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1 October 2011 Welcome to the 2011 Bucknell Engineering Student Research Symposium! One of the principal aims of the College of Engineering is to prepare students for entry into the engineering profession, related fields and graduate programs, and for continuing development as highly competent professionals and responsible members of society. Our engineering faculty are firmly dedicated to teaching excellence and actively engaged in scholarship in support of our educational mission and their disciplines. The opportunity for students to collaborate directly with faculty on challenging research projects brings together these two complementary goals and enhances our ability to fulfill our educational mission. Moreover, Bucknell provides extensive opportunities and support for such research, and students and faculty both benefit greatly from these interactions. We are thus extremely proud to showcase the research activities of our engineering students, and it is a pleasure to celebrate their achievements today. This symposium is held in concert with the sixth annual College of Engineering Celebration Dinner co-hosted by the Bucknell Engineering Alumni Association, an organization committed to enriching our educational programs and enhancing a wide range of opportunities for our students. We hope that you enjoy this opportunity to interact with our engineering students and faculty, and learn about some of the impressive research they have accomplished together over the past year. Best wishes, Keith Buffinton, Ph.D. Dean, College of Engineering

Transcript of DEVELOPMENT OF SHAM ATHEROSCLEROTIC … · DEVELOPMENT OF SHAM ATHEROSCLEROTIC ARTERIES FOR ......

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October 2011

Welcome to the 2011 Bucknell Engineering Student Research Symposium!

One of the principal aims of the College of Engineering is to prepare

students for entry into the engineering profession, related fields and

graduate programs, and for continuing development as highly competent

professionals and responsible members of society. Our engineering faculty

are firmly dedicated to teaching excellence and actively engaged in

scholarship in support of our educational mission and their disciplines. The

opportunity for students to collaborate directly with faculty on challenging

research projects brings together these two complementary goals and

enhances our ability to fulfill our educational mission. Moreover, Bucknell

provides extensive opportunities and support for such research, and

students and faculty both benefit greatly from these interactions. We are

thus extremely proud to showcase the research activities of our engineering

students, and it is a pleasure to celebrate their achievements today.

This symposium is held in concert with the sixth annual College of

Engineering Celebration Dinner co-hosted by the Bucknell Engineering

Alumni Association, an organization committed to enriching our

educational programs and enhancing a wide range of opportunities for our

students. We hope that you enjoy this opportunity to interact with our

engineering students and faculty, and learn about some of the impressive

research they have accomplished together over the past year.

Best wishes,

Keith Buffinton, Ph.D.

Dean, College of Engineering

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Poster #1

DEVELOPMENT OF SHAM ATHEROSCLEROTIC ARTERIES FOR

VERIFICATION OF COMPUTATIONAL MODELS

Patience Osei1, Tyler Erhard2, Advisers: Donna Ebenstein1, Christine Buffinton2

1Department of Biomedical Engineering2Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bucknell University

Introduction: Atherosclerotic material is not homogeneous: main constituents

include fibrous tissue, fatty deposits, and thrombus. Calcifications, similar to

bone, often occurs in more advanced lesions. Recent finite element modeling

of coronary arteries showed large stress concentrations that are sensitive to the

calcification geometry and elastic modulus. Concentrations increased with

large stiffness differentials and with increasing distance from the lumen of arc-

shaped calcifications. Verification of these modeling results is important as

they may have implications for plaque rupture.

Methods and Results: The study goal was to develop an artery sham

mimicking fibrous and calcified plaque for comparison with computational

models. Numerous silicones were evaluated to match reported arterial

material properties. The most promising, Ecoflex and Dragonskin

(Smooth-On), and 10:1 and 20:1 preparations of Sylgard 184 (Dow Corning),

were molded into dogbone shapes and tested in uniaxial tension. Results for

low-strain tangent elastic modulus were 66 kPa Ecoflex, 228 kPa Dragonskin,

414 kPa Sylgard 184 at 20:1, and 2580 kPa Sylgard 184 at 10:1. Polycarboxylate

dental cement was selected to model the calcified regions and bonding

between the two materials was optimized. The artery cross-sectional mold was

created in Pro/ENGINEER and laser-cut from Delrin. The artery surface was

covered with ink splatter and imaged while the lumen was loaded by balloon

pressurization. Digital image correlation with a MATLAB program created a

surface strain map (C. Eberl, MATLAB Central).

Discussion: Due to the difficulty in obtaining human or animal atherosclerotic

tissue with a range of components, very few modeling studies include

experimental validation. This preliminary study presents a method for

creation of realistic shams of atherosclerotic arteries to aid in model

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validation. Future work should incorporate additional materials, such as

lipid, and evaluate the effects of anisotropic material properties. The bond

between calcified and non-calcified regions of plaque is also important.

Biography

Patience is a sophomore majoring in biomedical engineering. She is

an international student from Botswana. She is also the 2014 class

representative for the Society of Women Engineers, an RA in Kress and

a peer mentor for the TEAM program.

Tyler is a sophomore mechanical engineering student at Bucknell. He is

from Millerstown Pennsylvania. He is a cross country runner on Bucknell’s

track and field team.

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Poster #2

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HIPPOCAMPAL MICRODIALYSIS:

VALIDATION OF IN VIVO METHODOLOGY

Damon Vinciguerra, Adviser: Margot Vigeant

Department of Chemical Engineering

Bucknell University

Microdialysis is well established as the gold-standard method for in vivo

neurochemical measurements of small molecules, with implanted

concentric-design probes offering minimized tissue damage and good

temporal and spatial resolution. However, the large majority of

measurements do not allow the perfusate to reach equilibrium with the

brain, so that inferential methods of sample concentration correction such

as zero-net-flux must be used to determine actual brain glucose

concentrations. In order for such methods to be valid, steady-state transfer

of the analyte of interest within the brain is required, but this situation has

not previously been confirmed. A first-principles mathematical model of

fluid flow and analyte diffusion around an implanted microdialysis probe

was developed and implemented in COMSOL in order to validate the zero-

net-flux approach, using measurement of extracellular brain glucose levels

as a well-explored example system against which to compare the model.

Results from the model accurately reproduced and predicted results from in

vivo experiments. Importantly, the model predicts that the time for an

implanted probe to achieve steady-state equilibrium with the surrounding

extracellular fluid is on the order of three minutes, supporting the validity

of this technique for quantitative measurement of in vivo neurochemistry.

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Biography

Damon is a fifth year undergraduate student and will be graduating with a

BS and MS in chemical engineering in May 2012. He has been working on

this research project since the summer of 2010 when he adopted the project

from another student. Damon was born and raised north of Baltimore and

came to Bucknell for the small campus and engineering college. Next year

he hopes to move south and work as a process engineer.

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Poster #3

PARTICLE ENCAPSULATION AND RECOVERY IN A

MICRO-FLUIDIC DEVICE

Laura Duffy, Adviser: Erin Jablonski

Department of Chemical Engineering

Bucknell University

The purpose of this study was to design and operate microfluidic devices

capable of forming and recovering hydrophilic capsules from an organic

phase. Microfluidic devices include channels that are of the order of 100

microns, and typical flow rates through these devices are of the order of

μl/h to ml/h. Two microfluidic devices were used for this experiment and

were arranged in series, the first being that which created the capsules while

the second was used to passively recover them in an aqueous buffer. The

configuration of two devices in series allows for continuous processing of

the capsules. Capsules were formed in a device that used a flow-focusing

geometry to form droplets of a hydrogel precursor in a continuous organic

phase (sunflower oil). The capsule material was made up of a biocompatible

hydrogels that required ionic crosslinking conditions for gelation. For these

studies, capsules formed were on the micron-scale and were made of

calcium-alginate and sodium carbonate that cured upon interacting with

acetic acid. The flow rates of the oil, acid, and hydrogel were controlled to

create the desired size capsule by increasing or decreasing specific flow rates.

After formed, capsules were recovered into a biologically relevant aqueous

buffer using a previously developed technique that allows for co-laminar

flow of immiscible liquids and passive separation of the capsules. These

devices require a specific geometry that was determine through prior

investigation. Capsule formation of a variety of sizes was achieved, but

capsule separation was a slight challenge. There are many factors that

contribute to successful separation that were unforeseen like orientation

of inlet and outlet streams and pressure within the system. Further

investigation is needed to achieve the goal and allow for the project to

move forward towards encapsulation of an object (glass bead or cell) with

in the capsules.

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Biography

Laura Duffy is a junior studying chemical and biomedical engineering at

Bucknell. She is a member of the Chem-E Car team here on campus and a

Residential Assistant for a first-year hall. She comes from a small town in

Massachusetts called Shelburne where she enjoys making apple pie in the

fall and spending time cross country skiing in the winter.

