Development of Progressivism Development of Progressivism –(1) Grange Movement (Plains / South...

Development of Development of ProgressivismProgressivism

– (1) Grange Movement(1) Grange Movement (Plains / South Farmers)(Plains / South Farmers)

– (2) Populist Party (Democrats)(2) Populist Party (Democrats)Farmers & Labor UnionsFarmers & Labor Unions

–(3) Progressive (3) Progressive MovementMovement

1) Organizing Farmers Protest1) Organizing Farmers Protest– The Grange MovementThe Grange Movement (regulations of RR’s) rates(regulations of RR’s) rates

Populist PartyPopulist Party (People’s party) (People’s party)

farmers & Labor Union Groupsfarmers & Labor Union Groups Printing of “Printing of “Silver CoinSilver Coin” money” money

Bi-Metalism Debate (Gold v. Silver)Bi-Metalism Debate (Gold v. Silver) Cheap Money = Cheap Money = InflationInflation

Government ownershipGovernment ownership of the of the railroads & telegraph companies railroads & telegraph companies

Graduated Income TaxGraduated Income Tax – Certain groups PAY for Others Certain groups PAY for Others – “From each, according to his ability; to each, according to his need” Karl Marx - Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto

2)Populist Party2)Populist Party (People’s party) (People’s party)Silver v. Gold Debate Silver v. Gold Debate Printing of “Silver Coin” moneyPrinting of “Silver Coin” money

Cheap Money = InflationCheap Money = InflationHigher prices for farmersHigher prices for farmers

Government ownershipGovernment ownership of the of the railroads & telegraph companiesrailroads & telegraph companies

Graduated Income TaxGraduated Income Tax ( (MarxMarx))–progressive income taxprogressive income tax

RICH should pay for others RICH should pay for others needsneeds

PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENTPROGRESSIVE MOVEMENTGOAL is to Control BusinessGOAL is to Control Business

Interstate CommerceInterstate Commerce Act Act (1887) (1887)– Railroad Rates (FAIR)Railroad Rates (FAIR)– Interstate Commerce Commision (ICC)Interstate Commerce Commision (ICC)

Sherman Anti-Trust LawSherman Anti-Trust Law (1890) (1890) Gov’t RegulationGov’t Regulation v. v. Gov’t OwnershipGov’t Ownership SOCIALIST – PROGRESSIVESSOCIALIST – PROGRESSIVES

– Government should OWN / CONTROL ALL of Government should OWN / CONTROL ALL of the nations resourcesthe nations resources

Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs (Socialist Party) (Socialist Party)

1896 Judge cartoon shows Populist Party presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan swallowing up the Democratic party.

Ch. 17: The OriginsCh. 17: The Originsof Progressivismof Progressivism

1) Origins of 1) Origins of ProgressivesProgressives

*Four Goals of Progressives*Four Goals of Progressives– Protect Social Protect Social

WelfareWelfare– Moral ImprovementMoral Improvement– Economic ReformEconomic Reform– EfficiencyEfficiency

*Clean Up Local Gov’t*Clean Up Local Gov’t– Reform MayorsReform Mayors– New Gov’t FormsNew Gov’t Forms

*Reform State Gov’t*Reform State Gov’t– Reform GovernorsReform Governors– Child LaborChild Labor– Working HoursWorking Hours– **Election ReformElection Reform**

InitiativeInitiative ReferendumReferendum RecallRecall 1717thth Amendment Amendment

4)TAFT4)TAFT– Taft as PresidentTaft as President

StumblesStumbles TariffTariff

– Republican Party SplitsRepublican Party Splits ProblemsProblems Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party

– Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt Democrats WinDemocrats Win

5)WILSON5)WILSON– Financial ReformsFinancial Reforms– Anti-TrustAnti-Trust

Clayton Anti-Trust ActClayton Anti-Trust Act– New Tax SystemNew Tax System

Federal Income TaxFederal Income Tax

2) Women in the 2) Women in the Work Force Work Force

Women Lead ReformWomen Lead Reform– Women in ReformWomen in Reform– SuffrageSuffrage

3) Teddy 3) Teddy Roosevelt’s Roosevelt’s Square DealSquare Deal– Roosevelt’s RiseRoosevelt’s Rise– Modern PresidencyModern Presidency

Using Federal PowerUsing Federal Power– Trust BustingTrust Busting– StrikesStrikes– RR RegulationsRR Regulations

Health & EnvironmentHealth & Environment– Food & Drug Food & Drug

RegulationRegulation– Conservation & Conservation &

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

Roosevelt and Civil RightsRoosevelt and Civil Rights

Urban ProblemsUrban Problems (overcrowding) (overcrowding)–HousingHousing, , TransportationTransportation, , CrimeCrime

(police) , (police) , Water & SanitationWater & Sanitation, , FireFire, , Hospitals & other social servicesHospitals & other social services

Social ProblemsSocial Problems–AssimilationAssimilation (New immigrants) (New immigrants)

working conditionsworking conditions, , wageswages, , living conditionsliving conditions, , RacismRacism, , Political MachinesPolitical Machines, , Political Political CorruptionCorruption

PROGRESSIVE ERAPROGRESSIVE ERA

Economic WheelEconomic Wheel

BADBAD SlowSlow Less JobsLess Jobs Less Less

OpportunitOpportunityy

GOODGOOD FastFast More JobsMore Jobs More More

OpportuniOpportunityty

Hands OFF v. Hands ON

CAPITALISMCAPITALISM - individuals own the - individuals own the means of production / Industries means of production / Industries

((FREE ENTERPRISEFREE ENTERPRISE – People Invent / Create) – People Invent / Create) Laissez-FaireLaissez-Faire (Social Darwinism) (Social Darwinism)

– NO Government regulation / interferenceNO Government regulation / interference SOCIALISMSOCIALISM - Government - Government ownsowns the the

LARGE industries (examples)LARGE industries (examples) Belief that Capitalism: wrong, greedy, Belief that Capitalism: wrong, greedy,

corrupt ONLY the Government can be corrupt ONLY the Government can be trustedtrusted

COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM - Government - Government ownsowns ALL means of production (individual ALL means of production (individual ownership is NOT ALLOWEDownership is NOT ALLOWED

Government will Government will regulateregulate businesses businesses

Early ReformersEarly Reformers Labor Unions (workers rights)Labor Unions (workers rights) Farmers (R.R.) “Grange Movement”Farmers (R.R.) “Grange Movement” Populist MovementPopulist Movement Radical IdeasRadical Ideas

– Laissez-Faire Capitalism / Social Laissez-Faire Capitalism / Social DarwinismDarwinism

– SocialismSocialism – Gov’t own the big industries – Gov’t own the big industries– CommunismCommunism Gov’t own ALL Gov’t own ALL

Nationalize – Gov’t Regulate Nationalize – Gov’t Regulate IndustriesIndustries

““Progressive Era of Reforms”Progressive Era of Reforms” Local (urban) State NationalLocal (urban) State National

Progressive GOALSProgressive GOALS

Protecting Social WelfareProtecting Social Welfare Promoting Moral ImprovementPromoting Moral Improvement Creating Economic ReformCreating Economic Reform Fostering Efficiency (corruption)Fostering Efficiency (corruption)


Protecting Social WelfareProtecting Social Welfare Social Gospel & Settlement HousesSocial Gospel & Settlement Houses

– YMCAYMCA– Salvation ArmySalvation Army– Florence Kelly Florence Kelly

Illinois Factory Act of 1893Illinois Factory Act of 1893– Prohibited Child LaborProhibited Child Labor– Limited Women’s Working HoursLimited Women’s Working Hours


Promoting Moral Promoting Moral ImprovementImprovement– Improve peoples lives by uplifting Improve peoples lives by uplifting

themselves by improving their behaviorthemselves by improving their behavior Christian Women’s Temperance UnionChristian Women’s Temperance Union Carry Nation – Prohibition MovementCarry Nation – Prohibition Movement


Creating Economic ReformCreating Economic Reform Capitalism “attacked” by RadicalsCapitalism “attacked” by Radicals

– Eugene V. Debs (American Socialist Eugene V. Debs (American Socialist Party)Party)

Muckrakers “expose” corruption in Muckrakers “expose” corruption in government and businessesgovernment and businesses– Ida M. Tarbell “History of Standard Ida M. Tarbell “History of Standard

Oil”Oil”


Fostering Efficiency in Fostering Efficiency in businessbusiness

Scientific ManagementScientific Management– Time and Motion StudiesTime and Motion Studies– ““How quickly each task can be How quickly each task can be

performed”performed” Henry Ford – Assembly Line Henry Ford – Assembly Line

ProcessProcess

ProgressivismProgressivism is an umbrella label for a wide is an umbrella label for a wide range of range of economiceconomic, , politicalpolitical, , socialsocial, and , and moralmoral reformsreforms. These included efforts to outlaw the sale . These included efforts to outlaw the sale of alcohol; regulate child labor and sweatshops; of alcohol; regulate child labor and sweatshops; scientifically manage natural resources; insure scientifically manage natural resources; insure pure and wholesome water and milk; Americanize pure and wholesome water and milk; Americanize immigrants or restrict immigration altogether; and immigrants or restrict immigration altogether; and bust or regulate trusts. bust or regulate trusts.

