PRESENTER SUPERVISOR

MUHAMMAD SAJID ASLAM

2009-AG-2138

DR. M. ALTAF SABRI

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

2nd Semester

M.Sc (Hons) Entomology

Development of

Genetically Modified Crops For

Resistance against Insect

Diversity

SEMINAR-720

CONTENTS Introduction to GM Crops Biological Requirements to Make GM Crops Methods to Make GM Crops Need of GM Crops GM Crops Released Traits of Different GM Crops Bt Cotton Varieties, Production Risks/ Side Effects References

GENETIC MODIFICATION OF PLANTSTransfer and stable integration of the genes (Desired) into the genome of a plant, from other plants or organisms.

BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS TO MAKE GM CROPS

Host Plant/Cells

Genes (Desired)

Vector Suitable

Method to introduce Foreign Gene

Procedure to select and Regenerate Transgenic Plant

METHODS TO INSERT GENE(S)IN PLANT

Physical

Chemical

Direct Gene

Transfer (DGT)

BiologicalVector

Medicated

Intact Plant

Direct Gene Transfer

Physical

Electro-poration Micro-injection Gene Gun Method Particle

Bombardment Laser Micro-beam

Chemical

Physico-chemical Uptake of DNA

Liposome Encapsulation Silicon Carbide Fiber

Vector

Mediated

Agrobacterium

tumefaciens / rhizogenes

Viral

DNA/RNA viral

Intact Plant

Pollen tube Pathway

Electro-poration in Tissue/Embryo

Macro-Injection

ELECTROPORATI

ON

• CREATION OF PORES IN PROTOPLAST MEMBRANE BY ELECTRICAL IMPULSES, TO INCREASE PLASMA MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY AND UPTAKE OF DNA, CONTAINED IN THE SURROUNDING SOLUTION.

• SUCCESSFULLY USED FOR

OBTAINING TRANSGENIC

TOBACCO, MAIZE AND

RICE.

DIRECT GENE

TRANSFER

Physical

Methods

Micro-

Injection

GENE GUN METHODIts very Simple Method Just load

foreign gene material into gene

gun and fire on the desired

tissues

PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT

Procedur

e

LASER MICRO-BEAM

DIRECT GENE

TRANSFER

Chemical

Methods

liposomes are small lipids bags, in which large number of plasmids are encapsulated. these liposome enters the cell (protoplast) by the process of endo-cytosis and lipase activity release in cytoplasm, for the integration of host genome.not commonly use.

Delivery of DNA in plant cell cytoplasm and nucleus by vortexing of suspension culture cells in a medium containing Silicon Carbide Fibers and Plasmid DNA.Simple and inexpensive method.

Silicon Carbide Fiber

Liposome Encapsulation

Plant cell protoplasts treated with PEG (Poly Ethylene Glycol), allowing uptake of DNA from the surrounding solution.Successfully used for obtaining transgenic Maize, Rice, Strawberry, Brassica, etc.

Physico-chemical Uptake of DNA

Transferring Gene from Agrobaterium to Plant Cell

Macro-Injection

Pollen Tube PathwayIntact Plant

Methods

WHY GM CROPSNeed of Genetically Modified Crops

to Improve Shelf Life Improve Nutrition Resistance Against

Herbicides Pathogens

Stress

CalgeneQuality & Shelf

Life

1995Freedom

IISquesh

Viral Resistan

ceAsgrow

CalgeneOil

Characteristics

Canola Laurical 1994

Tomato Flavr Savr

1994

MonsantoInsect

Resistance

CottonPotatoMaiz

BollguardNewleaf

Yeildguard1996-97

COMPANY

TRAIT CROPGM

CROPRELEASE DATE

Agro-evoMonsant

o

Herbicide

Resistance

CanolaInnovato

rReady

1995-96

Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1997. 48:297–326Copyright © 1997 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved, Plant Transformation 298-320

Reference

Bt PAPAYA

Bt POTATO

Cotton(BollGuard)

RICE (TT51)

MAIZE (Yeild Guard)

SWEET POTATOS

Resistance to Bollworms

Papaya Ring-sopt Virus

More Starch Production

More Beta-Carotene (Source of Vit. A)

Corn Borers (ECB, MSB)

Cucumber Mosaic Virus

Bt Crop Name

GM Traits

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops#Regulation

Reference

COTTON

4th Largest Producer over World

13th Ranked in World by Production/Acre

40,000 kg seed (Bt Varieties) IR-FH-901 IR-NIBGE IR-CIM-448 IR-CIM-443

8,000 Acres Punjab Areas:

Bahawalpur, Multan, Muzaffer Garh

Increase yield 23-28 Maunds/acre

White Gold PAEC

(2005)

2012: FAOSTATLint Production 22,15,000

TonnesSeed Production 1,29,555

Tonnes

Reference: Pakkissan

2011

3.4

-

20127,00,00

02.8

6,50,000

8

81

YEAR

82

3.22.6

FARMERS

%agePlanted

AreaTotal Area

Area Inc. (%)

2012 was Third year of bt cotton commercialization

*Area in Million Hectare

Reference(International Service for the Acquisition

of Agri.Biotec Application

Bt Cotton

PUNJAB SEED COUNCILPunjab Seed Council (PSC) approved 39 Varieties of

different crops

15- Bt Cotton 1- of each6- Rice

Sugarcane2- Wheat

Tomato2- Gram Potato3- Citrus Turnip4- Peach3- Flowers

1. FH-1182. FH-1423. VH-2594. BH-1785. CIM-5996. CIM-6027. IR-NIAB-824

8. IUB-2229. CEMB-3310.SAIBAN-

20111.SITARA

11M12.TARZAN-213.A-55514.KZ-18815. CA-

12

Bt Cotton

Crops Reference

Report by:The

Nation Newspap

er12-Dec-

2013

Rank Country 2009 2010 20111  China 6,377,000 5,970,000 6,588,950

2  India 4,083,400 5,683,000 5,984,000

3  United States 2,653,520 3,941,700 3,412,550

4  Pakistan 2,111,400 1,869,000 2,312,000

5  Brazil 956,189 973,449 1,673,337

6  Uzbekistan 1,128,200 1,136,120 983,400

7  Turkey 638,250 816,705 954,600

8  Australia 329,000 386,800 843,572

9  Turkmenistan 220,100 330,000 330,000

10  Argentina 135,000 230,000 295,000

— World 19,848,921 22,714,154 24,941,738

Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization

Top 10 Cotton Producing Countries(in metric tonnes)

Soil Sterility and Pollution

Food Allergy Increase Body Toxicity Negative Reproductive

Effects

RISKS OF GM CROPS

Negative Effects To Digestive System

Loss of Natural Variety (Genes)

Loss of Natural Enemies (Due to Absence of their host)

REVIEW Introduction to GM CropsBiological Requirements

Methods to Make GM CropsDirect MethodVector Mediated

Need of GM CropsImprove QualityIncrease Resistance

GM Crops ReleasedTraits of Different GM CropsRisks/ Side EffectsReferences

Bidney D, Scelonge C, Martich J, Burrus M, Sims L, et al. 1992. Microprojectile bombardment of plant tissues increases transformation frequency by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Mol. Biol. 18:301–13

Birch RG, Bower R. 1994. Principles of gene transfer using particle bombardment. In Particle Bombardment Technology for Gene Transfer, ed. N-S Yang, P Christou, pp. 3–37. New York: Oxford Univ. Press

Birch RG, Bower R, Elliott AR, Potier BAM, Franks T, et al. 1996. Expression of foreign genes in sugarcane. In Proc. Int.

Soc. Sugarcane Technol. Congr.,Cartegena, Sept. 1995, 22nd, ed. JH Cock,T Brekelbaum, 2:368–73. Cali, Colombia: Tecnicana

Birch RG, Franks T. 1991. Development and optimization of microprojectile systems for plant genetic transformation. Aust.J. Plant Physiol. 18:453–69

Bourque JE. 1995. Antisense strategies for genetic manipulations in plants. Plant Sci.105:125–49

Bowen B. 1993. Markers for plant genetransfer. See Ref. 90, 1:89–123 Bower R, Birch RG. 1992. Transgenic sugarcane plants via microprojectile bombardment.Plant

J. 2:409–16 Bower R, Elliott AR, Potier BAM, Birch RG. 1996. High-efficiency, microprojectile-mediated

cotrans formation of sugarcane, using visible or selectable markers.Mol. Breed. 2:239–49 Buising CM, Benbow RM. 1994. Molecular analysis of transgenic plants generated by

microprojectile bombardment: Effect of petunia transformation booster sequence. Mol. Gen. Genet. 243:71–81

Cao J, Duan X, McElroy D, Wu R. 1992.Regeneration of herbicide resistant transgenic rice plants following microprojectile mediated transformation of suspension culture cells.

Plant Cell Rep. 11:586–91

References