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Poster #4

MOBILE DEVELOPMENT WITH ANDROID

Christopher Rung1, Adviser: Michael Thompson2

1Department of Computer Science2Department of Electrical Engineering

Bucknell University

Android, developed by the Open Handset Alliance and led by Google, is an

operating system for smartphones and tablets. It was first introduced by

Google in 2007 and has quickly become the best-selling smartphone

platform worldwide (as of Q4 2010). Android uses the solid Linux kernel,

which manages basic functions such as the device’s hardware, power

management, and drivers. The purpose of last summer’s research was to

learn how to program for Android to create a hands-on elective course at

Bucknell. Much progress was made, from writing the most basic “Hello,

World” program to writing a program that uses location services, cloud

computing, XML parsing, threading, and various Android UI elements,

among others.

Eventually, this research will be used to port the FINS Framework to

Android. The FINS Framework’s goal is to make experimental networking

research easier. It modifies the Linux kernel in the background and allows

researchers to create new protocols or modify existing protocols. The

framework currently runs on laptop PCs, which are cumbersome. By

porting the framework to the Android platform, conducting research using

FINS will be much easier, as phones are smaller and lighter than laptops.

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Biography

Christopher Rung is a computer science and engineering major from

Hershey, Pennsylvania. He first learned of his passion for computers while

tinkering with the original Apple Macintosh. To gain a better understanding

of how it worked, he took computer science courses in high school where

he learned the fundamentals of computer hardware and programming

languages. He came to Bucknell University as a computer engineer, but

learned that he has more of a passion for software. He is now a sophomore

and plans to graduate with a Bachelor of Science in computerscience and

dngineering.

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Poster #5

CONVECTIVE STIRRING IN LIQUID LITHIUM

Maggie Cassin, Adviser: Richard Majeski

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

Princeton, NJ 08543

The Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX) is a spherical tokamak with

R=0.4 m, a=0.26 m, and elongation=1.5. LTX has a heated (300 – 400 C)

liner, designed to be coated with lithium. During experiments in 2010,

oxidation of the lithium surface was observed when the liner was heated to

300 C, above the melting point of lithium (182 C). A pumping system is

being installed to absorb and pump background gasses which react with

lithium, similar to a getter pump, using liquid and solid lithium. Lithium

will be loaded into a yttria crucible heated from below by a small,

HeatWave model TB175 300W cartridge heater to produce convective

currents in order to maintain a clean lithium surface and decrease the time

for oxide formation. This system was tested in an argon glove box using a

copper heat concentrator – instead of the HeatWave vacuum-compatible

unit. Infrared thermometry and thermocouples were used to monitor the

surface temperature of the molten lithium. With a small rod/crucible iT (<

50 C) the time to heat the crucibles to the melting point of lithium was too

long for continuous experimentation (9 hours). AiT > 200 C cracked the

crucible. From thermocouple data the interpolated buoyant force of stirred

lithium was calculated to be 0.001 N, too small to sufficiently mix the

molten lithium. Future experiments will look at the viability of using

electromagnetic stirring to more effectively mix molten lithium for LTX

producing +0.06 N JxB forces. The Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX) is

a spherical tokamak with R=0.4 m, a=0.26 m, and elongation=1.5. LTX has

a heated (300 – 400 C) liner, designed to be coated with lithium. During

experiments in 2010, oxidation of the lithium surface was observed when

the liner was heated to 300 C, above the melting point of lithium (182 C). A

pumping system is being installed to absorb and pump background gasses

which react with lithium, similar to a getter pump, using liquid and solid

lithium. Lithium will be loaded into a yttria crucible heated from below by a

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small, HeatWave model TB175 300W cartridge heater to produce

convective currents in order to maintain a clean lithium surface and

decrease the time for oxide formation. This system was tested in an argon

glove box using a copper heat concentrator – instead of the HeatWave

vacuum-compatible unit. Infrared thermometry and thermocouples were

used to monitor the surface temperature of the molten lithium. With a

small rod/crucible iT (< 50 C) the time to heat the crucibles to the melting

point of lithium was too long for continuous experimentation (9 hours). A

ΔT > 200 C cracked the crucible. From thermocouple data the interpolated

buoyant force of stirred lithium was calculated to be 0.001 N, too small to

sufficiently mix the molten lithium. Future experiments will look at the

viability of using electromagnetic stirring to more effectively mix molten

lithium for LTX producing +0.06 N JxB forces.

Biography

Maggie Cassin is a senior chemical engineering major with a concentration

in materials. Over the summer she worked at Princeton Plasma Physics Lab

using stirring techniques to make a getter pump for liquid lithium. She

plans on attending graduate school after graduation to study polymers.

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Poster #6

THE EFFECT OF VANADIUM DEFICIENCY ON THE CATALYTIC

DEGRADATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL ELECTRODES

Nguyen Vo1, Alex Liggett2, Adviser: Michael Gross1

1Department of Chemical Engineering2Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bucknell University

The electrochemical performance of strontium-doped lanthanum vanadate

(La0.7Sr0.3VxO3 for x=0.90, 0.95, and 1.00) electrodes for use in Solid

Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) was investigated. The effect of vanadium

stoichiometry on the catalytic degradation of palladium (Pd), platinum

(Pt), palladium-ceria (Pd-CeO2), platinum-ceria (Pt-CeO2), and copper-

ceria (Cu-CeO2) catalysts was determined under SOFC operating

conditions. Catalytic poisoning was most severe when the electrodes were

exposed to air at fuel cell temperatures (~700°C). Poisoning of the catalyst

significantly decreased with both an increase in vanadium deficiency and

the addition of ceria. The highest performing electrode included a Pt-CeO2

catalyst and the lowest performing electrode contained a Cu-CeO2 catalyst.

The poor catalytic activity of Cu-CeO2 appears to be related to the

morphological restructuring of Cu during exposure to cycles of oxidation

and reduction.

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Biography

Nguyen Vo is a sophomore chemical engineering major from Ho Chi

Minh, Vietnam. He has been a member of the American Institute of

Chemical Engineers since 2010. He is in his first year of employment as a

student consultant for the Engineering Department of Bucknell’s Small

Business Development Center (SBDC), helping local businesses and

entrepreneurs with engineering research. He is also a Fremont Scholar, and

has been involved in various projects promoting diversity at Bucknell.

Alex Liggett is a junior mechanical engineer from Weston, Connecticut. He

is a member of Bucknell’s chapter of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers. He worked the summer of 2011 on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

research with Professor Michael Gross and Nguyen Vo. Alex is currently

working on a catapult for a pumpkin launching competition at the end of

October, 2011.

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Poster #7

ELUCIDATING THE POLYSACCHARIDE COMPOSITION OF

STEREOCAULON GLABRUM USING GC/MS

Scott L. Paradise, Advisers: José Manuel Igartuburu Chinchilla1, Juan Carlos

García Galindo1, Joanne Romagni-Colvin2

1Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain2Depaul University, Chicago, IL

A lichen is a symbiotic organism composed of a fungus and a

photosynthetic partner or photobiont. The composite organism produces

chemicals unique to that organism and not produced by the fungus or

photobiont individually. Because both biotic and abiotic stressors have a

strong impact on the chemical composition of lichens, they have been

proposed as biomarkers for climate change and pollution. Despite their

propensity to be such valuable tools, little is known about their chemical

composition. As part of a global study examining the different primary and

secondary metabolite composition of Antarctic lichens to establish a

database of their chemical compositions, we examined the polysaccharide

composition of the lichen Stereocaulon glabrum. Implicit in this study is

the identification of the monosaccharide composition and the beginnings

of the structural elucidation of the polysaccharide structure.

First, we separated polysaccharide fractions based on their solubility in

different solvent systems. Then polysaccharides were hydrolyzed and the

corresponding monosaccharides prepared for GC/MS analysis as alditol

acetates or trimethylsilyl derivatives. Fatty acids directly attached to the

polysaccharides were also analyzed with GC/MS by conversion to methyl

esters. This analysis showed that the lichen was mostly composed of hexoses

with glucose and mannose being relatively prominent in all fractions

excluding the less polar water-soluble polysaccharide supernatant and the

hemicellulose C fractions. Additionally, galacturonic acid was prevalent in

most of the polysaccharides studied. NMR studies showed that the primary

polysaccharides in the water soluble fraction are linked galacturonic acid

and glucose polymers.

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Biography

Scott Paradise is in his senior year at Bucknell studying chemical

engineering with a biomedical engineering minor. Originally from Virginia,

he now lives in East Greenwich, Rhode Island with his parents, two brothers

and dog. Scott plays on the club soccer team and co-teaches “Transition to

College” for first year students. He is currently working towards an Honors

Thesis in drug delivery for Dr. Brandon M. Vogel. While not doing homework

or research, Scott enjoys watching soccer and cooking for his friends.