Drawing support from the urban, Drawing support from the urban, college-educated middle class, college-educated middle class, Progressive reformers sought to Progressive reformers sought to end corruption in government, end corruption in government, regulate business practices, regulate business practices, address health hazards, improve working address health hazards, improve working conditions, and give the public more direct control conditions, and give the public more direct control over government through direct primaries to over government through direct primaries to nominate candidates for public office, direct nominate candidates for public office, direct election - Senators, the initiative, referendum, election - Senators, the initiative, referendum, recall, & women's suffrage.recall, & women's suffrage.

Progressivism was rooted in the belief that man Progressivism was rooted in the belief that man was capable of improving the lot of all within was capable of improving the lot of all within society. As such, it was a rejection of society. As such, it was a rejection of Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism, the position taken by many of , the position taken by many of the rich and powerful figures of the day. the rich and powerful figures of the day.

Progressivism was also imbued with strong Progressivism was also imbued with strong political overtones and rejected the church as political overtones and rejected the church as the driving force for change – which had been the driving force for change – which had been the history of change in the United States. the history of change in the United States. Specific goals included: Specific goals included: – The desire to remove corruption and undue The desire to remove corruption and undue

influence from government through the taming influence from government through the taming of bosses and political machines;of bosses and political machines;

– the effort to include more people more directly the effort to include more people more directly in the political processin the political process;;

– the conviction that government must play a the conviction that government must play a role to solve social problems and establish role to solve social problems and establish fairness in economic matters.fairness in economic matters.

The success of Progressivism owed much The success of Progressivism owed much to publicity generated by the muckrakers, to publicity generated by the muckrakers, writers who detailed the horrors of poverty, writers who detailed the horrors of poverty, urban slums, dangerous factory conditions, urban slums, dangerous factory conditions, and child labor, among a host of other ills. and child labor, among a host of other ills.

The successes were many, beginning with The successes were many, beginning with the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). Progressives never spoke with one mind Progressives never spoke with one mind and differed sharply over the most and differed sharply over the most effective means to deal with the ills effective means to deal with the ills generated by the trusts; some favored an generated by the trusts; some favored an activist approach to trust-busting, others activist approach to trust-busting, others preferred a regulatory approach. preferred a regulatory approach.

A vocal minority supported A vocal minority supported socialismsocialism with with government ownership of the means of government ownership of the means of production. Other Progressive reforms followed production. Other Progressive reforms followed in the form of a in the form of a conservation movementconservation movement, , railroad legislation, and food and drug laws. railroad legislation, and food and drug laws.

The Progressive spirit also was evident in new The Progressive spirit also was evident in new amendments added to the Constitution, which amendments added to the Constitution, which provided for a new means to elect senators, provided for a new means to elect senators, protect society through prohibition and extend protect society through prohibition and extend suffrage to women. suffrage to women.

Urban problems were addressed by professional Urban problems were addressed by professional social workers who operated settlement houses social workers who operated settlement houses as a means to protect and improve the as a means to protect and improve the prospects of the poor. However, efforts to place prospects of the poor. However, efforts to place limitations on child labor were routinely limitations on child labor were routinely thwarted by the courts. The needs of blacks and thwarted by the courts. The needs of blacks and Native Americans were poorly served or served Native Americans were poorly served or served not at all — a major shortcoming of the not at all — a major shortcoming of the Progressive Movement. Progressive Movement.

Progressive reforms were carried out not Progressive reforms were carried out not only on the national level, but in the states only on the national level, but in the states and municipalities of the country as well. and municipalities of the country as well. Prominent governors devoted to change Prominent governors devoted to change included Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin included Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin and Hiram Johnson of California. and Hiram Johnson of California.

Such reforms as the Such reforms as the direct primarydirect primary, secret , secret ballot, and the initiative, referendum and ballot, and the initiative, referendum and recall recall were effected. Local governments were effected. Local governments were strengthened by the widespread use were strengthened by the widespread use of trained professionals, particularly with of trained professionals, particularly with the the city managercity manager systemsystem replacing the all- replacing the all-too-frequently corrupt mayoral system.too-frequently corrupt mayoral system.

Progressive GOALSProgressive GOALSthey want the government tothey want the government to::

Prevent business from treating Prevent business from treating competing companies unfairlycompeting companies unfairly

improve safety & working conditionsimprove safety & working conditions Improve product safetyImprove product safety outlaw child laboroutlaw child labor create programs to help the sick, the create programs to help the sick, the

unemployed and the elderlyunemployed and the elderly reduce government corruptionreduce government corruption give women the right to votegive women the right to vote

The Origins of PROGRESSIVISMThe Origins of PROGRESSIVISM

MuckrakersMuckrakers expose “Social Evils” expose “Social Evils” – Meat IndustryMeat Industry– Upton Sinclair “Upton Sinclair “The Jungle”The Jungle”

Ida TarbellIda Tarbell (Oil Trust –Standard Oil) (Oil Trust –Standard Oil)

Radical Groups - SOCIALIST Radical Groups - SOCIALIST – Attack / Criticize “Capitalism” Attack / Criticize “Capitalism”

““The JungleThe Jungle” was a Socialist Propaganda ” was a Socialist Propaganda Fictional Novel attacking CapitalismFictional Novel attacking Capitalism

It included only eight pages describing It included only eight pages describing the sickening standards of meat packing.the sickening standards of meat packing.

"The Jungle" was the story of Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian immigrant "The Jungle" was the story of Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian immigrant working in fictitious Chicago. Jurgis sees his American dream of a working in fictitious Chicago. Jurgis sees his American dream of a

decent life dissolve into nightmare as his job hauling steer decent life dissolve into nightmare as his job hauling steer carcasses in the stockyards leaves him bone-weary and unable to carcasses in the stockyards leaves him bone-weary and unable to support his family. He loses his his job when he beats up his boss, support his family. He loses his his job when he beats up his boss, furious at discovering the cad seduced his wife; then he loses the furious at discovering the cad seduced his wife; then he loses the

wife to disease and his son to drowning.But Jurgis finds rebirth wife to disease and his son to drowning.But Jurgis finds rebirth upon joining the upon joining the Socialist MovementSocialist Movement, and the book closes with a , and the book closes with a socialist orator shouting: "Organize! Organize! Organize! ... socialist orator shouting: "Organize! Organize! Organize! ...

CHICAGO WILL BE OURS!" CHICAGO WILL BE OURS!"

"I aimed at the public's heart, and by "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach," he said.accident I hit it in the stomach," he said.

EXCERPT from “EXCERPT from “The JungleThe Jungle”” “ “There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white--it would be dosed with borax and glycerine, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of ratsand sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. . These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together. This is no fairy story and no joke; the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one--there were things there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbita poisoned rat was a tidbit” ”

Growing cities couldn’t provide people necessary Growing cities couldn’t provide people necessary services like garbage collection, safe housing, and police services like garbage collection, safe housing, and police and fire protection.and fire protection.

Reformers, many of whom were women like activist Reformers, many of whom were women like activist Lillian Wald, saw this as an opportunity to Lillian Wald, saw this as an opportunity to expand expand public health servicespublic health services. .

