AAMJaamj.in/wp-content/uploads/Volume3/Issue4/AAMJ_1489_1492.pdf · the development of Rasashastra...
Transcript of AAMJaamj.in/wp-content/uploads/Volume3/Issue4/AAMJ_1489_1492.pdf · the development of Rasashastra...
AAMJ / Vol. 3 / Issue 4 / July – August 2017
A A M J Anveshana Ayurveda Medical Journal
www.aamj.in ISSN: 2395-4159
Review Article
Concept Analysis on Importance of Śōdhana in Rasashastra
Parween Bano 1 K Shankar Rao 2
A b s t r a c t
In Ayurveda the process of purification is called Śōdhana. It is the process which is considered
highly necessary for converting the metals, sub-metals, minerals, Viṣa and Upviṣa etc. into the
suitable form for achieving their therapeutic values. The drugs of mineral origin and Viṣa could
not be used internally without subjecting to the Śōdhana and if used they are likely to produce
various harmful and toxic effects in the body. Its aims are to eliminate harmful matter from drug,
alteration of undesirable physical properties, and conversion of some characteristics and en-
hancement of the therapeutic action of drug. The concept of Śōdhana was in practice since the
times of Charaka samhita but its importance has enhanced further with the development of
Rasashastra in the field of Ayurveda. The Śōdhana process has proved helpful in removing the
dreadful or toxic effects of drugs.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Śōdhana, Purification, Rasashastra, Therapeutic values, Toxic effects.
1 PG Scholar, 2 Professor and H.O.D, Dept.of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, NIA, Jaipur.,
India.
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dr. Parween Bano
PG Scholar,
Department of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana,
National Institute of Ayurveda,
Jaipur, Rajasthan, (India).
Email: [email protected]
http://aamj.in/wp-content/uploads/Volume3/Issue4/AAMJ_1489_1492.pdf
Parween & Shankar : Concept Analysis on Importance of Śōdhana in Rasashastra
AAMJ / Vol. 3 / Issue 4 / July – August 2017 1490
INTRODUCTION
n Ayurveda the process of purification is called
Śōdhana. It is the process which is considered highly
necessary for converting the metals, sub-metals, miner-
als, Viṣa and Upviṣa etc. into the suitable form for achiev-
ing their therapeutic values. Without subjecting to the
Śōdhana the drugs of mineral origin could not be used
internally and if used they are likely to produce various
harmful and toxic effects in the body which could only be
avoided if they are properly purified. The concept of
Śōdhana was in practice since the times of Charaka
Samhita[i] but its importance has enhanced further with
the development of Rasashastra in the field of Ayurveda.
The Śōdhana process has proved helpful in removing the
dreadful or toxic effects of drugs.[ii]
Definition:
Śōdhana is the process in which different drugs are used
for removing the bad property of a substance by various
method viz. Swedana, Mardana, Nirvāpa, Ḍhālana
etc.[iii,iv]
Aim and Objective:
Chemical purification is different from Śōdhana. In chem-
ical purification it is only elimination of foreign matters
but the medicinal purification’s aims and objectives are
different-
Elimination of harmful matter from the drug.
Alteration of undesirable physical properties of the
drug.
Conversion of some of the characteristics of the drug.
Enhancement of the therapeutic action, there by po-
tentiating the drug.
Need of Śōdhana: Metals and minerals are used in
Rasashastra for pharmaceutical process collected from
mines and they have chances of natural impurities and
physical and chemical adulteration. For removal of these
physical and chemical impurities Śōdhana process is
mandatory. So each and every text of Rasashastra has
explained Śōdhana as the primary step for the prepara-
tion of pharmaceutics. Needs of Śōdhana can be sum-
marized as follows-
1. For removing the impurities.[v,vi]
2. For increase the brittleness which is useful for easy
incineration.
3. For removing toxic effects.[vii]
4. To facilitate assimilation by treating with Sendriya
dravyas.
