Development of Eco-City Based on Sustainable Water Management

Systems in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

Lei Yang 1 and Cheh -Shyh Ting 2

1Dept. of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yet-sen University,

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

2Dept. of Civil Engineering, National PingtungUniversity of Science and Technology,

Pingtung, Taiwan

Where is Kaohsiung City?

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The Water Problems in Kaohsiung City

In Taiwan, Kaohsiung City and Kaohsiung County , have been merged into one City in 2011, in which the land coverage is increased from 153 Km2 to 2,792 Km2.

The new Kaohsiung City also changed topographically from mostly plain to more mountainous with an additoinal 53% high mountains and 43% hilly and plain areas.

Such changes make the problems of flooding, water pollution and water scarcity more serious.

The city government thus established a master plan of sustainable water management to solve the problems and further to establish an eco-city.

Areas2,792 Km2

Population: 270 millions Provided by Dr. T. F. Tseng

Kaohsiung City

The Metropolitan Part of Kaohsiung City

Kaohsiung County Kaoping River

NSYSU campus

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Houjen River

Lotus Lake

Neiwei Pond

Cheng Ching Lake

Golden Lion Lake

Shezilin Pond

Jioufan Pond

Love River

Chiangen River (down stream)

Yenshuigang River

Old Caokong Canal

Fongshan River (upstream)

New Caokong Canal

Urbanized and Industrialized Kaohiusng City

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Opportunity I: Flood control, conserve water resource, water pollution control, and carbon reduction by ecological approach

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FLOOD CONTROL Master Plan for Integrated Flood Management

Contain Water (Flood) from the upstream

Flood Mitigation and Detention from the midstream

Flood Prevention and Discharge from the downstream

In Mountain Areas: conserving forest and using hybrid forestation (REDD+ Project)

In Agricultural Areas: using Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)

In Coastal Areas: conserving mangrove wetlands based on Blue Carbon (BC)

In Municipal Areas: constructing wetland parks and eco-flood detention ponds for multi-functions.

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What is Blue Carbon?

Marine and Coastal Environment ProtectionMarine and Coastal Environment ProtectionMarine and Coastal Environment ProtectionMarine and Coastal Environment Protection

Report fromIntergovenmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO), UNDP, UN-FAO, and IMO: 10 strategeis for marine ecosystem protectionhttp://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/interagency_blue_paper_ocean_rioPlus20.pdf

The first strategy: Creating a global blue carbon market as a means of creating direct economic gain through habitat protection.

0m 1000m

Yun-An (Mangrove )Wetland Park

Che-Ding (Mangrove )Wetland Park (Under construction)

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Lin-Yun Ocean Wetland Park (under project)

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YuanchungangCoastal Wetland Park

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Jhongdo Wetland Park was built beside downstreamofLove River (combine natural and historical landscape)

ChungdoWetland Park (Win 2012 excellent award of International Real Estate Federation )

Love River

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Yuanchungang Wetland Park

Banping Lake Wetland Pakr

Zhouzai Wetland Park

Neiweipi Wetland Park

Benholi Eco-Detention Pond

Niaosong Wetland Park

Golden Lion Lake

JioufanpiWetland Park

Shezilinpi Wetland Park

Cheng Ching Lake

Lotus Lake

Jhongdo Wetland Park Other Wetland

Parks in the municipal areas of Kaohsiung City

Love River

Heart of Love River- Ruyi Lake Wetland

DadongWetland Park

NUK Campus Eco-pond

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Establishing Wetland Eco-corridor: Pearl Connection Project for Caogong Canal irrigation systems

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Opportunity II: Development of New Water Resources by Ecological Approach

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IntroductionIntroduction

Location: East of the Taiwan Strait, off the southeastern coast of mainland China

Geography : 23 million people; 36,000 km2 ; The Central Mountain Range where formed by Eurasian and Philippine Plates

Climate : annual rainfall: 2,500 mm; 60% rainfall between May and October; Temperature: 25

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Earthquake

Fate of Taiwan

Debris flow and landsilde

Typhoon

:

921 Earthquake, 1999

Flood

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KaoPing River Basin has abundant precipitationunder a sub-tropical climate, and more than 90% of total annual precipitation occurs during the wet season (from May to October).

The hydrological characteristics of the basin are unique with short, steep gradient rivers.