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Poster #8

TUNA FISH ANALYSIS

Christine Martino

Bucknell University

Lewisburg, PA

In the spring of 2011, myself and a team of four students at Immaculata High

School conducted a series of analytical experiments to determine qualitatively

and quantitatively the contents of canned tuna. Our goals were to determine

the amount of fat, water, chloride, sodium, and starch in a serving size of tuna.

To determine the water content, several cans of tuna were blended to form a

homogenous mixture. Then 6.1981 grams of tuna were heated in a crucible to

drive off the water. 5.1655 grams of water were driven off and we determined

that one serving contained 83.340% water. Next, we extracted the fat from the

tuna by setting up a vacuum filter in which we placed 50.41 grams of tuna and

added acetone. After all the fat and water were extracted from the sample, the

water and acetone were evaporated to see the fat residue; there remained 1.63

grams of fat. The label indicated that there were two grams of fat per serving.

Thirdly, we tested for chloride, which we assumed would be equivalent to the

sodium level. 10 mL of tuna was filtered in a Booch crucible and treated with

AgNO3 and centrifuged. 2.4 grams of AgCl were produced, which meant there

was .89 grams of sodium chloride. Lastly, we prepared a starch calibration

curve using a mixture of 5mL of .2M NaHSO3, mL of .024M KIO3, and potato

starch, which we then diluted several times to make 5 samples to test using a

spectrophotometer set at 390 nm absorbance. We then tested the samples of

tuna at different dilutions and determined that it contained .47 grams of starch

per serving.

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Biography

Christine Martino is a first year student at Bucknell University. She plans to

major in chemical engineering and minor in biomedical engineering. After

graduating, she hopes to begin a career in the pharmaceutical industry.

Christine has just begun research at Bucknell under Professor Ryan Snyder.

She is presenting the research her AP chemistry high school class performed

last year.

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Poster #9

COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARIZATION OF

FACTS SURROUNDING THE HISTORY OF GRAPHICS HARDWARE

Andre Shields, Alex Ororbia, Adviser: Joshua Steinhurst

Department of Computer Science

Bucknell University

This is an ongoing research project that we started the summer of 2010.

Last summer in our research we compiled a list of companies that made

computer graphics hardware and found basic information on each. This

included but was not limited to: the founding date, ending date, whether

the company was acquired by or acquired another company, and a list of

products the company made. We also made a time line of all the companies

that contains when the company came into existence, when it was active in

the computer graphics hardware field, and, if applicable, when the company

went bankrupt or was bought out. Finally we made a database that

contained all the information that we gathered over the summer.

This year we are writing articles on company profiles and products, making

extensive use of the Securities and Exchange Commission archives (for

publicly traded companies), business-networking sites such as Linked In, an

assortment of published product manuals and technical magazines, and

various online product reviews. The company profiles look at important

company dates and events, as well as market history and corporate

philosophy. The product articles include technical analysis of the

architecture, performance, and features of a company’s graphics card or

chip-set, as well as a brief look at the market success or failure of the

product. Furthermore, we have made the database we created publicly

available on a wiki-type website (www.graphicshardwarehistory.org). By the

conclusion of this project we will have a number of the technical articles

and company profiles completed in detail and will update our previous

documentation so that the tools we used and developed over the summer

may aid future students in extending the project.

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Biography

Andre Shields is from Greensburg, Pennsylvania. He is a senior computer

science major. He also is a member of the Bucknell University football

team. He plays offensive tackle. At the end of this year, Andre intends on

getting a job in the computer science field, probably programming software.

Alexander G. Ororbia II, born in Silversprings, Maryland, and resident of

Lewisburg,Pennsylvania, is a junior computer science and engineering

major, with minors in Philosophy and Mathematics. He is a member of the

Bucknell student chapter of the Association of Computing Machinery, and

has served as its treasurer for the past year and a half. Alex is also the Vice

President of the Bucknell student chapter of the National Society of

Hispanic Engineers In the spring of 2011, he was inducted into the Alpha

Lamba Delta Honor Society. Through his work in the Office of Diversity

and Equity, Alex has also participated in Bucknell events such as Issues of

the 21st Century and the Chicago New Frontiers of Knowledge for the past

two years, serving as a peer mentor, logistics management, assistant

administrator, and technology support. He is also an active musician,

performing in a funk-rock band that has performed several times in local

venues such as 7th Street Café, Uptown, and Brasserie Louis and several

benefit events such as Bikes Against Poverty. His previous work, presented

at previous Engineering Symposiums, includes his study in computer

animation and design and his previous summer’s work in the history of

computer graphics hardware.

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Poster #10

INFLUENCE OF LOCAL VEGETATION ON THE PRODUCTION AND

PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE POLLUTION

Masha Zhdanova, Advisers: Timothy Raymond, Dabrina Dutcher

Department of Chemical Engineering

Buckell University

Aerosols are solid or liquid particles that are contained in the atmosphere

and interact in various ways with water vapor. By creating those particles

from plants and trees, we can understand and predict certain atmospheric

processes, influence air quality, and learn how to best control air pollution.

Using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Differential Mobility Analyzer

(DMA), Condensation Particle Counter (CPC), and Cloud Condensation

Nucleus Counter (CCNC), the behavior of aerosol particles and their three-

dimensional surfaces was analyzed.

As part of research, Eastern White Pine samples were placed in a specially

constructed smog chamber where atmospheric oxidation processes that

convert complex organic vapors (naturally given off by vegetation) into

condensable low-volatility compounds were simulated. Also, 0.66 μL of

Acros Organics® a-pinene was mixed with ozone in the smog chamber.

Experiments were run in two ways: 1) adding the volatile organic

compound, VOC (a-pinene) first and 2) adding the ozone first.

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Biography

Masha is a junior chemical engineering major from Golubitskaya, Russia.

She has been a member of Bucknell’s chapter of American Institute of

Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and Society of Women Engineers (SWE) since

2009, and worked on a research project in aerosol science in the summer of

2011. She will present her research at the annual AIChE conference in

Minneapolis, MN this October. Besides being a Chemical Engineer, on

campus Masha is involved in the activities of the International Student

Services, the Bucknell Alumni Association, and Kappa Alpha Theta sorority.

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Poster #11

OPTIMIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL WELL SEALENTS

Andi Sicwebu, Adviser: Theresa Andrejack, Jeffery Evans

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Bucknell University

Geothermal wells are often placed in the earth to provide for the heating

and cooling of residential and commercial spaces. Use of such heat transfer

loops can be cost effective alternatives to conventional heating and cooling

systems. The efficiency of the heat transfer is affected by the grout employed

to provide a heat exchange pathway and a seal from the surface of the earth

along the entire length of the borehole. The grout needs to have a relatively

high thermal conductivity to ensure that heat is readily transferred between

the heat transfer fluid and the earth. Furthermore, the grout must form a

seal that is substantially impermeable to fluids that could leak into and

contaminate ground water surrounding the borehole. In an attempt to

achieve such properties, two types of grouts containing sand to enhance

their thermal conductivity, i.e bentonite-based grout and cement-based

grout, have been developed. For this research project, the relationship

between bentonite, sand, water and additives in a lab setting were studied

so as to compare the thermal conductivity and permeability of geothermal

grouts for optimum use. This was accomplished by building a geothermal

model made of a 6 inch PVC and 1 inch High Density Polyethylene

(HDPE) pipe. A peristaltic pump was used to allow a continuous flow

through the HDPE pipe. A tube connected to the bottom of the HDPE pipe

created a closed loop system that discharged in a water bath. The water

bath assisted in regulating the water temperatures analogous to those

experienced in a geothermal well (30 – 120 degrees F). The annulus was

then filled with the bentonite grout. Thermocouples were strategically

emplaced in the grout which in turn was used for the calculations of the

system thermal conductivity. The method developed in this research

provided a way to determine the long term effects of the bentonite after

numerous heating and cooling cycles.

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Biography

Andi Sicwebu is a senior civil and environmental engineering major from

Butterworth, South Africa. She is a member of Bucknell’s chapters of

Society of Women Engineers and American Society of Civil Engineers. She

also partakes in other organizations such as Bucknell African Student

Association (BASA) and the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE).

Andi has spent the summers of 2010 and 2011 working in Bucknell’s

Geotechnical Laboratory with Professor Jeffery Evans and Theresa

Andrejack

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Poster #12

DEGRADATION OF DEXTRAN-BASED HYDROGELS

Soraya Letournel, Adviser: Erin Jablonski

Department of Chemical Engineering

Bucknell University

Dextran-based hydrogels have gained notoriety as biodegradable materials

for medicinal purposes due to their compatibility with the human body to

be readily absorbed once degraded. Currently, they are being tested as

materials to be used as controlled-release media for protein delivery.