Progressives scored an early victory in New York State Progressives scored an early victory in New York State with the passage of the with the passage of the Tenement Act of 1901Tenement Act of 1901, which , which forced landlords to forced landlords to install lighting in public hallwaysinstall lighting in public hallways and and to to provide at least one toilet for every two familiesprovide at least one toilet for every two families, , which helped outhouses become obsolete in New York which helped outhouses become obsolete in New York slums.slums.

These simple steps helped impoverished New Yorkers, These simple steps helped impoverished New Yorkers, and within 15 years the death rate in New York dropped and within 15 years the death rate in New York dropped dramatically.dramatically.

Reformers in other states used New York law as a model Reformers in other states used New York law as a model for their own proposals.for their own proposals.

Reforming SocietyReforming Society

By the late 19th century, labor unions fought for adult By the late 19th century, labor unions fought for adult male workers but didn’t advocate enough for women male workers but didn’t advocate enough for women and children.and children.

In 1893, In 1893, Florence KelleyFlorence Kelley helped push the Illinois helped push the Illinois legislature to prohibit child labor and to limit women’s legislature to prohibit child labor and to limit women’s working hours. working hours.

In 1904, Kelley helped organize the In 1904, Kelley helped organize the National Child National Child Labor CommitteeLabor Committee, which wanted state legislatures to , which wanted state legislatures to ban child labor.ban child labor.

By 1912, nearly 40 states passed child-labor laws, but By 1912, nearly 40 states passed child-labor laws, but states didn’t strictly enforce the laws and many children states didn’t strictly enforce the laws and many children still worked.still worked.

Progressives, mounting state campaigns to limit Progressives, mounting state campaigns to limit workdays for women, were successful in states including workdays for women, were successful in states including Oregon and Utah.Oregon and Utah.

But since most workers were still underpaid and living in But since most workers were still underpaid and living in poverty, an alliance of labor unions and progressives poverty, an alliance of labor unions and progressives fought for a minimum wage, which Congress didn’t fought for a minimum wage, which Congress didn’t adopt until 1938.adopt until 1938.

Businesses fought labor laws in the Supreme Court, Businesses fought labor laws in the Supreme Court, which ruled on several cases in the early 1900s which ruled on several cases in the early 1900s concerning workday length.concerning workday length.

Reforming the WorkplaceReforming the Workplace

In 1911, a gruesome disaster in New York inspired In 1911, a gruesome disaster in New York inspired progressives to fight for safety in the workplace.progressives to fight for safety in the workplace.

About 500 women worked for the Triangle Shirtwaist About 500 women worked for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, a high-rise building sweatshop that made Company, a high-rise building sweatshop that made women’s blouses.women’s blouses.

Just as they were ending their six-day workweek, a small Just as they were ending their six-day workweek, a small fire broke out, which quickly spread to three floors.fire broke out, which quickly spread to three floors.

Escape was nearly impossible, as doors were locked to Escape was nearly impossible, as doors were locked to prevent theft, the flimsy fire escape broke under prevent theft, the flimsy fire escape broke under pressure, and the fire was too high for fire truck ladders pressure, and the fire was too high for fire truck ladders to reach.to reach.

More than More than 140 women and men died in the fire140 women and men died in the fire, marking , marking a turning point for labor and reform movements.a turning point for labor and reform movements.

With the efforts of Union organizer Rose Schneiderman With the efforts of Union organizer Rose Schneiderman and others, New York State passed the toughest and others, New York State passed the toughest fire-fire-safety lawssafety laws in the nation, as well as in the nation, as well as factory factory inspectioninspection and and sanitation laws. sanitation laws. New York laws New York laws became a model for workplace safety nationwide. became a model for workplace safety nationwide.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Company FireThe Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

““Progress” made in Progress” made in problemsproblems Local LevelLocal Level - attacked corruption - attacked corruption

(1) throw them out (1) throw them out (2)make changes(2)make changes

New Forms of City GovernmentNew Forms of City Government – CommissionCommission of experts (Galveston,Texas) of experts (Galveston,Texas) – Council-managerCouncil-manager (Trained to run Department) (Trained to run Department)

Dayton, Ohio Dayton, Ohio

Reforming GovernmentReforming GovernmentCity GovernmentCity Government

Reforming government meant Reforming government meant winning control of it:winning control of it:

– Tom Johnson of Cleveland Tom Johnson of Cleveland was a successful reform was a successful reform mayor who set mayor who set new rules new rules for policefor police, released , released debtors from prison, and debtors from prison, and supported a supported a fairer tax fairer tax system.system.

Progressives promoted new Progressives promoted new government structures:government structures:

– Texas set up a Texas set up a five-five-member committeemember committee to to govern Galveston after a govern Galveston after a hurricane, and by 1918, 500 hurricane, and by 1918, 500 cities adopted this plan.cities adopted this plan.

– The The city managercity manager model model had a professional had a professional administrator, not a administrator, not a politician, manage the politician, manage the government.government.

State GovernmentState Government Progressive governor Progressive governor Robert Robert

La FolletteLa Follette created the created the Wisconsin Ideas, which wanted:Wisconsin Ideas, which wanted:

– Direct primary elections; Direct primary elections; limited campaign spendinglimited campaign spending

– Commissions to regulate Commissions to regulate railroads and oversee railroads and oversee transportation, civil service, transportation, civil service, and taxationand taxation

Other governors pushed for Other governors pushed for reform, but some were corrupt:reform, but some were corrupt:

– New York’s Charles Evan New York’s Charles Evan Hughes Hughes regulated regulated insurance companies.insurance companies.

– Mississippi’s James Mississippi’s James Vardaman exploited Vardaman exploited prejudice to gain power.prejudice to gain power.

““Progress” made in Progress” made in problemsproblems Reform MayorsReform Mayors (Detroit, Cleveland, Toledo) (Detroit, Cleveland, Toledo)

-What did they do? -What did they do? 19 Socialist Mayors – Public Utilities19 Socialist Mayors – Public Utilities

– Public Owned EnterprisePublic Owned Enterprise ( (SOCIALISMSOCIALISM)) for for

Water, Electricity, Gas, Transit LinesWater, Electricity, Gas, Transit Lines

““Progress” made in Progress” made in problemsproblems Reform GovernorsReform Governors (Wisconsin) (Wisconsin)

– Robert La FolletteRobert La Follette (attack Business) (attack Business) RailroadsRailroads

Social LegislationSocial Legislation by many states by many states – Child Labor Laws Child Labor Laws

1904 National Child Labor Committee1904 National Child Labor Committee Keating-Owen Act of 1916Keating-Owen Act of 1916 (Unconstitutional) (Unconstitutional)

– Limiting Work HoursLimiting Work Hours 1908 Muller v. Oregon1908 Muller v. Oregon

Fire Safety Codes and LawsFire Safety Codes and Laws

Election ReformsElection ReformsProgressives wanted fairer elections and to make politicians more Progressives wanted fairer elections and to make politicians more

accountable to voters.accountable to voters.

– Proposed a direct primary, or an election in which voters choose Proposed a direct primary, or an election in which voters choose candidates to run in a general election, which most states candidates to run in a general election, which most states adopted.adopted.

– Backed the Backed the Seventeenth AmendmentSeventeenth Amendment, which gave voters, , which gave voters, not state legislatures, the power to elect their U.S. senators.not state legislatures, the power to elect their U.S. senators.