Land subsidence due to over-pumping

Artificial Groundwater Recharge Project in implementation for increasing groundwater level

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Close to the sea dike near the subsidence area of Pingtung Plain where we can recognize that the sea level is higher ca. 3 meters than low land surface and the pipes those are responsible of pumping

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Typhoon Picture-Recording last 20 years

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Introduction

A deadliest natural disaster in 2009: Typhoon Morakot

The artificial groundwater recharge project

Experimental Study of Intake Facilities for Water Resources Development from Riverbed Interflow (Bank filtration)

Preliminary conclusions

ContentsContents

27cited from Prof. Chang-Tai Tsai, NCKU, Taiwan

MTSAT-1R Infra-red Images forTyphoon Morakot 2009

Early on August 2, 2009, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a tropical depression had formed within a monsoon trough located about 1000 km (620 mi),to the east of the Philippines. However the depression remained weak, and was downgraded to an area of low pressure before regenerating later that day. Both the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration(PAGASA)then started to monitor the depression early the next day (August 3)whilst it was located about 700 km (430 mi) to the southeast of Okinawa, Japan with PAGASA assigning the name Kiko to the depression. The JTWC were reporting at this time that it was an area of convection with deep convection flaring on the western side of a partially exposed low level circulation center at this time.

28cite from

Rainfall in 5 days:

2910mm

August 5, 2009: 20:30, theCentral Weather Bureauof Taiwan issued a Sea Typhoon Alert for Morakot.August 6, 2009: Severe Tropical Storm Morakot intensified into a typhoon.August 7, 2009: Morakot was closing to Taiwan. It moved very slowly and it made landfall just before midnight.August 8, 2009: After midnight, most of the districts in south Taiwan recorded heavy rainfall.An entire village was buried at the southern county of Kaohsiung as roads were left damaged and landscape changed. Close to 1000people were killed as a result.

accumulated rainfall

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Landslides at the upstream

Landslides at the upstream resulted in debris. A numerous mass of sand and soil accumulate on the river. The Quake dam (debris dam or barrier lake or quake lake) was then possibly formed. The government and specialist had to check and recognize the condition to be processing during flooding or raining period.

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Erosion of roads

The wisdom said that The river water way flow can be detected from the past experiences. The construction might be damaged when the excessive flow occurred.

Room for water

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Broken bridge

The damage of bridge before and after the flood.If the foundation piles is getting closer the more dangerous would be happened. Beacause the surface water have to pass through the cross section to release the energy. The more narrow of the each pile space in between, the

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After the flood

Water flows past a severely eroded embankment near a damaged bridge that previously linked Pingtung and Kaohsiung, in southern Taiwan on August 9, 2009.

Lots of dead woods rushed down from the mountain and stayed on the riverbed after the flood and debris flow

332006.02

the water buffer be thought as not only surface storage facilities, for instance traditional RIVER INTAKE or RESERVOIR when getting

trouble, but also groundwater reservoir

RESERVOIR

Sediment settle

River intake by weir

Sediment settle

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Introduction

A deadliest natural disaster in 2009: Typhoon Morakot

The artificial groundwater recharge project

Experimental Study of Intake Facilities for Water Resources Development from Riverbed Interflow (Bank filtration)

Preliminary conclusions

ContentsContents

One of the strategies being processingThe artificial groundwater recharge projectWith 3R (Recharge, Retention and Reuse)

Rechargefrom surface by rain water, Retentionthe surface water into the aquifer with controlling the groundwater decline and then Reuseby pumping at middle or distal fan when needed with managing control. The sustainable yield can thus be run all the year using groundwater resources.

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Traditionally, management of water resources has focused on surface water or groundwater as if they were separate entities. As development of land and water resources increases, it is apparent that development of either of these resources affects the quantity and quality of the other. Nearly all surface water features (streams, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and estuaries) interact with ground water. These interactions take many forms. In many situations, surface water bodies gain water and solutes

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Hydrogeological Schematic Profile

A

A

Study site

A

A

Study site

gravel

sandsilt,clay

bed rockaquifer

aquitard

interfacegwtable

equipotentialline (m)

path lineinterface of sea water intrusion0 5 km

LEGENDMSL (m)

zone of zone of flowing flowing wells of wells of artesian artesian aquifersaquifers

zone of zone of overpumpingoverpumping

sea

experiment site

Fau

ltF

ault

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30405060

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100

0

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recharge recharge zonezone

A-A Profile

gravel

sandsilt,clay

bed rockaquifer

aquitard

interfacegwtable

equipotentialline (m)

path lineinterface of sea water intrusion0 5 km

LEGENDMSL (m)

zone of zone of flowing flowing wells of wells of artesian artesian aquifersaquifers

zone of zone of overpumpingoverpumping

sea

experiment site

Fau

ltF

ault

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-150

-100

-50

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-200

-250

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30405060

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recharge recharge zonezone

A-A Profile

KaoPing Basin

From northeast to southwest, the unconsolidated sediments vary from coarse (gravel, cobbles, and boulders) to fine materials (sand, silt, and clay).

