Development of Predicative Management System for Tackling MRSA in Britis Hospitals
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Development of Predictive Maintenance Management System for Tackling MRSA in
British Hospitals
Dr Ghasson ShabhaBirmingham School of the Built Environment
Faculty of Technology, Engineering and the Environment
Birmingham City University
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How can the spread of MRSA in health facilities be effectively monitored and managed on a day-to-day basis to reduce fatalities?
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Aims and Objectives• To assess the commercial viability of integrating MRSA
predicative management module into CAFM.
• To develop a Predicative Maintenance Management module which can be integrated into CAFM software to monitor the spread of MRSA in health care facilities with particular emphasis on hygiene protocols (e.g. cleaning, disinfecting and decontamination).
• To generate a web-based knowledge management system easily accessible by facilities managers (FM) in addressing infection control in the light of the wealth of MRSA knowledge-base generated over the past few years.
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Setting the Scene– Health Facilities are very complex
organisations.– Technologically-led – Highly-serviced.– 24/7 management input to ensure effective
functionality.– Difficult and costly to manage.
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Type A.Effective with greater functionality but often
costly
Type CRisky with performance
penalties.
Type BEffective and can be low impact
but often small scale.
Type DCan be thoughtful and
imaginative, but sometimes less user-friendly.
ManagementMore Less
More Cost
Cost
Less Cost
Technological Complexity of Buildings based on (Bordas & Leman 2001) model
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Where else?
• Schools.• Leisure and sport facilities.• Public toilets.• Community centres.• Others????
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School buildings
Catering facilities
Public toilets
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What is MRSA?
• MRSA is Gram-positive bacterium which can be transmitted through cross-contamination and direct contact.
• It thrives on relatively non-humid environment and feeds on flakes of dead dry human skin (Dancer, 1999).
• It can withstand desiccation at a higher temperature of 18-37 c and is thus a frequent component of hospital dust.
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The spread of infection in a hospital relies on trio of factors: Source. Mode(s) of transmission. Susceptible recipient(s).
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Source• A person.• An Object.• Environment.• Substance from which the infectious.
agent is transmitted to the host.
When host- the primary source of cross-infection are factored into any equation the laws which represent logic are constantly being moved
and become more difficult to predict and manage.
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Direct contact leading to cross-infection through
Touch.
Cross-contamination.
Air-borne through ventilation and AC systems
a combination of one or more …
Mode(s) of transmission
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Managerial Factors
Sharing Sanitary Appliances & Shower unitsHygiene Protocols Cleaning Management.
• Cleaning vs Deep Cleaning • Antibacterial Agents• Segregation • Disinfectants Management• Micro-fiber technology
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Almost 50% of adults in the UK failing to dry their hands after using a public toilet.
One in six adults admitting that they do NOT wash their hands every time they use the toilet.
Germs from the toilet are left on the door handles, the flush handle and the taps, spreading germs on to the hands, and then into everyone who touches the contaminated items. Cross- contamination
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Environmental Factors
• Humidity level (RH)• Temperature.• Surface material and
texture.• Availability of nutrients and
food particles.
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MRSA- Ventilation and Air-conditioning• Environmental conditions can affect the survival and persistence of
hazardous micro organism on surfaces or indoor environment.
• Indoor air quality (patients spend 90% of their time indoor).
• Airtightness (to comply with part L of Building Regulations which might compromise environmental qualities) air permeability down to 3m³/h/m² at 50 Pa.
• Indoor Relative Humidity (RH) (keeping the relative humidity below 60%).
“Humidity levels are known to influence microbial survival and growth such as mould, mildew and bacteria inside ductwork and ventilations diffusers leading to high concentration of the production of allergens, odour and toxins in the ambient environment.”
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MRSA is more likely to spread via ventilation and air-conditioning
systems, internal surfaces of ducts and diffusers as much as cross-
contamination via hard surfaces and floors.
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Controlling the spread of infection through
ventilation & AC systems
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Filtration
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Air Purification
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Anti-bacterial filters
Filters based on silver nano-particles held in plasmaA multi-stage filtration air-conditioning system by Toshiba
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Ultraviolet catalysis
UVGI Technology
Under ceiling unit
UVG Heating Ventilation Unit
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What have we learnt so far?• Both hard surfaces and ventilation/AC systems might be influential to
MRSA transmission.
• There seem to be a multiplicity of interrelated factors involved in the spread of MRSA.
• Lack of critical evaluation of the spread of MRSA and other infections in public and community facilities
• Methods of interventions are quite limited in scope and are either preventive or corrective. Monitoring the efficacy of intervention is no-existence and largely ad hoc.– Highly fragmented (cleaning vs finishing specifications) .– Prescriptive in their scope ignoring the role of human factor in spreading
MRSA- might simultaneously act as a trigger for spreading the infection
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What needs to be done? Better understanding of the mechanism of how MRSA infection is
spreading in health care facilities.
A robust Infection monitoring management strategy over the lifespan cycle health care facilities
Predicative Management System for monitoring and managing the spread of MRSA and other air borne infection.
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Future Action Plan
• An intelligent “safety by design” management system for tackling the spread of MRSA in health care facilities.
• A real-time predicative intelligent system for managing the spread of MRSA in ventilation and air-conditioning systems in specific.
• An integrated web-based MRSA knowledge management system to enable maintenance and facilities managers to access the latest state of affair and know-how about the best way for tackling community MRSA.