Some measures Progressives fought for include Some measures Progressives fought for include Direct PrimaryDirect Primary: : voters select a voters select a party’s candidate for party’s candidate for public officepublic office

17th Amendment17th Amendment:: voters elect their voters elect their senators directlysenators directly

Secret BallotSecret Ballot: : people vote privately people vote privately without fear of without fear of coercioncoercion

InitiativeInitiative: allows : allows citizens to propose citizens to propose new lawsnew laws

ReferendumReferendum: allows : allows citizens to vote on a citizens to vote on a proposed or existing proposed or existing lawlaw

RecallRecall: allows voters : allows voters to remove an elected to remove an elected official from officeofficial from office

INITIATIVEINITIATIVE--peoplepeople initiate a law initiate a law

REFERENDUMREFERENDUM--peoplepeople vote on laws vote on laws

RECALLRECALL--”fire””fire”elected officialselected officials

DIRECT PRIMARYDIRECT PRIMARY-- candidates decided candidates decided – Special Popular Election Special Popular Election

Secret BallotSecret Ballot in Voting / Unions in Voting / UnionsFederal ReformsFederal Reforms – – 1717thth Amendment Amendment

(DIRECT ELECTION SENATORS)(DIRECT ELECTION SENATORS)

WOMEN’S ACTIVIST REFORMERSWOMEN’S ACTIVIST REFORMERS Social Reform LeadersSocial Reform Leaders

– Social Gospel MovementsSocial Gospel Movements– Hull HouseHull House ( (Jane AddamsJane Addams))

Women’s ClubsWomen’s Clubs Women Became Labor OrganizersWomen Became Labor Organizers

– Mother JonesMother Jones of the Mines/Mills of the Mines/Mills ““children’s march on Washington”children’s march on Washington”

– Pauline NewmanPauline Newman of Garment Trade of Garment Trade ““Triangle Company Fire” (NY CityTriangle Company Fire” (NY City

Two Suffrage Organizations Two Suffrage Organizations MergeMerge

• In 1890 the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

• NAWSA operated under the leadership of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony was its President from 1892–1900.

• Anthony died in 1906, and her final words were “Failure is impossible.”

• Like Susan B. Anthony, most of the early suffragists did not live long enough to cast their ballots.

• When women nationwide finally won the vote in 1920, only one signer of the Seneca Falls Declaration—the document written at the first Women’s Rights Convention in 1848—was still alive.

– Her name was Charlotte Woodward, and she was a glove maker.

Suffrage at LastSuffrage at Last Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony - -

Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention 1848 1848 Strategies to win Suffrage: Strategies to win Suffrage:

-amending the -amending the Constitution -pushing Constitution -pushing individual states to pass laws individual states to pass laws permit women the right to vote permit women the right to vote *Wyoming 1869 – other Western *Wyoming 1869 – other Western States States

World War I helps “new view” of women World War I helps “new view” of women and men’s separate spheres.and men’s separate spheres.

Aug. 24, 1920 “Aug. 24, 1920 “19th Amendment19th Amendment””– Pres. Woodrow Wilson will SupportPres. Woodrow Wilson will Support

ProhibitionProhibition Progressive women also fought in the Progressive women also fought in the ProhibitionProhibition movement, movement,

which called for a ban on making, selling, and distributing which called for a ban on making, selling, and distributing alcoholic beverages.alcoholic beverages.

Reformers thought alcohol was responsible for crime, poverty, Reformers thought alcohol was responsible for crime, poverty, and violence. and violence.

Two major national organizations led the crusade against Two major national organizations led the crusade against alcohol.alcohol.

– The Anti-Saloon LeagueThe Anti-Saloon League

– The The Women’s Christian Temperance UnionWomen’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), (WCTU), headed by headed by Frances WillardFrances Willard, which was a powerful force for , which was a powerful force for both temperance and women’s rightsboth temperance and women’s rights

Evangelists like Billy Sunday and Evangelists like Billy Sunday and Carry NationCarry Nation preached preached against alcohol, and Nation smashed up saloons with a hatchet against alcohol, and Nation smashed up saloons with a hatchet while holding a Bible.while holding a Bible.

Congress eventually proposed the Eighteenth Amendment in 1917, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol. It was ratified in 1919, but was so unpopular that it was repealed in 1933.

MORAL IMPROVEMENTMORAL IMPROVEMENTTemperance Crusade Grows Temperance Crusade Grows

into PROHIBITIONinto PROHIBITIONCarry NationCarry Nation1916 – 19 states pass 1916 – 19 states pass

Prohibition LawsProhibition Laws1917 – 181917 – 18thth Amendment Amendment

–PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION

Roosevelt’s UpbringingRoosevelt’s Upbringing Theodore Roosevelt was a sickly, shy youth whom doctors Theodore Roosevelt was a sickly, shy youth whom doctors

forbade to play sports or do strenuous activities.forbade to play sports or do strenuous activities.

In his teenage years, Roosevelt reinvented himself, taking In his teenage years, Roosevelt reinvented himself, taking up sports and becoming vigorous, outgoing, and optimistic.up sports and becoming vigorous, outgoing, and optimistic.

Roosevelt came from a prominent New York family and Roosevelt came from a prominent New York family and attended Harvard University, but he grew to love the attended Harvard University, but he grew to love the outdoors.outdoors.

He spent time in northern Maine and in the rugged Badlands He spent time in northern Maine and in the rugged Badlands of North Dakota, riding horses and hunting buffalo.of North Dakota, riding horses and hunting buffalo.

In 1884, when Roosevelt was 26, both his mother and his In 1884, when Roosevelt was 26, both his mother and his young wife died unexpectedly.young wife died unexpectedly.

Trying to forget his grief, he returned to his ranch in Dakota Trying to forget his grief, he returned to his ranch in Dakota Territory, where he lived and worked with cowboys.Territory, where he lived and worked with cowboys.

He returned to New York after two years and entered He returned to New York after two years and entered politics.politics.

Roosevelt’s View of the Roosevelt’s View of the PresidencyPresidency

President William McKinley was shot and killed in President William McKinley was shot and killed in 1901, leaving the office to Roosevelt.1901, leaving the office to Roosevelt.

At 42 years old he was the youngest president At 42 years old he was the youngest president and an avid reformer.and an avid reformer.

From Governor to Vice

President

Roosevelt’s rise to governor of New York upset Roosevelt’s rise to governor of New York upset the Republican political machine.the Republican political machine.

To get rid of the progressive Roosevelt, party To get rid of the progressive Roosevelt, party bosses got him elected as vice president, a bosses got him elected as vice president, a position with little power at that time.position with little power at that time.

Unlikely President

Roosevelt saw the presidency as a Roosevelt saw the presidency as a bully pulpitbully pulpit, , or a platform to publicize important issues and or a platform to publicize important issues and seek support for his policies on reform. seek support for his policies on reform.

View of Office

Ch. 17: The Ch. 17: The OriginsOrigins

of Progressivismof Progressivism3)Teddy Roosevelt’s 3)Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Square DealDeal– Roosevelt’s RiseRoosevelt’s Rise– Modern PresidencyModern Presidency

Using Federal PowerUsing Federal Power– Trust BustingTrust Busting– StrikesStrikes– RR RegulationsRR Regulations

Health & EnvironmentHealth & Environment– Food & Drug RegulationFood & Drug Regulation

Conservation & Natural Conservation & Natural ResourcesResources

Roosevelt and Civil RightsRoosevelt and Civil Rights

“ “Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltBecomes Progressive Becomes Progressive

Leader”Leader” Roosevelt’s Personal History Roosevelt’s Personal History

out-doors, out-doors, conservationistconservationist, , protecting natural resources protecting natural resources (nature lover)(nature lover)

-Republican Governor (NY) -Republican Governor (NY) -V-Pres ( -V-Pres (McKinley- “assassinated 1901McKinley- “assassinated 1901”)”)

Roosevelt’s Roosevelt’s SQUARE DEALSQUARE DEAL– Regulate Business (Trust Buster)Regulate Business (Trust Buster)– Conservation (National Resources)Conservation (National Resources)

Labor CrisisLabor Crisis– United Mine Workers United Mine Workers

StrikeStrike

Forced ArbitrationForced Arbitration– Labor and Owners Labor and Owners

MUST DEAL FAIRLY MUST DEAL FAIRLY with each otherwith each other

– Gov’t Gov’t ARBRITRATIONARBRITRATION

The Coal Strike of 1902The Coal Strike of 1902 Soon after Roosevelt took office, some 150,000 Pennsylvania coal Soon after Roosevelt took office, some 150,000 Pennsylvania coal

miners went on strike for higher wages, shorter hours, and miners went on strike for higher wages, shorter hours, and recognition of their union.recognition of their union.

As winter neared, Roosevelt feared what might happen if the strike As winter neared, Roosevelt feared what might happen if the strike was not resolved, since Eastern cities depended upon was not resolved, since Eastern cities depended upon Pennsylvania coal for heating.Pennsylvania coal for heating.

