DEVELOPMENT OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS- CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS€¦ · DEVELOPMENT OF SHAPE MEMORY...
Transcript of DEVELOPMENT OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS- CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS€¦ · DEVELOPMENT OF SHAPE MEMORY...
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DEVELOPMENT OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS-
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
Othmane Benafan– NASA GlennHigh Temperature & Smart Alloys Branch
Materials and Structures Division
Presentation for: The Boeing Company, Berkeley, MOSept. 09, 2016
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003885 2020-05-02T11:02:05+00:00Z
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• Materials:
– Develop new shape memory alloys ranging from cryogenic to high temperature for use
in adaptive structures, and lightweight, solid-state actuation systems .
– Adjust material properties though alloying, processing, and thermo mechanical
understanding.
– Identify methods to establish good stability, durability, workability, and work output
amongst others
• Infrastructure:
– Develop laboratory testing capability and methods to evaluate and characterize SMA
properties/ performance.
– Generate material(s) data sheets and databases
– Determine test standards/methodologies
– Component or subcomponent testing/modeling
• Applications:
– Identify/build applications to benefit the aeronautics and space design challenges
– Design methodologies
– Commercialization
Our Goals – Materials, Infrastructure, Applications
2
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• Materials:
– Develop new shape memory alloys ranging from cryogenic to high temperature for use
in adaptive structures, and lightweight, solid-state actuation systems .
– Adjust material properties though alloying, processing, and thermo mechanical
understanding.
– Identify methods to establish good stability, durability, workability, and work output
amongst others
• Infrastructure:
– Develop laboratory testing capability and methods to evaluate and characterize SMA
properties/ performance.
– Generate material(s) data sheets and databases
– Determine test standards/methodologies
– Component or subcomponent testing/modeling
• Applications:
– Identify/build applications to benefit the aeronautics and space design challenges
– Design methodologies
– Commercialization
Our Goals – Materials, Infrastructure, Applications
3
Design “The” material
Design “WITH” material
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SMA Labs: Thermomechanical Testing
Cold Temperature Testing Multiaxial Testing
Durability Testing• Uniaxial loading (tensile loading)
• Torsion (torque tubes)
• Fast cycling times (5 minutes cycle)
Uniaxial High Temperature
Testing
Capabilities:
• 5-22 kip load capacity
• Temperature: -125 °C to 500 °C
• Servohydraulic & electromechanical
• Load, stoke, strain control
• Tension and compression
Capabilities:
• Axial-Torsion loading
• Optical strain measurement
• Temperature > 600 ° C
• Torque rating : 220 N-m
• Force rating: 22 kN
Capabilities:
• Laser strain
measurement
• High temperature
extensometers
• Tension/compression
• Force rating: 5-22kip
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Vacuum Induction
Melting
Vacuum Hot Press
Mechanical AlloyingWelding and Joining
Melting & Processing
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Hitachi S4700-FESEM
JEOL 8200 Electron ProbePhilips CM200 TEM
AURIGA™ Cross-
Beam Microscope
Analytical Sciences
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
Challenges and Lessons Learned
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
Challenges and Lessons Learned
Durability• Loading history
• Functional fatigue
• Structural fatigue
High transformation
temperatures• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability • Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification• Testing standards
• Material certification
• Database
Workability/Processing• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment
Modeling• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients
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Metals
NiTi, NiTiFe, NiTiNb, NiTiCu, NiTiPd,
NiFeGa, NiTiCo CuZn, CuZnAl, CuAlNi,
CuAlNiMn, CuSn FePt, FeMnSi, FeNiC
NiTiHf, NiTiZr, TiNiPd, TiNiPt,
ZrRh, ZrCu, ZrCu NiCo,
ZrCuNi CoTi, TiMo, TiNb,
TiTa, TiAu, UNb, TaRu, NbRu,
FeMnSi
AgCd
AuCd
CoNiAl
Magnetic/Ferromagnetic
NiMnGa, FePd, NiMnAl,
FePt, Dy, Tb, LaSrCuO,
ReCu, NiMnIn, CoNiGa
Polymers
Ceramics
PTFE, PU, Poly-caprolactone, EVA + nitrile
rubber, PE, Poly-cyclooctene, PCO– CPE blend
PCL–BA copolymer, Poly(ODVE)-co-BA,
EVA + CSM, PMMA,
Copolyesters, PET-PEG
ZrO2 (PSZ), MgO,
CeO2, PLZT, PNZST
Others
Thin films, hybrids…
55 Years after Nitinol Discovery
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys (HTSMAs)
Ma et al. (2010)
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
NiTi –Based HTSMAs NiTiHf NiTiPd
temperature (°C)
stra
in (
%)
G. Bigelow
temperature (°C)
stra
in (
%)
NiTiPt
R. Noebe
NiTiAu
temperature (°C)
stra
in (
%)
G. Bigelow
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
HTSMAs Summary
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
Challenges and Lessons Learned
Durability• Loading history
• Functional fatigue
• Structural fatigue
High transformation
temperatures• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability • Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification• Testing standards
• Material certification
• Database
Workability/Processing• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment
Modeling• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
How about Dimensional Stability?