5. For creation of desired qualities or Increase quality
of drug.[viii]
Types of Śōdhana: [ix]
As per Rasashastra Śōdhana processes can be divided
in two types.
1. Sāmānya Śōdhana
2. Viśēṣa Śōdhana
Sāmānya Śōdhana:
Sāmānya Śōdhana is that in which some common proce-
dures are applied for all drugs of a particular group. e.g.
metals are purified by heating to red hot state and
quenching them in Taila, Takra, Gōmūtra, Arnal and Ku-
lattha kwath respectively for seven times. [x]
Viśēṣa Śōdhana:
Viśēṣa Śōdhana is that which is done specifically for par-
ticular drugs by using specific drugs. E.g.-
Purification of Abharaka in Godhugdha.[xi]
Purification of Haratāla in kūṣmāṇḍa Swarasa.
Purification of gold through Panchmritika with
jambeera & Aarnala.[xii]
Purification of Vañga by Nirgundi mix with Haridra
Chūrṇa. [xiii]
Table No. 1 Procedures of Śōdhana
Procedure Method Examples
Abhiṣēka Sprinkling liquid on
drugs
Sassyaka,
Mākṣika
Absorption[xiv] Drug kept in Iṣṭika
Chūrṇa Bhallātaka
Ātapa / Ag-
niśōṣaṇa [xv]
Drug dissolve in liq-
uid and keeps un-
der sun light to re-
moval of upper
layer of drug
Śilājitu
Bharjana Frying with Ghrita
on fire Gairika
Mardana [xvi]
Trituration with Swa-
rasa, Kaṣāya,
Godugdha,
Gōmūtra
Pārada
Bhāvana[xvii] Levigation with liq-
uid media
Manaḥśilā,
Hiñgula
Ḍhālana [xviii]
Melting solid raw
drug and dipping in
cold liquid
Vañga
Nimajjana [xix]
Keeping raw drugs
in certain liquids for
certain times
Vatsanabha
Nirjali-
karana[xx]
To fry / to dehy-
drate Sphatika
I
Parween & Shankar : Concept Analysis on Importance of Śōdhana in Rasashastra
AAMJ / Vol. 3 / Issue 4 / July – August 2017 1491
Nirvāpa [xxi]
Heating solid drug
& dipping into cold
liquid
Lauha
Parisrāvan[xxii]
Solid dissolved in
liquid media & fil-
tered and get in
pure form after sub-
jected the filtrate to
evaporation
Navasādara
Pātana
By giving heat to
substances so that it
vaporizes & the ex-
tract is collected
Pārada
Prakśālan To clean or proper
washing Godanti
Pāchana
Shodhya Dravya Im-
mersed in Śōdhana
Dravya and and
keeping on fire.
Guggulu
Swedana
Vaporizations of
raw drugs in certain
liquid
Materials
Haratāla,
Sankhiya
DISCUSSION
The literary review on concept of Śōdhana reveals that
Śōdhana is a procedure of elimination of Dōṣas in a
drug. The term Dōṣa indicates not only impurities but also
all that which makes the drug unsuitable for further pro-
cess or therapeutic use. It can be deduced as – physico
chemical and therapeutic transformation of a substance
making it feasible for the next process (Marana) or di-
rectly for therapeutic use. Haratāla Shohana in
kūṣmāṇḍa juice by Swedana method possess many phys-
ico-chemical changes like physical impurities will be re-
moved, making the dravya more bright, clean, clear and
fragile. Dravya releases certain undesired chemical con-
stituents in the liquid, taking certain required chemical
constituents of the liquid. Manaḥśilā Śōdhana with
Adraka juice by lavigation method makes the particles
finer by ‘Sanghatha bhedana’ and also produce phyto-
chelation. Adraka contains two important sulphur based
amino acids called Cysteine and Methionine which can
act as phytochelatins, and can render arsenic nontoxic
in the Manaḥśilā.[xxiii] Some biological changes also oc-
curs, such as Aśuddha Vatsnabha is cardiac depressant
but after Śōdhana it is cardiac stimulant, colchicine pre-
sent in Langali is reported as cardiotoxic which is re-
duced after Śōdhana in Gōmūtra.[xxiv] In Astha Saṁskāras
of mercury like Swedana, Mardana, Mūrchchhana, Ut-
thāpana, Pāana Saṁskāras are prescribed mainly for
Śōdhana[xxv]. After these, rest three Saṁskāras is done
and this gives mercury as consumable form.