Roosevelt urged mine owners and the striking workers to Roosevelt urged mine owners and the striking workers to accept accept ArbitrationArbitration, and though the workers accepted, the owners , and though the workers accepted, the owners refused.refused.

Winter drew closer, and Roosevelt threatened to take over the Winter drew closer, and Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines if the owners didn’t agree to arbitration, mines if the owners didn’t agree to arbitration, marking the first marking the first time the federal government had intervened in a strike to protect time the federal government had intervened in a strike to protect the interests of the public.the interests of the public.

After a three-month investigation, the arbitrators decided to give After a three-month investigation, the arbitrators decided to give the workers a shorter workday and higher pay but did not require the workers a shorter workday and higher pay but did not require the mining companies to recognize the union.the mining companies to recognize the union.

Satisfied, Roosevelt pronounced the compromise a “Satisfied, Roosevelt pronounced the compromise a “SQUARE SQUARE DEALDEAL.”.”

The Square DealThe Square Deal The The Square DealSquare Deal became Roosevelt’s 1904 became Roosevelt’s 1904

campaign slogan and the framework for his entire campaign slogan and the framework for his entire presidency.presidency.

He promised to “see that each is given a square He promised to “see that each is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less.”receive no less.”

Roosevelt’s promise revealed his belief that the Roosevelt’s promise revealed his belief that the needs of workers, business, and consumers should needs of workers, business, and consumers should be be balancedbalanced..

Roosevelt’s square deal called for limiting the power Roosevelt’s square deal called for limiting the power of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improving working conditions.improving working conditions.

The popular president faced no opposition for the nomination in his party. In the general election Roosevelt easily defeated his Democratic opponent, Judge Alton Parker of New York.

Trust BusterTrust Buster– Make corporations Make corporations

serve the public goodserve the public good

– Sherman Anti-Trust Sherman Anti-Trust ActAct

Regulating Big BusinessRegulating Big Business Roosevelt believed big business was essential to the nation’s Roosevelt believed big business was essential to the nation’s

growth but also believed companies should behave responsibly.growth but also believed companies should behave responsibly.

He spent a great deal of attention on He spent a great deal of attention on regulating corporationsregulating corporations, , determined that they should serve the public interest.determined that they should serve the public interest.

In 1901, when three tycoons joined their railroad companies In 1901, when three tycoons joined their railroad companies together to eliminate competition, their company, the Northern together to eliminate competition, their company, the Northern Securities Company, dominated rail shipping from Chicago to the Securities Company, dominated rail shipping from Chicago to the Northwest.Northwest.

The following year, Roosevelt directed the U.S. attorney general to The following year, Roosevelt directed the U.S. attorney general to sue the company for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act, and the sue the company for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act, and the Court ruled that the monopoly did, in fact, violate the act and must Court ruled that the monopoly did, in fact, violate the act and must be dissolved. be dissolved. After this ruling, the Roosevelt administration launched a

vigorous trust-busting campaign. Size didn’t matter; the administration went after bad trusts that sold inferior products, competed unfairly, or corrupted public officials.

Regulating the RailroadsRegulating the Railroads

The Elkins Act The Elkins Act

Passed in 1903Passed in 1903

Prohibited railroads from Prohibited railroads from accepting accepting rebatesrebates

Ensured that all Ensured that all customers paid the same customers paid the same rates for shipping their rates for shipping their productsproducts

The Hepburn ActThe Hepburn ActPassed in 1906Passed in 1906Strengthened the Strengthened the

Interstate Commerce Interstate Commerce CommissionCommission (ICC), giving (ICC), giving it the power to set it the power to set maximum railroad ratesmaximum railroad rates

Gave the Gave the ICC powerICC power to to regulate other companies regulate other companies engaged in interstate engaged in interstate commercecommerce

• Another way to ensure businesses competed fairly was through regulation.

• Railroads often granted rebates to their best customers, which meant large corporations paid much less for shipping than small farmers or small businesses.

• To alleviate this problem, Congress passed two acts.

Regulating TransportationRegulating Transportation - -Elkins Act of 1903Elkins Act of 1903 (R.R. rates & (R.R. rates & rebates) -rebates) -Hepburn Act of 1906Hepburn Act of 1906 (ICC (ICC set R.R. rates)set R.R. rates)

Protecting HealthProtecting Health (1906) (1906) - -Federal Meat Inspection ActFederal Meat Inspection Act - -Pure Food & Drug ActPure Food & Drug Act - -Misleading LabelsMisleading Labels (1911) (1911)

Conserving Natural ResourcesConserving Natural Resources -U.S. Forest Service -U.S. Forest Service -148 million acres of -148 million acres of forest from public sale -1.5 mill. Of forest from public sale -1.5 mill. Of 2,500 water power sites 2,500 water power sites -over 50 Wildlife Preserves, -over 50 Wildlife Preserves, -5 national parks, -18 monuments -5 national parks, -18 monuments

Unregulated Food and Drug Unregulated Food and Drug Practices Practices

FoodFood

Food producers used clever Food producers used clever tricks to pass off tainted tricks to pass off tainted foods:foods:

– Dairies churned fresh Dairies churned fresh milk into spoiled butter.milk into spoiled butter.

– Poultry sellers added Poultry sellers added formaldehyde, which is formaldehyde, which is used to embalm dead used to embalm dead bodies, to old eggs to bodies, to old eggs to hide their smell.hide their smell.

• Unwary customers bought Unwary customers bought the tainted food thinking it the tainted food thinking it was healthy.was healthy.

DrugsDrugs

Drug companies were also Drug companies were also unconcerned for customer unconcerned for customer health:health:

– Some sold medicines that Some sold medicines that didn’t work.didn’t work.

– Some marketed Some marketed nonprescription medicines nonprescription medicines containing narcotics.containing narcotics.

Dr. James’ Soothing Dr. James’ Soothing Syrup, intended to Syrup, intended to soothe babies’ teething soothe babies’ teething pain, contained heroin.pain, contained heroin.

Gowan’s Pneumonia Gowan’s Pneumonia Cure contained the Cure contained the addictive painkiller addictive painkiller morphine.morphine.

Upton Sinclair and Upton Sinclair and Meatpacking Meatpacking Of all industries, meatpacking fell into the worst public disrepute.Of all industries, meatpacking fell into the worst public disrepute.

The novelist The novelist Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair exposed the wretched and unsanitary exposed the wretched and unsanitary conditions at meatpacking plants in his novel conditions at meatpacking plants in his novel The JungleThe Jungle, igniting a , igniting a firestorm of criticism aimed at meatpackers.firestorm of criticism aimed at meatpackers.

Roosevelt ordered Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson to Roosevelt ordered Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson to investigate packing house conditions, and his report of gruesome investigate packing house conditions, and his report of gruesome practices shocked Congress into action.practices shocked Congress into action.

In In 19061906 it enacted two groundbreaking it enacted two groundbreaking consumer protection consumer protection lawslaws..The Meat Inspection Act required federal government

inspection of meat shipped across state lines.

The Pure Food and Drug Act outlawed food and drugs containing harmful ingredients, and required that

containers carry ingredient labels.

1911 - Misleading Labels Court Case leads to further increases in standards on manufacturers

Regulating TransportationRegulating Transportation --Elkins Act of 1903Elkins Act of 1903 (R.R. rates & (R.R. rates & rebates) -rebates) -Hepburn Act of 1906Hepburn Act of 1906 (ICC (ICC set R.R. rates)set R.R. rates)


Conserving Natural ResourcesConserving Natural Resources -U.S. Forest Service -U.S. Forest Service -148 million acres of -148 million acres of forest from public sale -1.5 mill. Of forest from public sale -1.5 mill. Of 2,500 water power sites 2,500 water power sites -over 50 Wildlife Preserves, -over 50 Wildlife Preserves, -5 national parks, -18 monuments -5 national parks, -18 monuments

Environmental ConservationEnvironmental Conservation

Roosevelt’s Solution

•The Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 reflected Roosevelt’s beliefs.

•The law allowed federal government to create irrigation projects to make dry lands productive.

•The projects would be funded from money raised by selling off public lands.

•During Roosevelt’s presidency, 24 reclamation projects were launched.

