Development of International Standards on Performance and

Functional Requirements for Building Users

Professor Satoshi Kose, Dr. Chairman, ISO/TC59/SC03

Shizuoka University of Art and Culture

ISO/TC59/SC03

Functional/user requirements and performance in building construction

Rationale of SC03

• This SC03 (Established in 1975) is responsible for developing basic performance standards for building construction including general rules for performance requirements for buildings and building elements including the coordination of these with performance requirements of building components to be used in building and civil engineering.

• It does not cover those included in the scope of other committees such as thermal properties (ISO/TC 163) , and acoustics (ISO/TC 43).

Rationale of SC03, cont.

• One of the roles was to establish standard of standards, such as format.

Performance standards in building -- Contents and presentation (6240); -- Principles for their preparation and factors to

be considered (6241); -- Contents and format of standards for

evaluation of performance (7162); -- Checklist for briefing -- Contents of brief for

building design (9699)

Rationale of SC03, cont.

• Another set of standards are targeted to establishing basic data, such as data for environmental design.

-- Expression of users' requirements -- Part 1: Thermal requirements (6242-1)

-- Expression of users' requirements -- Part 2: Air purity requirements (6242-2)

-- Expression of users' requirements -- Part 3: Acoustical requirements (6242-3)

-- Climatic data for building design -- Proposed system of symbols (6243)

Rationale of SC03, cont.

• Some work items started from being allocated to SC03 first, particularly if they relate to performance, then they formed their own SCs when enough amount of work was expected.

• Some of them are, SC14, SC15, SC16, SC17, and TC219.

Basic standards on building performance

• ISO 9836:1992: Performance standards in building -- Definition and calculation of area and space indicators

• ISO/FDIS 11863: 2011: Buildings and building-related facilities — Functional and user requirements and performance — Tools for assessment and comparison

Revision of performance specification for buildings

• Currently, SC03 is working on the revision and integration of performance specification for buildings(6240, 6241, 7162, and 9699) , one of which dates back to 1980.

• Since then situation surrounding buildings has changed quite a lot, and original concept of the document, fitness for purpose is insufficient.

• To make the document more up-to-date….

Planned new comprehensive document

• The new document tries to redefine how a building must function to meet the needs, in the light of complexity the world faces now.

• Part of concepts have already been discussed through formulation of ISO/PAS 22539: Houses: Description of Performance within SC15 activities, and the attempt is to expand the idea to cover all building types, not just houses.

Table 1 Examples of User Requirements and Social Expectations • Stability; Fire safety; Safety in use • Tightness; Hygrothermal; Air purity • Acoustical; Visual; Tactile; Dynamic • Hygiene • Suitability of spaces or specific uses • Durability; Economic • Sustainability

Performance framework for buildings

• Concept of performance starts from identifying objectives, then stating them in performance terms, and choosing parameters.

• Then one can proceed to the next level to actually provide solutions and evaluate their feasibility.

• These steps are shown in the next figure.

Objectives

Performance descriptions

Performance parameters

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4 Solution

Performance statements

Evaluation of solutions

By application of deemed-to satisfy rules, compliance with referenced standards or achieving or exceeding a stated indicator

By rational design or application of a standard rating tool

By rational assessment or simulation

By expert opinion and judgement

Figure 1: The performance framework for buildings

Performance descriptions

• So far, we have rearranged the performance the buildings should have as follows:

• Behaviour type 1：Reaction to Agent/Agents • Behaviour type 2：Impact to Human Activities • Behaviour type 3：Impact to Society • Behaviour type 4：Changes in Ability for

Performance with Passage of Time

Behaviour type 1：Reaction to Agent/Agents

• Behaviour related to reaction to agent should be described in terms of behaviour as the result of external agent (or state as a consequence of such behaviour) to fulfill objectives.

• Table 2-1 will give examples of such agents, their resulting behaviour, and the consequence.

Behaviour type 2：Impact to Human Activities

• Behaviour related to impact to human activities should be described in terms of the effects on human existence or activities and their consequence.

• Table 2-2 will give examples of such effects and the state resulting from such effects.

Behaviour type 3：Impact to Society

• Behaviour related to impact to society should be described in terms of the effects on society and their results.

• Table 2-3 will give examples of affecting factors, and the resulting states.

Behaviour type 4：Changes in Ability for Performance with Passage of Time • Behaviour related to changes in ability for

performance with passage of time should be described in terms of the categories of performance, critical characteristics concerned, the cause of change and the consequence.

• Table 2-4 will give some examples.

