 6 – «guard» electric heater7 – thermal protection of frame8 – mixer9 – hot probe
4. Tests in a model catalytic combustion chamber
Design of catalytic combustion chamber
Catalyst bed height – 300 mm
Combination of beds: IC-12-60 (Pd-Ce-Al2O3) - 20mm
Inert material – 20 mm
IC-12-61 (Mn-La-Al2O3) - 260mm
Temperature profile through catalyst bed (=6.68-10)
Outlet concentrations of CH, CO, NOx (=6.68-10)
Tinlet – 840 KGair – 4.5 g/s
Reaction
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
4
4
221,0)100(
CH
CH
CC
The layer of inert material acts as a heat shield. At differrent methane concentrations and low air/fuel eqivalence ratio ( = 6.7), the Pd-catalyst is not overheated above 1000К ( 730ºС )
Concentrations of emissions at the outlet of the catalytic combustion chamber areNOx 0-1 ppm; CO < 4 ppm; CH <10 ppm
4. Testing of combined catalytic package in the model catalytic combustion chamber
Exhaust
AirP = 3,8 - barT = K
5540 - 850
M ethane
Catalystm odule
Preheatingcham ber
Methane
Schematic view and main characteristics of the prototype catalytic combustor for a 125 kW gas turbine
5. Testing of the prototype catalytic combustion chamber
Diameter 0.6 m
Height 1.65 m
Catalyst loading 70 kg (87 dm3)
Temperature at the combustor inlet
830 K
Temperature at the combustor outlet
1180 K
Pressure 5 atm
Air velocity at the combustor inlet
950 g/s (2640 nm3/h)
Photos of the prototype catalytic combustor for a 125 kW gas turbine
5. Testing of the prototype catalytic combustion chamber
Design of catalytic combustion chamber
Catalyst: ICT-12-40 (Mn-Al2O3)Catalyst bed height – 450 mmCatalyst bed volume – 87 dm3
Granule shape - ringGranule size - 7.5 x 7.5 x 2.5 mm
Test conditions
Temperature at the combustor inlet 850 KPressure at the combustor inlet 5 atmAir flow velocity at the combustor inlet
830 g/s (2310 nm3/h) Methane flow velocity in the preheating chamber
0-0.9 g/s (0-4.5 nm3/h) Methane flow velocity in the combustor
6,9-7.5 g/s (34.8-37.5 nm3/h) GHSV 19000 - 31200 h-1
Results of the tests of the prototype catalytic combustor
Temperature at the combustor inlet 850 K
Pressure at the combustor inlet 5.0 atm
Air flow velocity at the combustor inlet 830 g/s (2310 nm3/h)
Methane flow velocity in the preheating chamber 0-0.9 g/s (0-4.5 nm3/h)
Methane flow velocity in the combustor 6.9 g/s (34.5 nm3/h)
GHSV 27000 h-1
Temperature at the catalyst bed inlet 835 - 860 K
Temperature at the catalyst bed outlet 1145-1160 K
Concentrations at the combustor outlet
HC 18-20 ppm
CO 4.2-6 ppm
NOx 0 ppm
5. Testing of the prototype catalytic combustion chamber
5. Testing of the prototype catalytic combustion chamber
СО, NOx and CH4 concentrations (ppm) at the outlet of the catalytic combustion chamber
CO
, N
O c
on
cen
trat
ion
, p
pm
5 – 6 ppm CO
0 ppm NOx
Time duration, s
Time duration, s
CH
4 c
on
cen
tra
tio
n,
pp
m
18-20 ppm CH4
Temperature at the combustor inlet 840 K
Pressure at the combustor inlet 5.0 atm
Air flow velocity at the combustor inlet 960 g/s (2670 nm3/h)
Methane flow velocity in the preheating chamber 0.89 g/s (4.5 nm3/h)
Methane flow velocity in the combustor 7.45 g/s (37.5 nm3/h)
GHSV 31200 h-1
Temperature at the catalyst bed inlet 880 K
Temperature at the catalyst bed outlet 1145 K
Concentrations at the combustor outlet
HC 6 ppmCO 4.2 ppmNOx 4.6 ppm
5. Testing of the modified prototype catalytic combustion chamber
36
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
First Snow in Novosibirsk. October 2007 (the same we had this year on 17 September 2008)