In the late 1800s natural resources were used at an alarming rate, and foresting, plowing, polluting, and overgrazing were common.

Roosevelt’s Thoughts

• Recognized that natural resources were limited and that government should regulate or manage resources

• Disagreed with naturalist John Muir, who helped protect Yosemite Park and thought the entire wilderness should be preserved

• Believed that conservation involved the active management of public land for varied uses: some preservation, some economical

Regulating TransportationRegulating Transportation - -Elkins Act of 1903Elkins Act of 1903 (R.R. rates & (R.R. rates & rebates) -rebates) -Hepburn Act of 1906Hepburn Act of 1906 (ICC (ICC set R.R. rates)set R.R. rates)


Conserving Natural ResourcesConserving Natural Resources -U.S. Forest Service Created -U.S. Forest Service Created -148 million acres -148 million acres of forest from public sale -1.5 mill. of forest from public sale -1.5 mill. Of 2,500 water power sites Of 2,500 water power sites -over 50 Wildlife Preserves, -over 50 Wildlife Preserves, -5 National Parks, -18 National -5 National Parks, -18 National MonumentsMonuments

Progressivism under TaftProgressivism under Taft President Roosevelt didn’t run for a third term, instead President Roosevelt didn’t run for a third term, instead

supporting supporting William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft, a friend and advisor , a friend and advisor who, despite a more cautious view on reform, pledged who, despite a more cautious view on reform, pledged loyalty to the Roosevelt program.loyalty to the Roosevelt program.

Upon his election, Taft worked to Upon his election, Taft worked to secure Roosevelt’s secure Roosevelt’s reformsreforms rather than build upon them. rather than build upon them.

Taft worked to secure several reforms, such as creating Taft worked to secure several reforms, such as creating a a Labor DepartmentLabor Department to enforce labor laws and to enforce labor laws and increasing national forest reserves.increasing national forest reserves.

Taft’s administration is also credited with the passage Taft’s administration is also credited with the passage of the of the Sixteenth AmendmentSixteenth Amendment, which granted , which granted Congress the power to levy taxes based on individual Congress the power to levy taxes based on individual income.income.

Progressives supported a nationwide income tax as a way to pay for government programs more fairly. During WILSON’S administration, the tax will be changed into a GRADUATED INCOME TAX (or Progressive Tax)

Trouble in Taft’s PresidencyTrouble in Taft’s PresidencyPresident Taft lost the support of most of the Progressive Republicans, despite the reforms he helped secure, mostly because of the way in which he handle issues.

Tariff Trouble

• In April 1909, Congress passed a bill on tariffs, or taxes charged on import and export goods.

• The House passed a version that lowered tariffs on imports, but the Senate added so many amendments that it became a high-tariff bill instead.

• Taft nevertheless signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff into law.

• Progressives were outraged because they saw tariff reduction as a way to lower consumer goods prices.

Conservation Trouble

•1910: Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger let business leaders illegally buy millions of acres of protected public land in Alaska.

•When Gifford Pinchot, head of the U.S. Forest Service, accused Ballinger, Taft fired Pinchot, not Ballinger.

•Progressives thought this showed Taft was not committed to conservation, and Roosevelt refused to support Taft from that point on.

1908 Election1908 Election- picks - picks William H. TaftWilliam H. Taft Issues ( Lower Tariff – Conservation )Issues ( Lower Tariff – Conservation )

cautious, hesitant to bring up issues to the public, “2 cautious, hesitant to bring up issues to the public, “2 left feet”left feet”

Unsuccessful fighting for Unsuccessful fighting for Lower TariffLower Tariff Payne-Aldrich TariffPayne-Aldrich Tariff (compromise) (compromise)

Carelessness over Carelessness over Natural ResourcesNatural Resources ((Ballinger-Pinchot AffairBallinger-Pinchot Affair))

16th Amendment16th Amendment – Income Tax – Income Tax – Later regulations set “how” taxes were doneLater regulations set “how” taxes were done

Supported Supported Unpopular OfficialsUnpopular Officials, and this will drive , and this will drive

his popularity down even more his popularity down even more by 1910 (by 1910 (GOP - RepublicanGOP - Republican) is ) is Losing PowerLosing Power

The Republican Party SplitsThe Republican Party Splits

•The Progressives split to form their own party, the New Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party, with Roosevelt as its candidate.

• In the 1910 congressional elections, Roosevelt campaigned for the Progressive Republican who opposed Taft.

•Roosevelt proposed a program called the New Nationalism, a set of laws to protect workers, ensure public health, and regulate business.

•Reformers loved the New Nationalism, but Roosevelt’s help wasn’t enough to secure a Republican victory.

• Republicans lost control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 16 years.

•By the presidential election of 1912, the Republican Party was split.

• The Republican party nominated President Taft as its candidate, outraging Progressive Republicans.

• With the Republicans split, Democrat Woodrow Wilson easily took the election, receiving almost 350 more electoral votes than Roosevelt and over 400 more than Taft. First Democratic President since the Civil War

Roosevelt - Again!!!Roosevelt - Again!!! -Returns in 1910 to “Huge Cheers” -Returns in 1910 to “Huge Cheers”

Republican National Convention Republican National Convention Showdown Showdown -Republican Nominee – TAFT or TEDDY-Republican Nominee – TAFT or TEDDY

1912 ELECTION1912 ELECTION Republican Party “Split” over who to Republican Party “Split” over who to electelect

Roosevelt forms (3rd) Roosevelt forms (3rd) Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party or or Progressive PartyProgressive Party

Results of the “Republican Party Split” Results of the “Republican Party Split” Since theSince the Civil War Republican Party Civil War Republican Party was: was: -the party of new ideas - Progressives -the party of new ideas - Progressives ( ideas went to Bull Moose ( ideas went to Bull Moose Party )Party ) Democrats have chance to win Democrats have chance to win PresidencyPresidency

Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson WINS PresidencyWINS Presidency

Declares a Declares a ““New FreedomNew Freedom””

““Attacking the Triple Wall of Attacking the Triple Wall of Privilege”Privilege”– 1) The Tariffs1) The Tariffs– 2) The Banks2) The Banks– 3) The Trusts3) The Trusts



Tariff ReductionTariff Reduction– New TaxesNew Taxes

Banking ReformBanking Reform Anti-Trust Laws Anti-Trust Laws

& Enforcement & Enforcement



1) TARIFF REDUCTION1) TARIFF REDUCTION– Underwood TariffUnderwood Tariff– Federal Income TaxFederal Income Tax

Graduated TaxGraduated Tax Redistribute the WealthRedistribute the Wealth

Wilson’s New FreedomWilson’s New Freedom Wilson, former governor of New Jersey, was a zealous reformer who had

fought political machines, approved of direct primaries, and enacted a compensation program for injured workers.

During his presidential campaign, Wilson proposed an ambitious plan of reform called the New Freedom, which called for 1)Tariff Reductions, 2) Banking Reform, and 3) Stronger Antitrust Legislation.

Wilson’s first priority as president was to lower tariffs, and he even appeared at a joint session of Congress to campaign for this, which no president had done since John Adams.

In October 1913, Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Act, which lowered taxes to their lowest level in 50 years.

Tariff reduction meant the government had less income, so to make up for it, the act also introduced a graduated income tax. 16th Amendment

This taxed people according to their income, and wealthy people paid more than poor or middle-class people. Some people will pay nothing and receive benefits that are paid for by other groups. (Taxing Success)

“From each according to his abilities, to each according to their needs” Karl Marx

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow WilsonDeclares a “Declares a “New FreedomNew Freedom””

Federal Income TaxFederal Income Tax replaces a replaces a High TariffHigh Tariff Underwood TariffUnderwood Tariff (1913) Tariff (1913) Tariff dropped41% < 29%) dropped41% < 29%)

< $20,000< $20,000 > $20,000 tax 2%> $20,000 tax 2% > $100,000 tax 6% > $100,000 tax 6% The The UNDERWOOD TARIFFUNDERWOOD TARIFF and the Income Tax attached to and the Income Tax attached to

it marked the beginning of a transformation from taxation it marked the beginning of a transformation from taxation based upon the need to consume (sales taxes) or equal based upon the need to consume (sales taxes) or equal responsibility (Flat Income Tax) to taxation based upon the responsibility (Flat Income Tax) to taxation based upon the ability to pay (ability to pay (Graduated Income TaxGraduated Income Tax). ).