CONCLUSION
In Ayurveda, Śōdhana is in practice since the times of
Charaka Saṃhita, but its use expanded with the devel-
opment of Rasashastra. Śōdhana process is specially de-
signed for the drugs from mineral origin; however, it is
recommended for all kinds of drugs to remove their
dōṣas. It is cited in the treatises of Ayurveda that by the
used of proper method of processing, Viṣa can be con-
verted into Amṛita (nectar) and on other hand on adop-
tion of inappropriate methods, nontoxic materials be-
come a toxic. The concept of Śōdhana in Ayurveda not
only covers the process of purification/detoxification of
physical as well as chemical impurities but also covers
the minimization of side effects and improving the po-
tency/therapeutic efficacy of the purified drugs.
ΛΛΛΛ
REFERENCES
i. Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha revised by Accharya
Charaka & Dridhbala edited by Kashinatha Shastri,
Vimana Sthana 1/21, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy,
Varanasi, reprint 2008.
ii. Rasashastra by Dr. Damodar Joshi, pg-10.
iii. Rasa Tarangini of Shri Sadananda Sharma with Prasadini
Sanskrit Commentary by Shri Haridatta Shastri and Rasa-
vigyana hindi commentary by Pt. Dharmananda Shastri,
edited by Kashinath Shastri, Taranga2/52, Motilal Banar-
sidas, New Dehli, reprint 1994.
iv. Dravyaguna Vijyana by Prof. Priya Vrata Sharma, Chau-
khambha Bharti Academy Varanasi, reprint 2006.
v. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya of Acharya Vagbhata with
Vigyanbodhini Hindi commentary by Prof. D.A. Kulkarni,
Addhyaya 3/21, Meherchand Laxman Das Publications,
New Dehli, reprint 1998.
vi. Rasa Pradeep 1/17-18.
vii. Bhava Prakash of Sri Bhava Mishra, Vidyotini Hindi Com-
mentory by Pt. Sri Brahma Shankar Mishra & Sri RupalalaJi
Vaishya, Part-1, Dhatvaadi varga 204, Chaukhambha
Sanskrit Sansthana Varanasi, edition 5th .
Parween & Shankar : Concept Analysis on Importance of Śōdhana in Rasashastra
AAMJ / Vol. 3 / Issue 4 / July – August 2017 1492
viii. Rasendra Chintamani of Dhundhukanath, Siddhiprada
teeka by Prof. Siddhinandan Mishra, Addhyaya 7/69,
Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, edition 1st, 2000.
ix. Rasa Tarangini of Shri Sadananda Sharma with Prasadini
Sanskrit Commentary by Shri Haridatta Shastri and Rasa-
vigyana hindi commentary by Pt. Dharmananda Shastri,
edited by Kashinath Shastri, Taranga2/49, Motilal Banar-
sidas, New Dehli, reprint 1994.
x. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya of Acharya Vagbhata with
Vigyanbodhini Hindi commentary by Prof. D.A. Kulkarni,
Addhyaya 5/13, Meherchand Laxman Das Publications,
New Dehli, reprint 1998.
xi. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya of Acharya Vagbhata with
Vigyanbodhini Hindi commentary by Prof. D.A. Kulkarni,
Addhyaya 2/16, Meherchand Laxman Das Publications,
New Dehli, reprint 1998.
xii. Anand kanda of Manthan Bhairava, Kriyakaran vishranti
ullas 2/16,Tanjore Library, Government of Madras-1952.