How to make the material/actuator stable?
• Solution 1: Thermomechanical “training” (e.g., cycling, reverse
loading…)
• Solution 2: Alloying and microstructural control (e.g.,
precipitation hardening, Ni-content…)
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Microstructural Control towards Stability
(400)H
ZA:[110]B2||[010]H
(001)B2
200nm500nm
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
{110}A
latt
ice s
train
(%
)
0.5
0
-0.5
d-spacing (Å)1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
1
0
1
inte
nsi
ty (
a.u
.)
(b)
(c)
tem
per
atu
re (
ºC)
30
hea
tin
gco
oli
ng
230
inte
nsi
ty (
a.u
.)
30
As
Af
Ms
Mf
(10
0) A
(110) A
(111
) A
(21
0) A
(221) A
(211
) A
(011
) M
(10
0) M
(110) M
(111
) M(1
10) M
(111
) M
(10
2) M
(03
0) M
(202) M
(32
0) A
reta
ined
B1
9'
Asneutron
55
NiT
iN
iTiP
dN
iTiH
f
OutcomeIn situ diffractionElectron diffraction
10 nm precipitates
20 nm precipitates
114M,T
110T002T
112T
110M
002M112M
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
Challenges and Lessons Learned
Durability• Loading history
• Functional fatigue
• Structural fatigue
High transformation
temperatures• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability • Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification• Testing standards
• Material certification
• Database
Workability/Processing• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment
Modeling• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients
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Lf
Li
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
How about Durability/Fatigue?
• Loss of actuation strain
• Shifts in transformation characteristics (Hysteresis, temperatures…)
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Durability Assessment Underway…
Data exists up to 1000’s of
cycles, how about 1M cycles? Currently collecting durability
data on NiTiHf tubes
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Durability Assessment Underway…
Martensite Angle Actuation Angle- =Austenite Angle
Strain Actuation 1/∝ (Cycle Count × MPa per load)
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
Challenges and Lessons Learned
Durability• Loading history
• Functional fatigue
• Structural fatigue
High transformation
temperatures• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability • Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification• Testing standards
• Material certification
• Database
Workability/Processing• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment
Modeling• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients
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Processing and Workability of HTSMAs
NiTiPt
60 mil NiTi-20Pt rod
44 & 5 mil NiTiPt
5 mil NiTiPt wire
Induction Melt +
Homogenization
Extrusion
Wire Drawing
Wire Grinding
Multiple-Pass Extrusion
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Processing and Workability of HTSMAs
NiTiHf
High temperature extrusion proved to be
problematic (C. Wojcik 2008)
Successful hot rolled button (C. Wojcik
2008)
Successful hot extrusion (rods and tubes)
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
Challenges and Lessons Learned
Durability• Loading history
• Functional fatigue
• Structural fatigue
High transformation
temperatures• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability • Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification• Testing standards
• Material certification
• Database
Workability/Processing• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment
Modeling• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients
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ASTM Standards for biomedical and
or superelastic
• F2004-05
• F2005-05
• F2063-05
• F2082-06
• F2516-07
• F2633-07
Certification and Test Standards
ASTM Standards for SMA Actuation
• None
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ASTM Standards for biomedical and
or superelastic
• F2004-05
• F2005-05
• F2063-05
• F2082-06
• F2516-07
• F2633-07
Certification and Test Standards
ASTM Standards for SMA Actuation
• None
Deliver the first ever regulatory agency-accepted material specification and test standards
for shape memory alloys as employed as actuators for commercial and military aviation
applications
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Promoting Growth of SMA Technologies….