Dextran-based hydrogels can encapsulate proteins and release them at a

controlled rate that can be tailored by manipulating the properties of the

hydrogels. Determining methods of producing consistent dextran hydrogels

could prove very important for the pharmaceutical industry as a

sophisticated method for drug delivery.

For this research project, two methods were evaluated for the formation of

dextran-based hydrogels, using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and

methacrylate anhydride (MA) as methacrylating agents. Glycidyl

methacrylate was predominantly used for this research to load the designed

microfluidic devices. The dextran-methacylate (dex-MA) generated

hydrogels when irradiated at 365 nm. The effects of various polymer

concentrations, dye concentrations, and irradiation times on the properties

of the obtained hydrogels are reported. The networks have been

characterized by swelling measurements carried out over various

experiment times varying between 8 hours and 66 hours. In vitro studies

suggest that all samples undergo a partial chemical hydrolysis. The

microfluidic devices reflect a degradation whose rate depends on the degree

of substitution and flow rate through the device.

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Biography

Soraya Letournel is originally from France and Tunisia, and was raised all

over the world. She is a chemical engineering major with a Biomedical

Engineering minor. She participated in Residential Colleges and was a

Junior Fellow for the Society and Technology residential college. She is a

tour guide for the admissions office and a POSSE scholar. Her sophomore

and junior year, she interned at OPNET Inc. as a software engineer. She has

been a member of the Society of Women Engineers, and the American

Institution of Chemical Engineers since her freshmen year.

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Poster #13

AN AB INITIO STUDY OF THE HYDRATION OF

SULFURIC ACID DIMERS

Judy Phan1, Adviser: George C. Shields2, Berhane Temelso2

1Department of Chemical Engineering2Department of Chemistry

Bucknell University

A presence of sulfuric acid (SA) has been known to play an important role in

the formation of atmospheric aerosol particles. Recent experimental studies

have determined that the critical nucleus of sulfuric acid aerosols under

atmospheric conditions is 0.7-1.4 nm in diameter and likely contains two

sulfuric acids in its core. That implies once a two sulfuric acid cluster forms,

its growth into a large aerosol (1 - 10000 nm) is thermodynamically favorable.

In an attempt to understand the thermodynamics of forming a bigger system

of 2 SA molecules with up to six water molecules, we have conducted a

computational study using ab initio methods. Starting with a large set of stable

isomers determined by Ding et al. , we optimized the geometries and

calculated the harmonic vibrational frequencies using MP2/6-31+G* with

analytic gradients and hessians. Then, the single point energies were calculated

at the RI-MP2/aug-cc-pVXZ, X = D, T, Q and the binding energy was

extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. The RI-MP2/CBS binding

energies were combined with the MP2/6-31+G* thermodynamic corrections

to yield benchmark enthalpies and free energies of formation for

(H2SO4)2(H2O)n=0-6. Sulfuric acid dimers are much more tightly bound

than water dimer or H2SO4-H2O. Adding water molecules to a sulfuric acid

dimer shows similar hydration thermodynamics as the H2SO4 (H2O)n

system. A major difference is that the dissociation of the protons of SA dimer

hydrates [(H2SO4)2(H2O)n --> (H2SO4)(HSO4-)(H3O+)(H2O)n-1] starts

in the presence of two waters while the single SA system needs at least four

waters. The results also show that starting with (H2SO4)2(H2O)3, ionic

structures are more favorable than neutral ones. Finally, most stable structures

have at least one bridging water between the two SA.

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Biography

Judy Phan is an international student from Vietnam. She is also a Bucknell

Community College Scholar transferred from Montgomery County

Community College. She received an Associate Degree with honors and was

selected in Who’s Who Among Students in American Universities and

Colleges. She was accepted into the Bucknell chemical engineering program

with 3 year full scholarship. With a concentration in environmental, she

spent her sophomore summer working with Dr. Shields on research on the

formation of aerosols. She’s currently working as a research assistant for

Dr. Kirby on a project called the Marcellus Shale Initiative. She’s also a

Bucknell Engineering Liaison acting as a network between engineering

Alumni and the student body.

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Poster #14

FACILITATING EXPERIMENTAL NETWORKING RESEARCH WITH THE

FINS FRAMEWORK

Mark D. Horvath, Adviser: Michael S. Thompson

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bucknell University

In mid-stack wireless networking research, simulation is often the final step of

many research projects. Implementing and testing ideas on experimental networks

presents two major areas of difficulty: logistics and code development. The major

logistical challenges are people to administer and move nodes, enough space and

power to set up a network, the battery life of nodes in the network, and the cost of

buying the nodes that will make up the network. Research that involves mid-stack

protocols like TCP and IP may require modification of the operating system kernel,

where they reside. In the typical case of the Linux kernel, programming is complex,

difficult, and poorly documented. Additionally, rebuilding the kernel takes much

more time and is more involved than creating userspace applications. As a result,

relatively few researchers build and test their code in experimental scenarios. The

goal of the Flexible Internetwork Stack (FINS) Framework is to facilitate

experimental research by providing the tools needed to easily and quickly modify

existing mid-stack protocols and create new mid-stack or cross-layer protocols. Our

solution removes the kernel development and runs on small form-factor devices.

The framework works by shifting most of the network stack functionality into

userspace and moving network data to and from the kernel as needed. This means

that all protocol development happens in userspace and the OS kernel is rebuilt only

once. Implementations of standard protocols, developed by us, are included to

ensure a “turn key” experience and simple start to using the framework. Our goal is

to support scenarios that range from monitoring existing protocol internals to

creating new and inventive cognitive networking solutions that leverage cross-layer

design approaches. Further information and code releases are available from the

project website: http://www.finsframework.org.

Acknowledgments: This work was partially supported by the National Science

Foundation under Grant Nos. NSF-0916300 and NSF-0916283.

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Biography

Mark Horvath is a junior computer engineering major from Danville,

Pennsylvania. This fall, he traveled to Las Vegas, Nevada to present the

FINS Framework project at the MobiCom 2011 conference. He is also

particularly interested in robotics and is currently developing a platform for

mobile robotics (based on Penn State’s Mini-Grand Challenge competition)

as an independent study project. In the past, Mark has competed

internationally in the RoboCup Jr. autonomous robotic soccer competition

in Austria with his teammate Michael R. Davis (Bucknell, ‘13). He is a

member of Bucknell’s Mobile Autonomous Robotics Club (MARC), IEEE,

and ACM. Mark is an Eagle Scout, and enjoys all things outdoors, especially

target shooting, camping, and off-road driving. Mark is also actively

involved in InterVarsity Christian Fellowship where he plays guitar on the

worship team.

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Poster #15

POLYMER PROCESSING BY SOLID-STATE SHEAR PULVERIZATION

(SSSP) AND SIMULTANEOUS SOLID-STATE AND

MELT-STATE EXTRUSION (SSMSE)

Alyssa Whittington, Stephen M. Brouse, Adviser: Katsuyuki Wakabayashi

Department of Chemical Engineering

Bucknell University

Production of polymer nanocomposites requires an industrial-scale,

continuous processing method that can distribute nanoscale fillers within a

polymer matrix. Well-exfoliated fillers within the matrix can result in a

composite with properties superior to those of either the neat polymer or

filler. Techniques such as in situ polymerization, solution intercalation, and

melt processing have been document in the past, but more novel approaches

are those based on solid-state processing. One of these novel methods is solid-

state shear pulverization (SSSP), a technique currently available at Bucknell.

The polymers and fillers that undergo this process are combined under

conditions of high shear and compression while being kept at temperatures

below the melting point of the polymer. This eliminates the need for a solvent,

and also avoids the high-temperature conditions which can result in polymer

degradation.

Another method, simultaneous solid-state and melt-state extrusion (SSMSE), is

currently at Bucknell. SSMSE combines the features of SSSP and twin screw

extrusion (TSE) by applying high levels of shear and pulverization in an initial

chilled zone, then applying heat to allow melt-state kneading and homogenization

in the subsequent melt-zone. The output is molten polymer strands which are

easier to handle than the powder output of SSSP. Additionally, SSMSE has a

higher rate of output, which is useful for industrial purposes.

This poster displays an introduction to Bucknell’s robust solid-state

processing systems. Mechanical, thermal, and permeation properties of the

SSSP-and SSMSE-processed nanocomposites, based on high-density and

linear low-density polyethylene, were compared with those of neat polymer

samples and samples prepared by other methods of processing.

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Biography

Alyssa Whittington is a native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She is a

sophomore chemical engineering major and creative writing minor. She is a

member of the Bucknell student chapters of the American Institute of

Chemical Engineers and the Society of Women Engineers. She is also a

member of the Bucknell Chemical Engineering Car Team, Catholic

Campus Ministry Team, and the Alpha Lambda Delta Honor Society.