It also provided the vehicle for a rapid expansion of the It also provided the vehicle for a rapid expansion of the federal government over the next thirty years. federal government over the next thirty years.

Proponents advocated Proponents advocated steeply progressive ratessteeply progressive rates as a as a method of “method of “Redistributing WealthRedistributing Wealth””. In the most extreme . In the most extreme example, Representative Ira Copley proposed an income tax example, Representative Ira Copley proposed an income tax with a top marginal rate of 68 percent on incomes exceeding with a top marginal rate of 68 percent on incomes exceeding one million dollars. Others, such as Senator Robert La Follette one million dollars. Others, such as Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin, proposed rates as high as 11 percent to reach of Wisconsin, proposed rates as high as 11 percent to reach what he called the what he called the “menace” of "great accumulation of “menace” of "great accumulation of wealth."wealth."



2) BANKING REFORM2) BANKING REFORM– Federal Reserve ActFederal Reserve Act

Federal Reserve BoardFederal Reserve Board 12 Regional Banks to 12 Regional Banks to serve Banks serve Banks

Loan money to banksLoan money to banks Set the Prime Rate of InterestSet the Prime Rate of Interest

2. On this level, 12 Federal Reserve banks served other banks instead of individuals.

Banking ReformBanking Reform

3. On the last level, private banks served people and borrowed from the Federal Reserve as needed.

•President Wilson’s next target was the banking system.

•At that time, banking failures were common, and banks collapsed when too many people withdrew their deposits at the same time.

•People needed access to their money without fear of bank failure.

•Wilson’s answer was the 1913 - Federal Reserve Act, which created a central fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during a financial panic.

•The Act created a three-tier banking system.

1. At the top, the president- appointed Federal Reserve Board members ran the system.

• The Federal Reserve Act put the nation’s banking system under the supervision of the federal government for the first time.


Banking System is ImprovedBanking System is Improved - -Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System (8-12 regional banks- (8-12 regional banks-members)members)

Federal Reserve BoardFederal Reserve Board (supervise) (supervise)

Federal ReserveFederal Reserve Banks lend moneyBanks lend money (prevent bank failure)(prevent bank failure)– Set the PRIME RATE Set the PRIME RATE

(Interest Rates on Loans) (Interest Rates on Loans)– Made money for availableMade money for available

New New National National Currency Currency



3) Stronger ANTI-TRUST LAWS3) Stronger ANTI-TRUST LAWS– Clayton Anti-Trust ActClayton Anti-Trust Act

Extended Sherman Anti-TrustExtended Sherman Anti-Trust Supported Labor UnionsSupported Labor Unions

– Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission Investigate & ProsecuteInvestigate & Prosecute

Stronger Antitrust LawsStronger Antitrust Laws

The FTC

•The Federal Trade Commission, created by Congress in 1915 and supported by Wilson

•Enforced antitrust laws and was tough on companies that used deceptive advertising

•Could undertake special investigations of businesses

•Though Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 to limit the power of monopolies, lax enforcement and loopholes allowed many unfair business practices to go on.

•Wilson had two solutions to these problems.

Clayton Antitrust Act• Clarified and extended the Sherman Antitrust Act

• 1914 - Prohibited companies from buying stock in competing companies in order to form a monopoly

• Supported workers & Unions by making strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing legal for the first time *Unions Legal Monopoly


Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act Roosevelt attacked Roosevelt attacked

the “bad” Trusts the “bad” Trusts

Wilson = ALL TRUSTS Wilson = ALL TRUSTS ARE BAD! ARE BAD!

Clayton Antitrust Act• Clarified and extended the Sherman Antitrust Act

• 1914 - Prohibited companies from buying stock in competing companies in order to form a monopoly

• Supported workers & Unions by making strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing legal for the first time *Unions Legal Monopoly


Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission (FTC) (FTC)

The FTC

•The Federal Trade Commission, created by Congress in 1915 and supported by Wilson (Watch Dog Agency)

•Enforced antitrust laws and was tough on companies that used deceptive advertising

•Could undertake special investigations of businesses

Trusts are Brought into LineTrusts are Brought into Line

Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act – Strengthens SHERMAN Anti-Trust ActStrengthens SHERMAN Anti-Trust Act– labor unions are legal and are labor unions are legal and are notnot trusts trusts– they are free from Anti-Trust Laws to create they are free from Anti-Trust Laws to create

“monopoly” and exert power“monopoly” and exert power Federal Trade ActFederal Trade Act (FTC) (FTC)

– ““Watchdog Agency” power to investigate Watchdog Agency” power to investigate

1919thth Amendment Amendment– WOMEN’S SUFFRAGEWOMEN’S SUFFRAGE



CIVIL RIGHTS ISSUESCIVIL RIGHTS ISSUES– Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington– W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois– NAACPNAACP– Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws– Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

Progressivism and African Progressivism and African AmericansAmericans

Woodrow Wilson

•Opposed federal anti-lynching laws, saying the states should deal with it

•Allowed cabinet members to segregate offices, which had been desegregated since Reconstruction

•Let Congress pass a law making it a felony for black and whites to marry in Washington, D.C.

Though the Progressive movement achieved much, African American rights were still extremely limited, as even Progressive presidents were shaky on supporting civil rights laws.

President Roosevelt

• 1901: Invited Booker T. Washington to the White House

• Appointed an African American collector of tariffs in South Carolina

• Discharged African American soldiers accused of going on a shooting spree in the Brownsville Incident, though it turned out later that they were wrongly accused

World of Jim Crow…………….World of Jim Crow…………….Pattern of SegregationPattern of Segregation

Booker T WashingtonBooker T Washington - - Tuskeegee InstituteTuskeegee Institute

W.E.B. DuboisW.E.B. Dubois - Harvard - Harvard (Niagara Movement) (Niagara Movement)

1910 -1910 -N.A.A.C.P.N.A.A.C.P. “ “the Nationthe Nation”” NAACP fights inequality NAACP fights inequality

( (Anti-Lynching lawsAnti-Lynching laws - - SegregationSegregation))

JIM CROW Laws/SegregationJIM CROW Laws/Segregation Literacy TestLiteracy Test / /Poll TaxPoll Tax / / G. ClauseG. Clause Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

“Separate but Equal is Legal”“Separate but Equal is Legal”

TURN of the CENTURY TURN of the CENTURY AMERICAAMERICA

Chapter 14 – 15 - 16Chapter 14 – 15 - 16

Industrialization, Urbanization, Industrialization, Urbanization, Immigration, and ImperialismImmigration, and Imperialism

AKS 40AKS 40. Describe the economic, . Describe the economic, social and geographic impact of the social and geographic impact of the growth of big business and growth of big business and technological innovations after technological innovations after Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

AKS 41AKS 41. Analyze important . Analyze important consequences of American industrial consequences of American industrial growth.growth.

Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business.such as steel, and on the organization of big business.

Describe the impact of the railroads in the Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor.labor.

The growth of the western population and its The growth of the western population and its impact on Native American Populationsimpact on Native American Populations

Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies.Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies.

Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact on American life.and their impact on American life.

Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America.change on urban America.

Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers.Gompers.

Describe the 1894 Pullman Strike, and Haymarket Riot as Describe the 1894 Pullman Strike, and Haymarket Riot as examples of industrial unrest.examples of industrial unrest.

PROGRESSIVE ERAPROGRESSIVE ERA Chapter 17Chapter 17

Progressive Goals, Reforms and laws, Progressive Goals, Reforms and laws, Roosevelt, Taft and WilsonRoosevelt, Taft and Wilson

AKS 42. OBJECTIVE: Identify major efforts to AKS 42. OBJECTIVE: Identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the reform American society and politics in the

Progressive Era.Progressive Era. The progress of business and industry inspired The progress of business and industry inspired

reformers to make important improvements in reformers to make important improvements in America’s political and social environment. These America’s political and social environment. These reformers were known as Progressives. reformers were known as Progressives. Progressive reforms strengthened American Progressive reforms strengthened American democracy in ways we carry forward into our democracy in ways we carry forward into our own time. Meanwhile, African Americans found own time. Meanwhile, African Americans found themselves left out of reform efforts when themselves left out of reform efforts when southern whites denied basic rights to black southern whites denied basic rights to black citizens.citizens.

