Development of a system for salt removal, crop cultivation ...
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Development of a system for salt removal, crop cultivation, and table salt production that does not rely on a large-scale irrigation and drainage network Takashi KUME, Graduate school of agriculture, Ehime University, Japan Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai, Faculty of agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand Tadao YAMAMOTO, Graduate school of agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan Katsuyuki SHIMIZU, Graduate school of agriculture, Tottori University, Japan INTRODUCTION In Northeast Thailand, 1,841,000 ha of soil is salinized (Somsri & Pirach, 2015). The origin of salts is geological (Mahasarakham Formation). The study area of this research, Ban Phai District, Khon Kaen Province, is located almost in the center of Northeast Thailand, where 336,000 ha of saline soils are distributed in the low-lying areas of the Korat Plateau（Arjwech et al., 2019）. The study area is low-lying and has a small topographic gradient, which makes it difficult to improve drainage. In addition, the average landholding area of farm households is about 2-4 ha, and farmlands are irregularly arranged, making it difficult to construct a drainage network. Therefore, improvement of saline soils through large-scale irrigation-drainage network is difficult, and small-scale, individual measures for salt removal are needed. The objective of this study is to develop and implement a system that can manage salt at the farm household level without relying on a large-scale irrigation and drainage network, and to improve the cash income of farmers by growing salt tolerant crops and producing table salt. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted on 2.6 ha of plots with salinization since April 2018 to the present. Our system (Kume et al., 2019) completes the irrigation and drainage system and salinity management at the farm household level (Fig.1). The main components of the system consist of 1) salt removal through rainfall leaching and drainage improvement during the rainy season, 2) salt-tolerant crop cultivation using rainfall and reservoir water, and 3) traditional table salt production using high-salinity groundwater. The evaluation of the introduced system for salt removal and crop cultivation was done. Soil salinity was measured using EM38 and EC1:5 and pH were measured using soil collected from 0.05m-1.5m depth. Soil water extracts were used to measure EC1:5, pH, cations and anions using ion chromatography. Salt-tolerant crops were grown during the rainy season and crop length was measured. CONCLUSIONS The system clearly reduced the soil salinity. This is due to the fact that rainfall in the wet season acts as water for leaching, and salts are discharged from the drainage channels. This indicates that the system is applicable to this region, which has both wet and dry seasons. During the cultivation of Sesbania rostrata in the rainy season, rainfall served not only as water for leaching but also as irrigation water for crop cultivation. One of the unique salt management features of this system is the traditional table salt production that takes place at the downstream end of the study plots (Fig.5). Since it is difficult to cultivate crops during the dry season, table salt production and its sale is an effective way for farmers to earn cash. This system has a high potential to be introduced not only in Khon Kaen Province but also in other areas where it is difficult to construct a large-scale irrigation and drainage network. The accurate water and salt balance in the field will enable us to quantitatively calculate the amount of water used by rainfall and reservoir water. This will make it possible to cultivate crops in the dry season using reservoir water, which will further increase farmers' income. RESULTS Soil EC measured by EM38 decreased from an average value of about 1500 mS/m to 1100 mS/m within one year after excavation of the drainage channel as shown in Fig.2 (Nohara et al., 2021). The soil EC1:5 in the surface layer decreased from 6.0 dS/m to 1.8 dS/m as measured using soil samples. Soil pH did not change significantly before and after excavation of the drainage channel, and was about 8.0 from the surface layer to 1.5 m depth. Crop cultivation was started one year after the excavation of the drainage channel was completed. Sesbania rostrata grew up to 1.4 m in height (Fig.3) during the rainy season in farmland that was completely white with salts and devoid of vegetation before the study (Fig.4). A workshop was held with local farmers who are using traditional methods for salt production. In the workshop, the system was introduced to the farmers, government heads, and students. Interviews revealed that produced table salt is sold to middlemen at 18 baht per kg. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by The Mitsui & Co. Environmental fund (FY2018-2021) and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 21H03692. Fig 1. Installed our system which removes salt from soil layer by monsoon rainfall and drainage, grows salt tolerant crops (Sesbania rostrata and Moringa oleifera Lam.), and can produce table salt at the end of the system using high saline groundwater in dry season. Hut for producing table salt Irrigation pond and drip tubes Salt tolerant crops (Sesbania rostrata and Moringa oleifera Lam.) Small drainage ditch and pond (Promote salt removal from soil layer) Fig 2. Changes in soil EC (salinity) from March 2019 to December 2019 March 2019 December 2019 Fig 3. Result of plant growth experiment in 2020 (Plant grew in experimental field two year after the system installed) Fig 4. As a result of soil improvement, crops are now able to grow Fig 5. Traditional table salt production by local farmers in dry season REFERENCES ・Arjwech, R., Everett, M. E. & Wanakao, P. 2019. The relationship between geological factors and the distribution of saline soil: A case study in the Khon Kaen Basin of Thailand. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 41 (5), 974-983 ・Kume, T., Boonthai Iwai, C., Srihaban, P., Yamamoto, T., Shimizu, K., Matsuda, H. & Ubukata. F. 2019. The Cascading Salt Using System for Adaptive Environmental Governance to Sustain Rural Areas in, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. The 10th International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development. Abstract Book 10th ICERD, 2nd NIC. Sakhon Nakhon, Thailand. ・Nohara, N., Yamamoto, T., Kume, T., Shimzu, K., Boonthai Iwai, C．2021. Effect of Excavated Small Draingane Channels on Desalinization in Northeastern Thailand. International Journal of Environment and Rural Development. (in press) ・Somsri ARUNIN & Pirach PONGWICHIAN, 2015. Salt-affected Soils and Management in Thailand. Bulletin of the Society of Sea Water Science, Japan. 69 (5), 319-325 (https://doi.org/10.11457/swsj.69.319)
Transcript of Development of a system for salt removal, crop cultivation ...
Development of a system for salt removal, crop cultivation, and table salt production that does not rely on a large-scale irrigation and drainage networkTakashi KUME, Graduate school of agriculture, Ehime University, JapanChuleemas Boonthai Iwai, Faculty of agriculture, Khon Kaen University, ThailandTadao YAMAMOTO, Graduate school of agriculture, Hokkaido University, JapanKatsuyuki SHIMIZU, Graduate school of agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
INTRODUCTION
In Northeast Thailand, 1,841,000 ha of soil issalinized (Somsri & Pirach, 2015). The origin ofsalts is geological (Mahasarakham Formation).The study area of this research, Ban PhaiDistrict, Khon Kaen Province, is located almostin the center of Northeast Thailand, where336,000 ha of saline soils are distributed in thelow-lying areas of the Korat Plateau（Arjwechet al., 2019）.The study area is low-lying and has a smalltopographic gradient, which makes it difficultto improve drainage. In addition, the averagelandholding area of farm households is about2-4 ha, and farmlands are irregularly arranged,making it difficult to construct a drainagenetwork. Therefore, improvement of salinesoils through large-scale irrigation-drainagenetwork is difficult, and small-scale, individualmeasures for salt removal are needed.The objective of this study is to develop andimplement a system that can manage salt at thefarm household level without relying on alarge-scale irrigation and drainage network,and to improve the cash income of farmers bygrowing salt tolerant crops and producing tablesalt.
METHODOLOGY
This study was conducted on 2.6 ha of plotswith salinization since April 2018 to thepresent. Our system (Kume et al., 2019)completes the irrigation and drainage systemand salinity management at the farmhousehold level (Fig.1). The main componentsof the system consist of 1) salt removal throughrainfall leaching and drainage improvementduring the rainy season, 2) salt-tolerant cropcultivation using rainfall and reservoir water,and 3) traditional table salt production usinghigh-salinity groundwater.The evaluation of the introduced system for saltremoval and crop cultivation was done. Soilsalinity was measured using EM38 and EC1:5and pH were measured using soil collectedfrom 0.05m-1.5m depth. Soil water extractswere used to measure EC1:5, pH, cations andanions using ion chromatography. Salt-tolerantcrops were grown during the rainy season andcrop length was measured.
