Development ofDevelopment ofEnergy Surety MicrogridsEnergy Surety Microgrids

Dave Menicucci

Energy Surety Program OfficeSandia National Laboratories

Outline of TalkOutline of Talk

1) Background

2) Define energy surety

3) Discuss energy reliability

4) Developing energy surety microgrids

5) Discuss issues including interconnection

6) Summary

Energy System with High Levels of Energy Surety

Energy System with High Levels of Energy Surety

Safe

Secure

Reliable

Sustainable

Efficient

Safely supplies energy to end user

Uses diversified energy sources

Maintains power when and where needed

It can be maintained indefinitely

Produces energy at the lowest cost

Energy System is: If it:

• Power reliability and security

• Military bases—they recognize the threat and are willing to pay for correction

• Communities—secondary concern; they are slower to see the threat and less willing to invest

• Technical issues inside the microgrid—they are critical, significant, and need resolution

• Technical issues outside the microgrid—i.e., interconnection; being addressed through IEEE

Our Present Energy Surety FocusOur Present Energy Surety Focus

Traditional Grid Expectations Traditional Grid Expectations

Derived from IEEE Telcom Energy Conf, 1998

1 hr

1/yr

6 min36 sec

10/yr

1 every10 yrs

10 hr 100 hr

1 every100 yr

Duration

Occurrences

Historic Norm

Impact of Terrorism onGrid Expectations

Impact of Terrorism onGrid Expectations

Derived from IEEE Telcom Energy Conf, 1998

1 hr

1/yr

6 min36 sec

10/yr

1 every10 yrs

10 hr 100 hr

1 every100 yr

Duration

Occurrences

Historic Norm

Terror norm

Examples of Outage CostsExamples of Outage Costs

•2,500kW, mid size industrial complex

•3hr down time•$105,000-$975,000

•400kW, mid size office bldg

•3hr down time•$12,600-$244,800

*Courtesy: Digital Power Group

Grid Failures are Inevitable*Grid Failures are Inevitable*

• Engineering Axiom: Complexity begets failure

• Grid complexity begets grid failure

• Attempts to harden the grid increase complexity

• More complexity begets more failure

*Fairley, Peter, “The unruly power grid: Advanced mathematical modeling suggests that big blackouts are inevitable,” IEEE Spectrum, August, 2004

Saboteurs may be at Work on our GridSaboteurs may be at Work on our Grid

•Attempt to topple 345kV line poles in Nevada

•Six poles unbolted at base; cascading damage to 40 poles

•Discovery on Dec 27, 2004; reported by DHS

•One of two redundant lines affected; coordinated attack on its twin could have been significant

How to Improve Energy SuretyHow to Improve Energy Surety

•Disperse the generation; reduce single points of failure

•Run generators full time

•Use proven technologies

•Secure the fuel supply

•Include on-site fuel/energy storage

Distributed Generation TechnologiesDistributed Generation Technologies

• IC Engines ( 1 – 10,000 kW )

• Combustion Turbines (300 – 10,000 kW )

• Combined heat and power (300 – 10,000 kW)

• Energy storage (1 – 10,000 kW)

• Wind (0.2 – 5,000 kW )

• Photovoltaics (.01 – 1000 kW )

• Fuel cells (5 – 250 kW )

• Microturbines (30 – 250 kW )

• Diesel (1 – 100 kW )

Traditional Energy Surety ApproachTraditional Energy Surety Approach

Backup diesel

Primary power

Energy Surety Microgrid Energy Surety Microgrid

Backup power

Primary power

Energy Surety Microgrid

Surety Levels Outside Energy Surety Zone:

Buildings without backup: 99.95% (5.3 hrs out/year)

Buildings with backup: 99.99% (53 minutes out/year)

Surety Levels Inside Energy Surety Zone:

Determined by:

Theoretical Energy Surety AssessmentTheoretical Energy Surety Assessment

Generator typeFuel type and its vulnerabilitiesAmount of storage

Tasks to Realize Surety Microgrids Tasks to Realize

Surety Microgrids

1.Develop surety requirements:--facilities to protect--level of protection--type of on-site generators

2.Optimize the amount of fuel/energy store

3.Properly control the surety microgrid (agent based)

4.Model microgrid’s effectiveness (consequence model)

5.Insure proper interconnection to grid

Developing Surety RequirementsDeveloping Surety Requirements

1)Review existing vulnerability analysis

2)Identify surety zones and reliability needs

3)Rank order zones

4)Determine load profile in each zone

5)Examine/select generators for zones

6)Select appropriate financing options

Storage Improves the Surety Value of Distributed Generators on Microgrid

Storage Improves the Surety Value of Distributed Generators on Microgrid

•Improves capacity factor of renewable generators

•Improves probability of continuous operation

•Provides stability during islanding sequence

On-site Fossil Generation CharacteristicsOn-site Fossil Generation Characteristics