Proximal fan:Transmissivity is ca. 9,000m2/day, and the phreatic storage factor lies between 0.01 and 0.3.Mid fan:Transmissivity is approximately 2,300 m2/day, the storage coefficient is 610-3.

Distal fan: transmissivity is approximately 1,200 m2/day, the storage coefficient is estimated to be 510-5

Artificial Recharge of Groundwater Project in KaoPing Basin

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Activities of GW at Linbien alluvial fan, KaoPing BasinActivities of GW at Linbien alluvial fan, KaoPing Basin

11stst aquiferaquifer

22ndnd aquiferaquifer

33rdrd aquiferaquifer

SWLSWL

OceanOcean

aquitardaquitard

aquitardaquitard Interface of sea water intrusion

GW direction

Gravel

Sand

Silt, clay

LEGEND

??

?

?

?

??bed rockbed rock

zone of zone of overpumpingoverpumping

zone ofzone ofland subsidenceland subsidence

zone of flowing zone of flowing wells of artesian wells of artesian

aquiferaquifer experimentexperimentsitesite

zone of top of zone of top of alluvial fanalluvial fan riverriver

leveelevee

Fish Fish pondpond

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Arfificial Recharge of Groundwater Projectin KaoPing Basin

Infiltration Basin for the Project

Landscape of the Project

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Flood water retention

Site of the artificial groundwater recharge

project

Flood prevention works I at the downstream (low land)

Flood prevention works II at the downstream (low land)

Groundwater recharge and water

supply works

Integrated watershed managementStep-by-Step Project Guideline

Remove the dike(room for river)

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Introduction

A deadliest natural disaster in 2009: Typhoon Morakot

The artificial groundwater recharge project

Experimental Study of Intake Facilities for Water Resources Development from Riverbed Interflow (Bank filtration)

Preliminary conclusions

ContentsContents

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From Crisis to Turning Point: New use for old wisdom-underground Collector GalleryFrom Crisis to Turning Point: New use for old wisdom-underground Collector Gallery

Mr. Leo Ranney, in 1927

Water Resource Management:Bank Filtration as Sustainable Solution for Drinking Water Production

History of Ranney Well

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Induced bank infiltration

Bank infiltration schemes commonly consist of a gallery or a line of boreholes at a short distance from, and parallel to the bank of a surface water body.

Pumping of the boreholes lowers the water table adjacent to the river or lake, inducing this water to enter the aquifer system. During the passage of water through the riverbed (or lake bottom) and aquifer, dissolved and suspended contaminants as well as pathogens are removed due to a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Induced bank infiltration systems are typically installed near perennial streams and lakes that are hydraulically connected to an aquifer through the permeable, unconsolidated deposits that form the stream bed or lake bottom.

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View for normal operation of Kaoping Weir

View for flood disaster of Kaoping Weir

View for normal operation of Intake Works

View for the flood disaster of Intake Works

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Regular operation and supply during flood disaster from Collector Well

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The feasible sites for bank filtration as sustainable solution fordrinking water production

Supply capacityMore than 10 Mm3/d

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If the artificial recharge of groundwater systems that can take surface waterfrom river and then could construct recharge basins at upstream by higher infiltrationrate transfer into aquifer (groundwater bank), can thus recovery uses at dry season andwater shortage period.

These systems not only can reduce the flood but also offer high quality watersources for multiple objective uses.

Finally, some conclusions of research topics have been made to thegovernmental water policies and strategies for the rethinking of sustainable waterresources management,viz: Implementation of

integrated river basin management;

bank filtration as sustainable solution for drinking waterproduction

reclaimed water and reuse for the industrial water use in Kaohsiung;

artificial recharge of groundwater in high-infiltration basins at Kaoping

River Basin; and

conclusions

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Conclusion Through sustainable water management

systems achieved by ecotechnology, including integrated flood management, Pearl ConnectinProject, and resilence functions contained in the REDD+, CSA and BC carbon reduction strategies, Kaohsiung City is changed from an industrial city to eco-city.

Recycling rainwater and reuse of grey water (from ocean outfall systems) will be the next.

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Kaohsiung City

Kaohsiung Harbor NSYSU campus

Thank You for Your Attention