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys:
Challenges and Lessons Learned
Durability• Loading history
• Functional fatigue
• Structural fatigue
High transformation
temperatures• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability • Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification• Testing standards
• Material certification
• Database
Workability/Processing• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment
Modeling• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients
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Research and Understanding of Shape Memory Alloys
10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
nm mm mmÅ m
10-1 100
STRUCTURAL SCALE
(COMPONENTS)
MICRO-SCALE
(MICROSTRUCTURES)
ATOMIC SCALE
(NANOMATERIALS)
0
200
400
600
800
0 5 10 15 20
stre
ss (
MP
a)
strain (%)
15%
10%
5%
8%
13%
18%
(b)
0%
0.0
0
8.0
0
1.0
0
2.0
0
3.0
0
4.0
0
5.0
0
6.0
0
7.0
0
1. Applied Research
2. Alloy Processing & Development
3. Testing and Modeling
4. Applications
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Complex Responses, Many Responses Uniaxial (tension/compression)
Torsion
Multiaxial
Durability
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250
coolingheating
strain
(%
)
temperature (ºC)
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-2 -1 0 1 2
stres
s (M
Pa
)
strain (%)
Isothermal monotonic
Isobaric cyclic
Isothermal cyclic
0
10
20
30
40
50
40 80 120 160 200
heatingcooling
an
gle
of
twis
t (º
)
temperature (ºC)
T = 3.4 N.m
(b)
0
2
4
0
100
200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000to
rq
ue (
N.m
)
tem
peratu
re (
ºC)
time (s)
Control mode: torque/load
(a)
• Proportional/non-proportional
loading
• 3D strain measurement
• Torque/force/twist/displacement
control capability
-400
-200
0
200
400
-400 -200 0 200 400
shea
r s
tres
s (M
Pa
)
axial stress (MPa)
0
200
400
600
800
0 5 10 15 20
stre
ss (
MP
a)
strain (%)
15%
10%
5%
8%
13%
18%
(b)
0% strain control
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 40 80 120 160
stre
ss (
MP
a)
temperature (ºC)
Isostrain cyclic
• New frames for durability testing are underway
• Durability analysis of sample and components
• Generate data for existing materials
Geometries
Hot grip testing
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Materials – High and Low Temperature SMA
0 °C
Low Temperature SMAs
NiTi
NiTiFe
NiTiCo/Cr
NiTiCu
NiTiHf/Zr
High Temperature SMAs
NiTiHf
NiTiZr
NiTiPd
NiTiPt
NiTiAu
Cold Hot
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Design of Actuators- Torque tubes example
.5” Ø
.375” Ø
.2” Ø
= τ
Material and
geometry effects
Possible Stress Gradients
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Some SMA Components
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Shape Memory Alloy Applications
Space
SMA Bellowso Dynamic sealing
o Fluid handling
o Flexibility (structure alignment)
SMA Spring Tireo Superelastic technology
o Lunar rovers
o Terrestrial tires
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SMA Thermal Switcho Thermal management
o Clean & spark-free operation
o Passive or active control
SMA Bearingso Corrosion resistant
o Non-galling properties
o High yield
SMA Docking Coupling o Cryogenic transfer coupling
o Orbital propellant depots
o Propellant handling/protection
RXN
SMA rock splitters
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Shape Memory Alloy Applications
Aeronautics
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Adaptive Fan Blade o Embedded SMA actuators
o Aerodynamic efficiency
o Specific fuel consumption reduction
SMA Cellular Structures o Airframe and engine
components
o Morphing airfoils
o Light weight trusses
+
A
Variable Area Nozzle o High bypass turbofan
o SMA torque tubes provide flap rotation
o Engine noise reduction
CDI
The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile
EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission.o SMA Pinpullers (From TiNi Aerospace) were used to secure
and release deployables
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Shape Memory Alloy Applications
Non-Aerospace Potential
Oil and Gas Industryo SmartRAMTM actuators (LMP)
o SMA couplings (Aerofit Inc)
o Deep-water valves/shut off valves
o Self-torquing fasteners
Medical Industry o Surgical tools
o Stents and implants
o Glasses frames Automotive Industry o Louvers
o Quiet actuators
o Door handle
GM
Other Applications o Home appliances
o Electronics
o Transportation
o Air conditioners
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NASA SMA Team and Collaborators
SMA Team at NASA GRC
• Othmane Benafan
• Santo Padula II
• Glen Bigelow
• Anita Garg
• Darrell Gaydosh
• Timothy Halsmer
• Ron Noebe
• (Branch Chief: Joyce Dever)
Collaborators
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Thank You