xiii. Rasendra Chudamani of Acharya Somdeva translated by
Dr. Siddhinandan Mishra, addhyaya 14/135, Chau-
khamba Orientalia Varanasi, reprint edition 2013.
xiv. Rasa Tarangini of Shri Sadananda Sharma with Prasadini
Sanskrit Commentary by Shri Haridatta Shastri and Rasa-
vigyana hindi commentary by Pt. Dharmananda Shastri,
Edited by Kashinath Shastri, Taranga 24/476-477, Mo-
tilal Banarsidas, New Dehli, reprint 1994.
xv. Rasa Tarangini of Shri Sadananda Sharma with Prasadini
Sanskrit Commentary by Shri Haridatta Shastri and Rasa-
vigyana hindi commentary by Pt. Dharmananda Shastri,
Edited by Kashinath Shastri, Taranga 2/1172 , Motilal
Banarsidas, New Dehli, reprint 1994.
xvi. Rasa Tarangini of Shri Sadananda Sharma with Prasadini
Sanskrit Commentary by Shri Haridatta Shastri and Rasa-
vigyana hindi commentary by Pt. Dharmananda Shastri,
edited by Kashinath Shastri, Taranga5/27-29, Motilal
Banarsidas, New Dehli, reprint 1994.
xvii. Rasa Tarangini of Shri Sadananda Sharma with Prasadini
Sanskrit Commentary by Shri Haridatta Shastri and Rasa-
vigyana hindi commentary by Pt. Dharmananda Shastri,
edited by Kashinath Shastri, Taranga 2/49, Motilal Banar-
sidas, New Dehli, reprint 1994.
xviii. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya of Acharya Vagbhata with
Vigyanbodhini Hindi commentary by Prof. D.A. Kulkarni,
Addhyaya 8/40, Meherchand Laxman Das Publications,
New Dehli, reprint 1998.
xix. Rasa Tarangini of Shri Sadananda Sharma with Prasadini
Sanskrit Commentary by Shri Haridatta Shastri and Rasa-
vigyana hindi commentary by Pt. Dharmananda Shastri,
edited by Kashinath Shastri, Taranga 24/19-22, Motilal
Banarsidas, New Dehli, reprint 1994.
xx. Ayurveda Prakasha of Madhava Upaddhyaya edited by
Shri Gularaj Sharma Mishra with Arthavidyotini and Ar-
thaprakashini Sanskrit & Hindi commentaries, Addhyaya
2/258, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, edition
4th, 1994.
xxi. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya of Acharya Vagbhata with
Vigyanbodhini Hindi commentary by Prof. D.A. Kulkarni,
Addhyaya 8/56-57, Meherchand Laxman Das Publica-
tions, New Dehli, reprint 1998.
xxii. Rasa Tarangini of Shri Sadananda Sharma with Prasadini
Sanskrit Commentary by Shri Haridatta Shastri and Rasa-
vigyana hindi commentary by Pt. Dharmananda Shastri,
edited by Kashinath Shastri, Taranga 24/4, Motilal Banar-
sidas, New Dehli, reprint 1994.
xxiii. Raab A, Ferreira K, Andrew A, Meharg, Fledmann J, can
arsenic phytochelation complex formation be used as an
indicator for toxicity in Helianthus annuus? J Exp
Bot.2007, 58;1333-1338.
xxiv. http://www.ancientscienceoflife.org/temp/AncientSciL-
ife344188-3427306_005707.pdf
xxv. Ayurveda Prakasha of Madhava Upaddhyaya edited by
Shri Gularaj Sharma Mishra with Arthavidyotini and Ar-
thaprakashini Sanskrit & Hindi commentaries, Addhyaya
1/37-71, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, edi-
tion 4th, 1994.
Source of Support: Nil.
Conflict of Interest: None declared
ΛΛΛΛ
How to cite this article: Parween & Shankar : Concept
Analysis on Importance of Śōdhana in Rasashastra. AAMJ
2017; 4:1489 – 1492.