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Poster #16

SIMULATION OF OCEAN AND RIVER-GENERATED AEROSOLS

AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Andrew Hritz, Adviser: Timothy Raymond, Dabrina Dutcher

Department of Chemical Engineering

Bucknell University

Ambient atmospheric aerosols are extremely small particles suspended in

the air that makes up Earth’s atmosphere. They are frequently produced

over large bodies of water from wave action and the bursting of bubbles on

the water’s surface. It is useful to know properties of these aerosols, however

it is often impractical to collect relevant data over the actual bodies of water.

In the lab, different methods were tested to imitate the generation of

atmospheric aerosols originating from bodies of water. A glass bubbler

apparatus was used to create aerosol particles from real ocean samples and

solutions mixed in the lab meant to imitate ocean water. Varying flows of

carbon dioxide and air were bubbled through the two solutions, and

particle size distributions between 10-600 nm were measured and analyzed.

The peak particle sizes were compared to published sizes of particles found

over the ocean. The carbon dioxide was added at a mixture of between 0

and 0.1% by mass. This was meant to test whether aerosol properties would

change if the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide increased

significantly.

In addition, a polycarbonate box was constructed so other techniques could

be used to agitate water samples and produce particles. A small fountain

pump was used to move the water. Pump setups meant to imitate small

rapids or gently flowing water produced too few particles to be analyzed, so

more vigorous agitation was used for a majority of the samples collected.

River water was primarily used as samples, though occasionally imitation

ocean solution was used to draw comparisons between the box, bubbler,

and literature. For the river water, particle size distributions, conductivity,

and CCN activity were tested.

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Biography

Andrew is a sophomore chemical engineering major from upstate New

York. He is a member of the Bucknell University student chapter of the

American Institute of Chemical Engineers. On campus he is a Presidential

Fellow and has done research continuously with Professor Raymond since

September 2010.

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Poster #17

UNIFORM MONODISPERSE CRYSTALS VIA THE EVAPORATION

OF SMALL DROPLETS

Kelly M. Carver, Adviser:Ryan C. Snyder

Department of Chemical Engineering

Bucknell University

Producing solid particles of controlled size and morphology is an integral

step in many industrial solids processes in the food, personal care, and

pharmaceutical industries. The purity, size, internal structure (crystalline vs.

amorphous), surface roughness and morphology of a particle are all

important characteristics known to impact the effectiveness of a solid

product. Current industrial crystal formation is a multi-step process that

requires the use of a crystallizer often followed by subsequent drying and

particle reduction steps. This combination of processes is very energy

intensive and costly because of the need for extra process time to accomplish

each of the steps. A method which condenses the crystallization process

could potentially aid in the advancement of crystal production technology.

Several studies have recently been conducted on the production of highly

uniform particles by evaporating monodisperse (evenly-sized) droplets in a

modified spray drying setup. These studies show that this novel spray drying

technique is successful at producing uniform amorphous particles; however,

the possibility of producing uniform crystalline particles by this method has

yet to be investigated. This research focused on utilizing a vibrating orifice

aerosol generator (VOAG) to investigate the production of uniform,

monodisperse succinic acid crystals. Control of particle characteristics was

achieved by varying key operating parameters such as air flow rate and

solvent. Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and

nanoindentation were used to analyze the particle morphology, surface

roughness, and internal structure of the resulting particles. Uniform

succinic acid crystals were successfully produced in this study suggesting

that monodisperse droplet evaporation is a promising method of

crystal production.

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Biography

Kelly is currently a graduate student in the Chemical Engineering

Department. She graduated summa cum laude from Bucknell in 2011 with

a Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering and is now completing her

master’s degree as part of the 3-2 program. As an undergraduate, Kelly

was a member of AIChE and SWE and was inducted into the Tau Beta

Pi Engineering Honor Society in 2009. She was also a recipient of the

Schubauer Family Scholarship and the Presidential Fellowship Scholarship.

After graduation, she plans to pursue a career in product development in

the consumer products industry.

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Poster #18

SYSTEMATIC METHOD TO DETERMINING SLOW GROWING EDGES

AND FACES OF ORGANIC MOLECULAR CRYSTALS

Chris Porter, Adviser: Ryan Snyder

Department of Chemical Engineering

Bucknell University

Crystallization is an important process in many industries, including in the

pharmaceutical industry. The crystallization process controls the resulting

morphology of a solid. This morphology can then have consequences for the

physical properties of the solid, such as hydrophobicity and reactivity.

Since different morphologies can lead to different properties, it is useful to

predict the final morphology of a crystal beforehand. This would allow

processes downstream of crystallization (filtration, washing, drying, etc.) to be

tailored more specifically to the crystal, resulting in a cheaper, more efficient

overall process.

At low super saturations, the crystallization process goes through a spiral

growth mechanism. In this process, a screw dislocation on the crystals face

exposes an edge. This edge then begins to grow outward, eventually exposing a

new edge. Once this new edge reaches a critical length, it too grows outwards

exposing a new edge in the process. This process is controlled by the slow growing

(flat) faces of the crystal, and the slow growing (flat) edges of such faces.

To find these edges and faces, it is necessary to look at the intermolecular

interactions within the molecule. Finding the flat edges of a face involves

looking at the directions in which no new molecules can be added to the face

without changing the number of incomplete interactions. Once the flat edges

of a plane have been found it is possible to classify the plane as flat based on

the number of flat edges (two or more and the face is flat).

This summer, I developed a MATLAB program to look at the intermolecular

interactions of a given plane of a molecule, and find the flat edges on that

plane. This process was then applied iteratively to find all the flat faces of

a crystal.

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Biography

Christopher Porter is a junior chemical engineering and mathematics

major from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is an active member of Bucknell’s

ChemE Car Competition team, which competed at the American Institute

of Chemical Engineering yearly conference October 16th. This summer,

he worked for Professor Snyder as a part of Bucknell’s Program for

Undergraduate Research, and continues performinf research for Professor

Snyder this semester.

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Poster #19

ANALYSIS OF THE VIABILITY OF BIODIESEL AS AN

ALTERNATIVE FUEL

Ryan Pritchard, Adviser: Peter Stryker

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bucknell University

Sustainable alternatives to dwindling resources must be developed to

provide for our energy moving forward. One such alternative is the use of

biodiesel derived from soy, canola or similar oil crops. For biodiesel to

be a truly considered as an option, it is critical that the emissions and

performance be characterized. However, if the production of these fuels

requires a greater input of fossil fuel energy than the resulting fuel energy, it

fundamentally fails as a fuel. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze these

inputs and determine that the fuel is indeed viable. The results of such

analysis into soy- and canola-derived biodiesels found gains beyond the

input energy of 378% and 132%, respectively. The experiment part of the

study tested a number of biodiesel blends across a range of torques all at

constant engine speeds. The exhaust gases were tested for oxygen, NOx,

carbon monoxide and dioxide, sulfur dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons.

Further, engine characteristics, including Brake Specific Fuel Consumption,

Brake Mean Effective Pressure and Thermal Efficiency, were calculated at

all torque settings. The results indicated that fuel blends with a greater

percentage of biodiesel had lower harmful emissions and lower efficiencies.

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Biography

Ryan Pritchard is a senior in the mechanical engineering department at

Bucknell University. He lives in Charlottesville, Virginia and plans to enter

the workforce at the culmination of his studies here at Bucknell.

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Poster #20

PORTABLE SOLAR POWERED SPACE HEATER

Robert De La Rosa, Russell Seidell Adviser: Charles Knisely

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bucknell University

In late fall and early spring sports seasons athletic teams are often required

to deal with brutal winter weather. In these cold conditions, athletes

perform poorly and run the risk of injury. In order to improve the athlete’s

performance and to reduce the risk of injuries, athletic teams sometimes

use large industrial space heaters to heat some portion of the sidelines

during athletic events. These heaters are not very efficient due to the warm

air immediately being blown away by the wind and the fuel requirements

for these heaters is quite significant. Renewable energy can perhaps be used

to reduce the consumption of valuable fossil fuel resources and still permit

the modification of the local sideline environment for athletes. In this

project, the use of a concentrated solar power system for sideline heating at

athletic contests was explored.. The concept consisted of using a parabolic

dish with a reflective surface to collect solar energy over several days and

store it in a large vat of phase change fluid. The energy from this fluid

would then be used with a heat exchanger to warm the air. This warm air

would be directed to a sideline shelter to prevent it from immediately

escaping. The entire heater system would be mounted on a small trailer so

that it could be deployed at various outdoor events. This summer, heat

transfer calculations were performed to size the necessary equipment and to

estimate the power output necessary to make this a viable alternative. An

experimental set up was prepared to test the capabilities of the solar

collector, and a dish mount to hold the solar collector on the trailer while

allowing the dish to move and follow the sun was designed. Further work

must be done before manufacturing can begin.