•High capacity factor

•Generators proven and understood

•Fuel storage relatively inexpensive

•Fuel supplies can be interrupted

•Fuel stores are dangerous and favored targets

On-site Renewable Generation CharacteristicsOn-site Renewable Generation Characteristics

•No conventional fuel required

•Fuel supply invulnerable to human interruption

•Intermittent operation

•Low capacity factors

•Associated energy storage is relatively expensive

Considerations for Storage in a Microgrid

Considerations for Storage in a Microgrid

Batteries are sensitive

Fuel storage has liabilities

• Must be charged continuously• Can be dangerous (produce H2)• Cannot be too hot or cold• Use toxic chemicals• Have a relatively short life (decade?)

• Must be supplied by transport or pipeline• Explosion hazard (good target)• Environmental impact• Toxic materials

Electrical Storage Role in Islanding Electrical Storage Role in Islanding

Backup power

Energy Surety Microgrid

Islanding Sequence Within Microgrid1) Detect grid loss2) Assess loads and shed if needed3) Prioritize loads4) Bring on idle/spare generation capacity5) Share power to loads6) Begin islanded operation7) Complete within 50 milliseconds8) Storage provides stabilization

Optimizing Storage on a Surety Microgrid

Optimizing Storage on a Surety Microgrid

1.Characterize distributed generators

2.Develop basic probability model; function of:

3.Characterize storage technologies

4.Develop optimization strategy for specified reliability level and cost

5.Test using Monte Carlo simulation or equivalent

--fuel availability and vulnerability--generator reliability and vulnerability--costs

Microgrid Agent Based Control Microgrid Agent Based Control

Energy Surety Microgrid

Computerized Control agent

Environmental and Resource

Monitor

Consequence ModelingNaval Magazine Indian Island

Consequence ModelingNaval Magazine Indian Island

EP-1 DisruptionElectrical Power at NMI I

1 2 30

1

Containers Breakbulk Base Run

e. Containers Loaded (cumulative)

1 2 30

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000container

f. Munitions loaded on ships at pier

1 2 30

5,000

10,000

15,000

short tons

c. Trucks in use

1 2 30

10

20

30

Tru

cks

b. Containers on NMI I Holding Lots

1 2 30

100

200

300

400

500container

a. Containers at Bangor I MF

1 2 30

50

100

150

200

250

300container

Electrical Power at NMI I

1 2 30

1

d. Break-Bulk Loaded (cumulative)

1 2 30

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000lift

Examined effects of infrastructure disruptions on load-outs

Islanding IssuesIslanding Issues

•Use CBEMA or equivalent to initiate disconnection

•Open static switch on customer side

•Provide visible disconnect on utility side

•Sync to frequency and voltage

•Close static switch on customer side

•Close visible disconnect on utility side, if needed

Disconnection:

Connection:

IEEE 1547.4 Standard Covers Islanding

Electrician WarningsElectrician Warnings

Technical Lead Energy Surety

Office

Energy Infrastructure

Surety for Military &Civilian

Applications

Energy Systems Analysis

Security Analysis

Distributed EnergyTechnologies Lab

National InfrastructureSimulation and Analysis Center Sandia Business

Develop.

Advanced Info Systems Force Protection Systems

Project is funded!

Sandia’s Microgrid Development TeamSandia’s Microgrid Development Team

When done, we can… When done, we can…

Review current energy infrastructure weaknesses

Design correction strategies (e.g., surety microgrids)

Model the effectiveness of the corrections without installing hardware

Manage the hardware installation

Measure the surety microgrid’s effectiveness

Apply the methodology nationally

Why Energy Surety is an Issue to the Military

Why Energy Surety is an Issue to the Military

•Energy is critical to the mission

•Energy loss affects mission readiness

•Some energy infrastructure is vulnerable

Project ScheduleProject Schedule

Oct. 1, 2005 -- Project start

Sept. 30, 2006 -- Microgrid concept complete

Jan. 31, 2007 -- Begin pilot test on a DOD base

Jun. 1, 2007 -- Widespread DOD implementation

Mar. 1, 2007 -- Adapt to civilian applications

Why Energy Surety is an Issue to Civilian Communities

Why Energy Surety is an Issue to Civilian Communities

•Energy is critical to economic development

•Energy loss affects business profits

•Health and safety are dependent on reliable power

•Reduce chaos from power disruptions, saves lives

SummarySummary

• Energy reliability and security concerns are real

• Military mission readiness depends on reliable energy

• Civilian applications are developing

• A number of technical issues need to be addressed to realize surety microgrids