Agents Examples of Origin

Consequences / States

1 Mechanical agents

1.1 Gravitation Snow loads, Dead loads Deformation, Deflection

1.2 Forces and imposed or restrained deformations Subsidence, Land Slide

1.3 Kinetic energy External impacts, Earthquake

1.4 Vibrations and noises Traffic and machinery vibrations

2 Electro-magnetic agents 2.1 Radiation Solar radiation 2.2 Electricity Lighting 2.3 Magnetism

3 Thermal agents Heat, frost, thermal shock

4 Chemical agents 4.1 Water and solvents Air humidity 4.2 Oxidizing agents Oxygen, ozone 4.3 Reducing agents Sulfides 4.4 Acid Sulfuric acid 4.5 Bases 4.6 Salts Sulfates 4.7 Chemically neutral Neutral dust 5 Biological agents 5.1 Vegetable and microbial Bacteria, seeds 5.2 Animal Insects, termites

Table 2-1 Examples of Agents, Behaviours and Consequences/states

Affecting Factors for Human Behaviour Consequence/State 1. Physical abilities 1.1 Walking Differences in level Tripping, falling 1.2 Balance Slippery slope falling 1.3 Handling 1.3.1 Gripping Failure to grip falling 1.3.2 Grasping Failure to grasp falling 1.3.3 Manipulation Improper operating malfunction 1.4 Strength and endurance

1.4.1 Strength Self-closing device on manual door required to resist wind forces Difficulty in closing it

1.4.2 Endurance Long sloping path without resting-places Difficulty in reaching the destination 1.5 Lifting Heavy vertically sliding sash window Hardness to open it 1.6 Reaching Window furniture positioned without

easy reach Hardness to operate it

1.7 Speech Where only one-way communication is required

Hardness to facilitate communication with information in audible formation

2. Sensory abilities

2.1 Sight No alarming tactile walking surface indicators Risk of injury Mistaking glazed areas for openings Risk of injury

2.2 Hearing Noisy environment Difficulty in making communications Inability to hear alarm Risk of failure to evacuate

2.3 Touch Surface with some metal Allergic reaction

2.4 Smell Poor air quality Irritation of nose Inability to smell something burning Risk of failure to evacuate

3. Mental abilities 3.1 Cognition sign Finding way 3.2 Intellect sign misunderstanding 3.3 Interpretation ambiguity misunderstanding 3.4 Learning ambiguity misunderstanding 3.5 Memory Too complex Finding way

Table 2-2 Examples of Affecting Factors for Human Behaviour and Consequence/State

Affecting Factors for Society Consequence/State

Use of non-renewable energy Change and/or deterioration Emission to air - Greenhouse gases

Access to services Use of non-renewable resources

Depletion of resources Fresh water consumption Waste generation

Indoor conditions and air quality Other economic and social issues Adaptability

Maintainability

Table 2-3 Examples of Affecting Factors for Society and Consequence/State

Table 2-4 Examples of Changes in Critical Characteristics with Passage of Time, Cause and Consequences

Category Performance area Critical characteristics Cause

Consequences of characteristics

change

Stability

Intensity Cyclic loading Fatigue Failure

Relation between the actions and the limits on the responses of the structure

Cyclic loading Deflection Deformation

Structural durability Exposure duration (ex. UV radiation)

Degradation

Weather Tightness

Freeze-thaw cycles Degradation

Weather resistance Wet-dry cycles Corrosion

Change of surface Pollutant Damage of surface

Fungi and Moulds Degradation Failure

Purpose of performance statements Typical means for evaluation

To fulfil user requirements

By a) application of deemed-to satisfy rules or compliance

with referenced standards, b) performing a rational design, c) performing a rational assessment, d) expert opinion and judgement, or e) any combination of a) to d)

To fulfil social expectations

By a) achieving or exceeding a stated indicator, b) performing a rational design, c) application of a standard rating tool, d) performing a rational assessment, e) performing a simulation, f) expert opinion and judgement, or g) any combination of a) to f)

Table A.1 – Means of evaluating solutions

Use of buildings and spaces, and sub-system of building fabric

• Next two tables give ideas of building types for various purposes, such as transport, industry, housing, etc., and sub-systems such as structures, external envelope, etc.

• These tables have been in existence for 6240 and 6241.

Uses Example of spaces Examples of building

Transport (of people, goods, fluids, electricity, etc.)

Lift shaft, garage Railway station, filling station

Industry(manual work, production, agriculture, experimentation, etc.)

Workshops, production hall, stable, laboratory

Factory, farm, laboratory building

Office, commerce (study, writing, drawing, sale, book-keeping, etc.)

Office, design office, shop Office building, super market

Medical care (examination, treatment, operations, etc.)

Operating theatre, consulting room, sick-room, X-ray room, waiting room

Hospital, health centre

Recreation (gymnastics, swimming, play, dance, etc.)