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Biography

Robert De La Rosa is a senior mechanical engineering major from

Brooklyn, New York. In summer of 2010, Robert did research for the

Chemical engineering department investigating the thermal expansion of

yttria-stabilized zirconia infiltrated with Nickel and Lanthanum Strontium

Cobalt solutions with for the purpose of being used for solid oxide fuel

cells. Robert is a member of the Bucknell football team and a member of

Sigma Chi Fraternity.

Russell Seidell is a senior mechanical engineering major from Columbus,

Ohio. This was Russell’s first experience with a research project. He is a

member of the Bucknell baseball team, and spent the summer of 2010

playing summer baseball in Honolulu, Hawaii.

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Poster #21

ASSESSMENT OF EYE INJURY RISK RESULTING FROM FREE-FIELD

BLAST EXPOSURES USING THE FOCUS HEADFORM

Chris DiDomenico, Taylor Zahn, Adviser: Eric Kennedy

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Bucknell University

Eye injuries in modern warfare are an increasing concern with studies

showing that the rate of injury to the eyes, among casualties, has dramatically

increased to between 17%-26% in the current Middle-Eastern conflict

(Thomas 2009). The FOCUS headform was developed to serve as an

evaluative tool for protective equipment for the face and eyes to help

mitigate some of this injury risk. A custom Matlab program was created in

response to the need for a systematic way of organizing and evaluating the

data collected with this headform. Previously developed risk functions were

incorporated to assess the risk of facial and ocular injury due to blast waves

from free field explosive tests conducted at Blossom Point in LaPlata, MD. In

25 blast tests of different explosives and explosive weights, several parameters

were varied to test differences in loading due to the effect of goggles and

other protective equipment placed on the dummy. No significant injury risk

was found for any of the four types of eye injuries examined (hyphema, lens

damage, retinal damage, or globe rupture) using the tested explosive types

and weights. In fact, confounding results were apparent regarding the degree

of protection afforded by goggles. Because of the inconclusive nature of the

free field blast test data collected at Blossom Point, additional tests, as well as

evaluation of a greater variety of protective eyewear, are needed to draw

more definitive conclusions regarding the effect of goggles on facial injury

risk. In the future, it is recommended that pressure wave transducers be used

to identify potential trends that could lead to more advances in protective

facial gear.

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Biography

Chris DiDomenico is a junior mechanical engineering from the suburbs of

Philadelphia, PA. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers and is also a potential member of the engineering honor

society, Tau Beta Pi. Chris spent a summer of 2011 working in Bucknell’s

Biomedical engineering research lab with Professor Eric Kennedy and

partner Taylor Zahn. Chris spends time tutoring adults to aid them in

receiving their GEDs.

Taylor Zahn is a sophomore biomedical engineer from Skillman, NJ. She is

a member of the Society of Women Engineers and the Biomedical

Engineering Society. She also works as a Resident Fellow for the Society and

Technology Residential College and as an Email Intern in the Office of

Admissions. As this was her first summer working as a research assistant,

Taylor gained a significant amount of Matlab experience and enjoyed

working with Chris and Dr. Kennedy to complete this project for the army.

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Poster# 22

DEVELOPMENT OF AN VERSATILE FIXED POINT FORMAT FOR

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Brandon Walls, Adviser: Joe Hass

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bucknell University

In computer science, a number format is how a number is represented and

stored in memory. One of the most commonly used number formats is

floating point format, which stores numbers in a manner resembling

scientific notation (with a pre-determined and constant amount of space for

both the coefficient and power), however, this format is not very efficient and

requires a separate processing unit within the processor (called a floating

point processing unit). This inefficient format is common for computers

since power generally comes from an outlet, memory is plentiful, and the

processors are powerful enough to make the inefficiencies unnoticeable. With

inexpensive microprocessors and embedded systems on the rise though,

efficiency is becoming more vital, since they are limited by battery power,

lesser processing power, and smaller memory sizes (some systems do not

even include a floating point processing unit). So, an alternative format is the

fixed point format, which stores the number as well as its integer bits and

fraction bits (having a fixed number of fraction bits, hence the name). While

processors do not need an external unit to use this format, it does require

more preprocessing to efficiently use, which is where this research comes

in. One goal of the research was the development of a more versatile

implementation of the fixed point format, such that the format’s pieces can

be adjusted to maximize each application’s precision independently. The

other main goal of this research was to develop an arithmetic library, or

file that contains code on how to perform math with these numbers, as well

as code to help preprocess the numbers. The library file can then be

distributed, providing basic functions, and allowing application specific

format adjustments.

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Biography

Brandon Walls is a junior dual-majoring in electrical engineering and

computer science, from Danville, Pennsylvania. He has held many

technical jobs since beginning as a Computer Technician in High School,

and is currently an Enterprise System Developer at Bucknell University.

He has participated in many Robotic Engineering Competitions,

including First Lego League, RoboCup Junior, and the Trinity College

Firefighting Competition. He is an Eagle Scout, a Motorcyclist, a Black

Belt in Ninjutsu, participates in multiple Bucknell organizations, and is

working towards his Private Pilot License. He also enjoys activities such as

Reading, Bicycling, Rock Climbing, Snowboarding, Barefoot Running, and

Skydiving.

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Poster #23

DROPLET BASED LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF A MODEL SMALL

MOLECULE PHARMACEUTICAL AGENT IN A MILLI-FLUIDIC DEVICE

Brian Goldsmith, Katherine Wiley, Adviser: Erin Jablonski

Department of Chemical Engineering

Bucknell University

Milli-fluidic devices are used for the extraction of a model pharmaceutical

molecule from an organic phase to an aqueous phase. The system setup is a

two-phase system, where naproxen in octanol (concentration 0.0206 g/ml) is

the organic phase, and sodium hydroxide and water solution of pH 7.4 is the

aqueous phase. The organic phase is emulsified with the sodium hydroxide

and water solution using a T-junction milli-fluidic device with flow rates on

the order of milliliters per hour and controlled with syringe pumps. The

T-junction device forms aqueous droplets and the naproxen diffuses from the

organic phase across the surface of the aqueous droplets. The emulsion then

travels into the hydrogel lined emulsion separation device, where the

emulsion is broken by an aqueous stream of sodium hydroxide and water.

Cocurrent laminar flow is achieved inside the separation device, and

naproxen continues to diffuse across the boundary layer until extraction. The

amount of naproxen transferred and is determined by measuring the outlet

concentrations of each stream with high performance liquid chromatography

(HPLC). Studying mass transfer within a milli-fluidic device simulates

processes in industry. The knowledge of the efficiency of the milli-fluidic

device allows it to be compared to other methods of industrial liquid-liquid

extraction.

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Biography

Brian Goldsmith is a junior chemical engineering major who spent his

summer working with milli-fluidc devices under Professor Erin Jablonski.

Aside from classes, Brian spends his free time on the club rugby team. He

hopes to pursue a career in the food science industry, and has been looking

at the possibility of interning with McCormick this coming summer.

Katherine Wiley is a sophomore chemical engineering major. This is her

second semester working under Professor Erin Jablonksi in milli-fluidic

research. She participated in the Program for Undergraduate Research this

past summer, continuing her milli-fluidic studies. On campus, Katherine is

also involved in the ChemE Car team and the Fall Dance Showcase.

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Poster #24

FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDY AROUND A SURFACE-PIERCING

CYLINDER

Stephen McMillin, Adviser: M. Laura Beninati

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bucknell University

The goal of this study was to characterize turbulent structures around a

surface-piercing cylinder in an open channel flow. The motivation for this

work comes from a growing desire to better design support structures for

Marine Hydrokinetic Devices, specifically, tidal turbines. This project

provides the background necessary for further research in defining the

turbulent structures that form around cylinders and other bluff-bodies in a

flow. Flow visualization was chosen as the method to view the length and

time scales associated with the periodic shedding of vortices in the wake of a

surface-piercing cylinder. Visualizing the flow structures was accomplished

by injecting dye upstream of the cylinder and allowing it to disperse through

the flow field. The vortices behind the cylinder encapsulated the dye and thus

became apparent within the images. By video recording and processing these

images, the shedding frequency and size of the vortices were measured under

several different flow conditions. The image processing yielded flow patterns

which enhanced the qualitative understanding of the relationship between

the vortex shedding frequency and the flow characteristics. The relationships

were quantified by comparing the Strouhal Number (St) to the cylinder

Reynolds number (Re) and the vortex diameter.

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Biography

Stephen McMillin is from Schwenksville, Pennsylvania and is currently

a senior mechanical engineer at Bucknell. He has spent two summers

working with Professor Beninati in the Environmental Fluid Mechanics

& Hydraulics Laboratory, within the College of Engineering. He is a

member and Co-Captain of the Bucknell Men’s Varsity Swimming and

Diving Team.