Explain Explain Upton Sinclair’sUpton Sinclair’s “ “The JungleThe Jungle”” and and federal oversight of the meat packing federal oversight of the meat packing industry.industry.

Identify Identify Jane AddamsJane Addams and and Hull HouseHull House and and describe the describe the role of women in role of women in reform movements reform movements..

Describe the rise of Describe the rise of Jim CrowJim Crow, , Plessy v. Plessy v. FergusonFerguson, and the emergence of the , and the emergence of the NAACPNAACP..

Explain Explain Ida Tarbell’sIda Tarbell’s role as a role as a MuckrakerMuckraker.. Describe the significance of progressive reforms Describe the significance of progressive reforms

such as the such as the initiativeinitiative, , recallrecall, and , and referendumreferendum; ; direct election of senatorsdirect election of senators; ; reform ofreform of labor lawslabor laws; and efforts to ; and efforts to improve improve living conditionsliving conditions for the poor in cities. for the poor in cities.

The modern United States was created by The modern United States was created by social changes associated with the growth social changes associated with the growth of big business and advances in of big business and advances in technologies. After Reconstruction, railroad technologies. After Reconstruction, railroad companies and the steel and oil industries companies and the steel and oil industries expanded and major inventions changed expanded and major inventions changed how people lived. how people lived.

As the United States became the world’s As the United States became the world’s leading industrial power, American society leading industrial power, American society changed in many ways. changed in many ways.

Immigrants found themselves competing Immigrants found themselves competing for jobs and banding together to fight for for jobs and banding together to fight for decent working conditions. Factory workers decent working conditions. Factory workers began to organize unions that challenged began to organize unions that challenged the ways factory owners treated them.the ways factory owners treated them.

The years after the Civil War were a time of political corruption in which the reputations of both Congress and the presidency were tarnished. Reformers sought to end abuses in government and industry. Although they achieved the passage of some important legislation, industries such as railroads and the giant trusts were hardly touched.

American farmers, facing increasing economic hardship, organized their own movements which eventually coalesced into the new Populist Party. Seeking cheaper money (inflated prices) and Graduated Income Tax to Redistribute the Wealth. The Populists and the Democrats argued for the coinage of silver. The silver issue ended with the election of William McKinley over William Jennings Bryan in 1896.

Populism, the farmer’s crusade for change, marked the beginning of the widespread interest in reform which became the Progressive Movement. Muckraker Journalists roused public support against political and social injustice, spurring changes in industry and government on the local and state levels. Eventually, progressivism reached the federal government.

President Theodore Roosevelt filed lawsuits against the major trusts and supported laws to regulate a number of industrial practices. He also supported efforts to conserve American’s natural resources. Presidents Taft and Wilson extended these activities during their tenures office. Under these Republican and Democratic presidents, the federal government assumed more responsibility than ever before for the orderly development of modern industrial America.

TURN of the CENTURY AMERICATURN of the CENTURY AMERICAIndustrialization, Urbanization, Industrialization, Urbanization,

Immigration, and ImperialismImmigration, and Imperialism AKS 40AKS 40. Describe the economic, social and . Describe the economic, social and

geographic impact of the growth of big business geographic impact of the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.and technological innovations after Reconstruction.

AKS 41AKS 41. Analyze important consequences of . Analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.American industrial growth.

The modern United States was created by The modern United States was created by social changes associated with the growth social changes associated with the growth of big business and advances in of big business and advances in technologies. After Reconstruction, railroad technologies. After Reconstruction, railroad companies and the steel and oil industries companies and the steel and oil industries expanded and major inventions changed expanded and major inventions changed how people lived. how people lived.

As the United States became the world’s As the United States became the world’s leading industrial power, American leading industrial power, American society changed in many ways. society changed in many ways.

Immigrants found themselves competing Immigrants found themselves competing for jobs and banding together to fight for for jobs and banding together to fight for decent working conditions. Factory decent working conditions. Factory workers began to organize unions that workers began to organize unions that challenged the ways factory owners challenged the ways factory owners treated them.treated them.

Your knowledge of these changes and the Your knowledge of these changes and the factors that brought them about is factors that brought them about is important.important.

Although the North experienced a recession at the Although the North experienced a recession at the end of the Civil War, by the late 1860’s, factories end of the Civil War, by the late 1860’s, factories that made war goods shifted to consumer goods. that made war goods shifted to consumer goods. Improvements in transportation, communications, Improvements in transportation, communications, and the availability of natural resources sped the and the availability of natural resources sped the industrial movement. Factories were built, and the industrial movement. Factories were built, and the demand for workers led to a flood of immigrants demand for workers led to a flood of immigrants from all over Europefrom all over Europe

As the U.S. population grew, so did the move to As the U.S. population grew, so did the move to urban areas to seek new opportunities. The rapid urban areas to seek new opportunities. The rapid growth of cities created an environment still familiar growth of cities created an environment still familiar today: mass transportation, sky scrapers, public today: mass transportation, sky scrapers, public libraries and parks, department stores, theatres, libraries and parks, department stores, theatres, sporting events, etc. By the turn of the century, sporting events, etc. By the turn of the century, women were firmly entrenched in the working world, women were firmly entrenched in the working world, especially in the helping professions, offices, and especially in the helping professions, offices, and sales The concept of free public education for all was sales The concept of free public education for all was widely accepted, and educational reform was widely accepted, and educational reform was underway. Mass circulation of newspapers reflected underway. Mass circulation of newspapers reflected a more literate population.a more literate population.

The flood of people into the cities also created many The flood of people into the cities also created many problems. Urban planning and city services were slow problems. Urban planning and city services were slow in developing. Central city areas turned into slums. in developing. Central city areas turned into slums. Ethnic neighborhoods develop and corruption in the Ethnic neighborhoods develop and corruption in the explosive neighborhoods became widespread. explosive neighborhoods became widespread. Working conditions in the new factories were very Working conditions in the new factories were very poor; the exploitation of workers led to the formation poor; the exploitation of workers led to the formation of the first labor unions.of the first labor unions.

The period from 1870 – 1910 brought many new The period from 1870 – 1910 brought many new minority groups to America as immigrants, mostly minority groups to America as immigrants, mostly from southern and eastern Europe. Their stories were from southern and eastern Europe. Their stories were similar in many ways: the economic, political, and similar in many ways: the economic, political, and religious reasons for leaving home; the hardships of religious reasons for leaving home; the hardships of the travel; the shock and disillusionment of the new the travel; the shock and disillusionment of the new land were all common themes. Minority groups such land were all common themes. Minority groups such as Native Americans, African Americans, Asian as Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Spanish-speaking Americans, already Americans, and Spanish-speaking Americans, already established in the United States were struggling established in the United States were struggling against racism, prejudice, and specific legislation against racism, prejudice, and specific legislation aimed at restricting freedoms and rights will challenge aimed at restricting freedoms and rights will challenge leaders to develop strategies for accommodating to leaders to develop strategies for accommodating to the situation or working toward change.the situation or working toward change.

– Explain the impact of the railroads on other Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business.organization of big business.

– Describe the impact of the railroads in the Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor.Chinese labor.

– Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and the rise of trusts and Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies.monopolies.

– Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric light bulb, motion include the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact on American life.impact on American life.

– Describe Ellis Island, the change in Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on Europe and the impact of this change on urban America.urban America.

– Identify the American Federation of Labor Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers.and Samuel Gompers.

– Describe the 1894 Pullman Strike, and Describe the 1894 Pullman Strike, and Haymarket Riot as examples of industrial Haymarket Riot as examples of industrial unrest.unrest.

YOUR GRADEYOUR GRADE “Where Does It GO”“Where Does It GO”

Unit TestUnit Test 40%40%HW/ClassHW/Class 20%20%QuizzesQuizzes 20%20%

Development of Progressivism Development of Progressivism –(1) Grange Movement (Plains / South...

Documents

Transcript of Development of Progressivism Development of Progressivism –(1) Grange Movement (Plains / South...