Gymnastic hall, swimming pool, sports hall, play room

Sports centre, dancehall

Culture (worship, education, meeting, etc.)

Meeting room, showroom, exhibition room, class room, auditorium, reading room

Congress building, arts centre, church, theatre, school, library, museum

Housing (sleeping, dwelling, etc.) Bedroom, living room House, block of flats, hotel Circulation Corridor, stairway Covered way Catering (cooking, consumption) Kitchen, dining room Restaurant Hygiene Bathroom, WC Public lavatory Cleaning, maintenance Laundry, maintenance room Wash-house Storage Shed, cloak-room, store room Warehouse Service Plant room, meter-room Guard house NOTE 1 Table 1 lists the primary uses to which rooms, spaces or whole buildings may be put. The categories of use or occupancy are denoted by their common name, or the activity carried out. NOTE 2 A space may be named according to its main use while additionally serving secondary uses, for example a garage (transport) also used for storage, maintenance, as a workshop, etc. Similarly, buildings may include secondary uses, for example a housing block with ground floor shops; a hospital containing office spaces, catering spaces, etc.

Table B.1– Uses of building and spaces

Sub-system Example of assemblies or components Structure

Foundation shallow (ground beam, raft, etc.) Deep (deep footing, pile, diaphragm wall, etc.)

Carcass Column, beam, panel, slab, shell, lattice structure, etc.

External envelope

Envelope below ground Base, side and top envelope (solid floor, basement wall, underground roof, etc.) Openings (pipe entry, shaft, etc.)

Envelope above ground Base, side and top envelope (exposed floor over external space, wall, roof) Openings (door, window, roof-light, etc.)

Spatial dividers outside the envelope

External vertical divider Partitions (wall, balustrade, etc.) Openings (door, grille, etc.)

External horizontal divider Floors (terrace, balcony, porch roof, etc.) Openings (trap-door, etc.)

External staircase Stairs, ramp, etc.

Spatial dividers within the envelope

Internal vertical divider Partitions (wall, balustrade, cupboard, etc.) Openings (door, etc.)

Internal horizontal divider Floors Openings (trap-door, etc.)

Internal staircase Stairs, ramp, etc.

Services

Water distribution and disposal

Water distribution (pipes, taps, tank, pump, softener, etc.) Sanitary appliance (basin, sink, bath, shower, bidet, WC, etc.) Waste water disposal (pipes, traps, bullies, etc.) Rain water disposal (pipes, tanks, etc.) Sewerage (pipes, inspection chamber, septic tank, cesspool, etc.)

Heating and ventilation

Gas fuel distribution (pipes, taps, tank, etc.) Liquid fuel distribution (pipes, taps, tank, etc.) Primary heat source (boiler, chimney, etc.) Water circuit (pipes, plant room, etc.) Air citcuit (ducts, air vent, ventilator, etc.)

Gas distribution Compressed air distribution (pipes, plant, etc.) Gas distribution (pipes, plant room, etc.)

Electrical

High voltage grid (lines, etc.) Transformer Low voltage grid (writing, switch, socket, lighting, etc.) Emergency electrical system and equipment

Telecommunication

Telephone system (writing, telephone, etc.) Intercom system (writing, bells, door opener, intercom, etc.) Radio and television distribution (writing, aerial, etc.)

Mechanical and electromechanical transport Lift (plant room, car, cables, etc.) Escalator and moving walkway (plant, stairs, etc.) Facade cleaning equipment (cradle, cables, plant, etc.) Hoist (pulleys, etc.)

Pneumatic and gravity transport

Refuse disposal (ducts, etc.) Central vacuum cleaning (ducts, plant, etc.) Linen chutes (ducts, etc.) Pneumatic transporter (ducts, plant, etc.)

Safety

Lightning protection (conductor, cable, earth connection, etc.) Fire protection (pipes, tank, fire alarm, smoke detector, etc.) Intrusion protection (burglar alarm, etc.)

NOTE 1 Table 3 lists the physical parts of the building fabric in terms of sub-systems which exclude furniture and furnishings. This approach is based on the consideration of function only, being independent of any particular method, material or order of constructing the building. NOTE 2 Examples of common components or assemblies which perform the functions of each sub-system are given in brackets.

Table B.2– Examples of sub-system of a building fabric

Any questions?

Further inquiries, skose@gakushikai.jp

TC59/SC3: Functional/user requirements and performance in building construction

• Current task: Framework for specifying

performance in buildings. • This new document tries to redefine how a

building must function to meet the needs, in the light of complexity the world faces now, i.e., to respond to user requirements and social expectations.

• Identify objectives, state in performance terms, choose parameters, and provide solutions and evaluate their feasibility.