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Poster #25

10V VOLTAGE REGULATOR FOR A LOAD CELL DEVICE

Mezigebu Menber, Adviser: Professor Joe Hass

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bucknell University

All the electronic appliances we use every day require a reliable source of

power that meets a set of requirements. The requirements depend on the

kind of device we are talking about. And this tells us that we cannot go ahead

and make a random connection between the power jack of our device and

any power outlet. Usually there is an external circuit that is an intermediary

between the common power source and the particular device. This external

circuit, commonly called an adapter, has more flexible requirements which

are usually met by widely available power sources. Almost every electronic

device we use today comes with its own adapter. Luckily, the company that

produces the device also provides us with the adapter. But a researcher could

be working with some kind of circuit that requires a reliable power supply

that meets certain criteria and an adapter that meets the criteria may not be

available in the market. In this case the researcher has to build his own

adapter or he will be forced to use a poor power supply that fails to meets the

criteria. But using a poor power supply has many tradeoffs, especially if the

device is very sensitive to small changes in the input voltage. That is exactly

the scenario that Professor Kelly A. Salyards in the Civil Engineering

department came across while working with a load cell apparatus. The goal

of this research is to understand the circuit that professor sally is working

with and provide her with an adapter or a voltage controller that meets the

requirements posed in the best possible way.

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Biography

Mezigebu Menber is a sophomore electrical engineering student.

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Poster #26

INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC CROWD LOADING USING

THE LOAD ESTIMATION METHOD AND IN-SERVICE

ACCELERATION DATA

Ahmad Towaiq, Adviser: Professor Kelly Salyards

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Bucknell University

Traditionally, the structural design of large assembly facilities is controlled

by strength requirements. Current design codes for assembly-type

structures recommend that an equivalent static load be used for design.

This static loading is expected to capture the intensity and the dynamic

nature of the actual loads imposed. This has proven to be sufficient for

strength design, but, as large assembly structures continue to grow in size

and complexity, serviceability of the structure becomes a more important

design consideration.

This research aims to estimate the crowd-induced dynamic loading on an

actual structure during an event. This mode of loading is interesting

because it generates significant motion or vibration to which the occupants

of the structure may be sensitive. The research began with a literature

review on the topic, including the recently proposed Load Estimation

Method (LEM) model for an individual. The individual model was

confirmed with small-scale testing data and the research continued with the

model for a crowd.

Matlab is used to manipulate the existing acceleration data and apply the

LEM. SAP2000 is employed to predict the structural properties required for

the LEM. When the LEM was first applied to the existing acceleration data,

the model produced unreasonable results for the magnitude of the dynamic

loading. It was determined that the LEM method is sensitive to the

structural properties, particularly the structural stiffness.

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The project shifted scope to investigate the difference between the static and

modal stiffness and its effects on the LEM. Several virtual structures were

utilized to compare the estimated modal and static stiffness of structures of

varying geometry and under varying loading conditions. The results of this

study are critical in the continued application of the LEM to in-service data.

Biography

Ahmad Towaiq is a civil engineering student of the class of 2012. He is an

international student from Jordan. His vision is to return home one day

and use his Bucknell education for the development of his people and his

home. He is a member in various Academic Honor Societies. Outside class,

Ahmad participates in various community service and sports activities.

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Poster #27

EFFECT OF BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS ON ENERGY

CONSUMPTION

William Holm, Adviser: Stephen Buonopane

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Bucknell University

The objective of the research was to study the effects of building geometry,

orientation, wall construction and fenestration distribution on energy use.

The Breakiron Engineering Building was used as a case study and was

analyzed based on hourly weather data over a typical year. A simplified,

analytical model, programming in Matlab, considered conduction,

infiltration, radiation through fenestration and radiation through the roof.

The building was also analyzed with eQuest, a comprehensive building

energy simulation tool which includes several additional factors including

but not limited to, thermal mass, building occupancy schedules and

mechanical system efficiency. For this initial study, only a single building

characteristic was analyzed in isolation, and the results generally confirmed

the expected behavior. These analyses used eQuest software. The thermal

load is minimized when a rectangular building is oriented with its long axis

east-west. Variation of building aspect ratio indicated that square buildings

are more efficient than elongated buildings. Greater total window area,

without considering distribution, increased the thermal loads. The effect of

window placement was inconclusive and requires further study.

The results from eQuest were compared with actual heating, cooling and

electrical consumption data from Breakiron and with the Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Actual energy use

matched the seasonal trends determined in eQuest. Breakiron’s actual

energy consumption was slightly above the CBECS averages for similar

buildings.

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Biography

Bill Holm is a senior at Bucknell University from New York City. He is

majoring in civil and environmental engineering and is concentrating his

studies on the structural and environmental sub-disciplines.

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Poster #28

EDUCATIONAL MODELS OF COLD-FORMED STEEL SHEAR WALLS

UNDER SEISMIC FORCES

Tara Earley, Adviser: Stephen Buonopane

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Bucknell University

Cold-formed steel (CFS) is a construction material used widely for low and

mid-rise buildings. CFS studs combined with wood sheathing form shear

walls to provide lateral resistance to seismic forces. There currently is a lack

of detailed experimental or analytical data on the performance of CFS shear

walls during earthquakes, so their design is based on empirical rules.

Bucknell University is part of a multi-institutional grant from the NSF

Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) in order to study

and improve the design of CFS shear walls. Our focus at Bucknell

University is to develop educational models and materials that can be used

by students in earthquake engineering courses. Ultimately, these modules

will be shared with other universities through the NEES and University

Consortium on Instructional Shake Tables (UCIST) websites. We have

created several small-scale prototypes that can be tested on a UCIST shake

table. One model has a thick polycarbonate frame and is connected to a

thinner polycarbonate sheet separated by rubber bushings to model a shear

wall. After pursuing the described prototype as our most promising physical

model, we were able to generate experimental and computer-simulated data

such as natural frequencies, accelerations of various locations, and mode

shapes. The results from the initial phase of the research indicated the need

for more robust frame hinges. The accelerometers recorded behavior of the

rattling hinges instead of the model as a whole. Future work will be to

construct a new frame with different hinges and to develop fastener types

with a wider range of behavior, including greater flexibility or brittle

fasteners.

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Biography

Tara Earley is a junior civil and environmental engineering major from

northern New Jersey. She is an elected class representative of the Bucknell

student chapter of the American Society of Civil Engineers and is a general

member of the student chapter of the Society of Women Engineers. In

the summer of 2010 Tara had an internship with Skanska USA Building

at the United Nations in Manhattan. She spent the summer of 2011 doing

research with Professor Stephen Buonopane under a grant from the NSF

Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation.

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Poster #29

DESIGN OF GEOTECHNICAL EQUIPMENT AND METHODS TO

DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF COHESIONLESS SOILS SUBSEQUENT

TO LIQUEFACTION AND RESEDIMENTATION

Christopher A Kulish, Akmal Daniyarov, Dick Muyambi,

Adviser: Jeffrey C. Evans

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Bucknell University

The Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Research has coordinated

with the National Science Foundation to award Stanford University, Arizona State

University, and Bucknell University a project focused to determine the properties

of cohesionless soils subsequent to liquefaction and resedimentation. Specifically,

the Bucknell research team is concentrating efforts to create reproducible liquefied

sand samples for the necessary testing. The desired end result of this experimental

research project is to obtain reproducible results of Consolidated Isotropically

Sheared Undrained (CIU) soil tests of pre and post liquefied sand samples.

Also, particular testing has been completed to verify a specimen’s void ratio, as

well as reproducibility of the experiment. To achieve this goal, multiple pieces

of geotechnical equipment and effective laboratory methods of soil preparation

and sampling were designed throughout the course of this project. A small

scale laminar box was designed and has been employed on a shake table to

create uniform shear forces in prepared F55 and 20/30 Ottawa sand samples

through seismic simulations. Additionally, a soil pluviator has been designed

and implemented to rain sand into the laminar box with a uniform

distribution. For void ratio verification, overflow cylinders were constructed to

measure accurate volumes of specimens. Complete methods were developed to

utilize the experimental assembly in a manner to create statistically identical

sand samples.

Multiple test parameters were varied to gain insight toward the properties of

sands subsequent to liquefaction. These variations include, homogeneous and

heterogeneous soil layers, loose and dense soil samples, pre and post liquefied

samples, and three different consolidation pressures during the CIU testing.

Results describe the differences and similarities of these variations with respect

to strength, void ratio, and soil structure.

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Biography

Chris obtained his B.S. of Civil and Environmental Engineering at

Bucknell University in 2010 and has stayed on board to complete his M.S.

thesis work with a focus on geotechnical engineering. While at Bucknell,

he has lead the Bucknell Powerlifting Club to competitions around

Pennsylvania. This January, Chris will be working with ARM Group in the

engineering consulting realm of the Marcellus Shale Play.