CONCLUSIONS
The system clearly reduced the soil salinity.This is due to the fact that rainfall in the wetseason acts as water for leaching, and salts aredischarged from the drainage channels. Thisindicates that the system is applicable to thisregion, which has both wet and dry seasons.During the cultivation of Sesbania rostrata inthe rainy season, rainfall served not only aswater for leaching but also as irrigation waterfor crop cultivation.One of the unique salt management features ofthis system is the traditional table saltproduction that takes place at the downstreamend of the study plots (Fig.5). Since it isdifficult to cultivate crops during the dryseason, table salt production and its sale is aneffective way for farmers to earn cash.
This system has a high potential to beintroduced not only in Khon Kaen Province butalso in other areas where it is difficult toconstruct a large-scale irrigation and drainagenetwork. The accurate water and salt balance inthe field will enable us to quantitativelycalculate the amount of water used by rainfalland reservoir water. This will make it possibleto cultivate crops in the dry season usingreservoir water, which will further increasefarmers' income.
RESULTS
Soil EC measured by EM38 decreased from anaverage value of about 1500 mS/m to 1100mS/m within one year after excavation of thedrainage channel as shown in Fig.2 (Nohara etal., 2021). The soil EC1:5 in the surface layerdecreased from 6.0 dS/m to 1.8 dS/m asmeasured using soil samples. Soil pH did notchange significantly before and after excavationof the drainage channel, and was about 8.0from the surface layer to 1.5 m depth.
Crop cultivation was started one year after theexcavation of the drainage channel wascompleted. Sesbania rostrata grew up to 1.4 min height (Fig.3) during the rainy season infarmland that was completely white with saltsand devoid of vegetation before the study(Fig.4).
A workshop was held with local farmers whoare using traditional methods for saltproduction. In the workshop, the system wasintroduced to the farmers, government heads,and students. Interviews revealed thatproduced table salt is sold to middlemen at 18baht per kg.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by The Mitsui & Co.Environmental fund (FY2018-2021) and JSPS KAKENHIGrant Numbers 21H03692.
Fig 1. Installed our system which removes salt from soil layer by monsoon rainfall and drainage, grows salt tolerant crops (Sesbania rostrata and Moringa oleifera Lam.), and can produce table salt at the end of the system using high saline groundwater in dry season.
Hut for producing table salt
Irrigation pond and drip tubes
Salt tolerant crops(Sesbania rostrata and Moringa oleifera Lam.)
Small drainage ditch and pond(Promote salt removal from soil layer)
Fig 2. Changes in soil EC (salinity) from March 2019 to December 2019
March 2019 December 2019
Fig 3. Result of plant growth experiment in 2020(Plant grew in experimental field two year after the systeminstalled)
Fig 4. As a result of soil improvement, crops are now able to grow
Fig 5. Traditional table salt production by local farmers in dry season
REFERENCES
・Arjwech, R., Everett, M. E. & Wanakao, P. 2019. The relationship betweengeological factors and the distribution of saline soil: A case study in the KhonKaen Basin of Thailand. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 41 (5), 974-983・Kume, T., Boonthai Iwai, C., Srihaban, P., Yamamoto, T., Shimizu, K.,Matsuda, H. & Ubukata. F. 2019. The Cascading Salt Using System forAdaptive Environmental Governance to Sustain Rural Areas in, Khon KaenProvince, Thailand. The 10th International Conference on Environmentaland Rural Development. Abstract Book 10th ICERD, 2nd NIC. SakhonNakhon, Thailand.・Nohara, N., Yamamoto, T., Kume, T., Shimzu, K., Boonthai Iwai, C．2021.Effect of Excavated Small Draingane Channels on Desalinization inNortheastern Thailand. International Journal of Environment and RuralDevelopment. (in press)・Somsri ARUNIN & Pirach PONGWICHIAN, 2015. Salt-affected Soils andManagement in Thailand. Bulletin of the Society of Sea Water Science, Japan.69 (5), 319-325 (https://doi.org/10.11457/swsj.69.319)