Akmal Daniyarov is a senior at Bucknell University studying civil and

environmental engineering. Outside of classes he worked in office of

admissions as a tour guide and office assistant for 3 years, was part of the

Katrina recovery team during summer 2010, International Orientation

Assistant during summer 2011 and Alumni Reunion Ambassador during

summer 2011. At the moment he is working on geotechnical research,

assisting labs for soil mechanics class and representing the students on the

Alumni Board of Directors.

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Poster #30

MODELING YIELD SURFACES OF VARIOUS STRUCTURAL SHAPES

Oudam Meas, Adviser: Ronald D. Ziemian

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Bucknell University

Most of today’s structural design is based on an analysis that does not

account for the possibility of the material failing, either by excessive yielding

or fracture. To assure that these failure modes will not govern, the capacity

of members are significantly increased when they are designed; however,

this approach can be very conservative and in turn, less economical. A more

economical design is the one that includes the analysis of material yielding,

which is called the design by inelastic analysis. Yield surface is a device that

tells when the material yields. It is in theory a function of each member’s

cross sectional shape and is thus unique to each type of member used. To

maintain an efficient analysis, software developers have been using a single

yield surface equation to represent all cross sections (e.g., I-beams, box

sections, pipes, etc.). Unfortunately, this approach provides unconservative

results and most engineers agree that a scheme for efficiently incorporating

custom fit yield surfaces within structural analysis software is needed before

design by inelastic analysis will become more common . This summer, I

have developed an algorithm that is capable of custom fitting the yield

surfaces of the I-beams by using fiber element method. This algorithm was

developed based on MATLAB, which is a computing software that

facilitates regression analysis. This algorithm provides working yield

surfaces; however, the reliability of the algorithm needs to be confirmed. In

conclusion, this research requires more works to be carried on into the fall

semester. This includes testing of the reliability of the algorithm and the

analysis of the remaining structural shapes including solid and hollow cross

sections of rectangular and circular shapes.

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Biography

Oudam is from Banteay Meanchey, Cambodia. He is currently a senior

student majoring in civil engineering and minoring in Mathematics.

He is a member of different clubs and organizations on campus such as

American Society of Civil Engineering, Student for Asian Awareness at

Bucknell, Bicycle Against Poverty and Karate club. He is currently the

webmaster of Chi Epsilon, The Civil Engineering Honor Society; the

treasure of Theta Chi Fraternity Gamma Eta Chapter at Bucknell; the

captain of the International Intramural Soccer team; and the 2011-2012

Google Student Ambassador at Bucknell.

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Poster #31

DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROLS FOR THE OFFICE OF NAVAL

RESEARCH HUMANOID ROBOT

Philip Diefenderfer, Adviser: Steven Shooter

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bucknell University

In the modern world there exists a need for robots that can move through

urban environments filled with obstacles that make navigation for common

wheeled robots difficult. One solution for this is a humanoid robot

platform that can move through these complex environments similar to

how a human would move. Bucknell University has be en working towards

constructing a humanoid robot with the cooperation of the Institute of

Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC) on a project sponsored by the

Office of Naval Research (ONR). This robot must be able to move and react

with its environment using both its arms and legs as a human would. The

design challenge was to develop controls for the five actuators that operate

the arm on the humanoid robot. The robot arm was designed and built by

Brent Noll for his Master’s Thesis for us e on the robot platform. The

Controls had to be written in a language that could interface with the PCI

card that controlled the motor’s motion and the controls also had to be

compatible with the controls already developed for the robot platform. The

resulting control system works on the robot’s PC-104-Stack-embedded

computer to actuate the arm for functions such as opening a door and

carrying common objects.

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Biography

Philip is a junior computer engineering student from Bloomsburg, PA.

He is a member of the Mobile Autonomous Robotics Club (MARC) and

is currently working on a robot for an upcoming competition. After being

a part of the team sent to the National Science and Engineering Expo in

Washington, D.C., he was employed by the Urban Robotics Program ran

by Professor Steven Shooter and currently is a member of the team. He

is a member of the student chapters of both IEEE and ACM, and he is an

Eagle Scout.

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Poster #32

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A USER INTERFACE FOR

THE NS-3 SIMULATOR

Aurimas Liutikas, Adviser: L. Felipe Perrone

Department of Computer Science Engineering

Bucknell University

The existing network simulators are powerful, yet complex. A user of such a

simulator must have a close understanding of the inner workings of the

simulator just to be able to set up a trivial experiment. Automation tools

could ease up the set up process and also reduce the possibility of the

human error in a lengthy simulation study. This project extends an existing

effort to create the Simulation Automation Framework for Experiments

(SAFE) for ns-3 network simulator, which is sponsored by an NSF grant

lead by Prof. Perrone.

The main thesis for this project was that a well-crafted user interface can

help users to develop more credible simulation studies. I started building a

user interface called WebGUI for SAFE using the programming language

Python and the Django web application framework. I started this work by

extending the XML-based languages NEDL and NSTL, developed by

alumnus Andrew Hallagan (BCSE ‘11), which are used to describe

simulation models and experiments. My contribution uses annotated ns-3

experiment scripts to create HTML forms for WebGUI, automatically. The

user fills in these forms to set up an experiment, from which my code

generates NEDL and NSTL files. The experimental set up and configuration

information is stored in a database for persistence.

In my honors thesis project, I will extend this work to create a user interface

for experienced users that will support ns-3 command-line interactions. I

will also augment WebGUI to support the graphical visualization of

simulation results.

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Biography

Aurimas Liutikas is a senior computer science and engineering student

at Bucknell. He is originally from Lithuania. He is the president of t he

Bucknell chapter of the engineering honor society Tau Beta Pi. He is also

a member of a student chapter of Association of Computing Machinery.

Prof. Zaccone and him are the creators of the iBucknell app for iPhones

and iPads.

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Poster #33

SEDIMENT DEPOSITION NEAR BRIDGES IN PENNSYLVANIA

Brian Charland, Adviser: Jessica Newlin

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Bucknell University

Gravel bed streams across central Pennsylvania often have problems related

to large quantities of transported bed material. The natural movement of

sediment can be disturbed when bridge structures are placed across a

stream channel or a channel is modified due to an infrastructure project.

Observations of stream characteristics and qualities provide information

that help find out why sedimentation problems are occurring. Many sites

have large gravel bars and other deposits in their channels. The reason that

bridge ways often have sediment deposits under them is because the

channel often is widened during construction to meet flood flow

requirements. When the channel widens the water velocity decreases and

sediments either stop moving or fall out of suspension because of the

decreased shear stress in the widened channel. In the summer of 2011, the

Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) district offices

were contacted, to collect information regarding bridges with

sedimentation problems that had been mitigated with stream restoration

structures. From the information that was received from PennDOT, several

sites were identified for further investigation. Field observations were

gathered to describe the current condition of these sites. Based on field

observations, the stream restoration projects were either successes or

failures, depending on their ability to mitigate the stream sedimentation

problems. Often, it was found that the restoration structure was buried by

the sediment that it was designed to mitigate. Although some of the

restoration structures did work by either focusing or redirecting flow, or

stabilizing the banks. Based on this information we can better understand

what kind of structures work in certain conditions and recognize trends

that will help us improve the application of restoration structures to

mitigate deposition problems at bridges in the region.

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Biography

Brian Charland is a junior civil and environmental engineering student at

Bucknell University. He is from Webster, NY, where he attended Webster

Thomas High School. Brian is an Eagle Scout, member of the American

Society of Civil Engineers, captain of the Bucknell Varsity Cross Country

and Track and Field teams, and an Army ROTC Cadet. This past summer

Brian was able to see Civil Engineering in action for the first time with

his research.

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About the Bucknell Engineering Student Research Symposium

The Engineering Student Research Symposium was born out of the desire to

replicate, for students, the national-level conference experience without

leaving campus. Originally funded through the General Electric Faculty For

the Future program, all engineering students who have conducted research

with a Bucknell faculty member or at an off-campus program were invited to

submit abstracts for publication. Students then prepare their work in the form

of a poster to be shared an educated national audience (you!). This allows

students to exercise their presentation and networking skills in a manner

similar to that found at larger conferences without ever leaving campus.

Audience members will also benefit, by having a chance to learn more about

the exciting work pursued by Bucknell engineering students.

We hope that you enjoy this eighth Bucknell Engineering Student Research

Symposium, and we welcome your comments and suggestions on how this

activity might improve for the future.

We wish to thank Dean Buffinton, Stephanie McKinney, and General Electric

for their help bringing this symposium to reality.

Poster session organizers:

Dr. Margot A. S. Vigeant, Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering and

Associate Dean of Engineering

Dr. Karen T. Marosi, Associate Dean of Engineering

Lois A. Engle, Manager External Relations