Development of a compact acoustic calibrator for ultra-high energy neutrino detection

Development of a compact acoustic calibrator for ultra-high energy neutrino

detectionS . Adrián, M. Ardid, M. Bou-Cabo, G. Larosa, C.D. Llorens, J.A. Martínez-Mora

IGIC- Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain

Index1. Introduction

1. Acoustic Detection

2. Parametric Acoustic Sources

2. Parametric acoustic sources

3. Previous work 1. Planar Transducers

2. Cylindrical Transducers

4. Studies for long distances1. Experimental measurements in a pool.

2. Array

3. Extrapolation at km range

5. Prototype for a future sea campaign1. Array design

2. Mechanical structure.

3. Electronics

6. Conclusions

7. Future stepsDevelopment of a compact acoustic calibrator for ultra-high energy neutrino detection

2dt

d 2

G.A.Askaryan. Hydrodynamical emission of tracks of ionising particles in stable liquids. J. At. Energy 3 (1957) 921.

Tem

pe

ratu

re

Time

h∝𝛼 𝛽𝐶𝑝

h

∆t

Hadronic Cascade

≈1km

Bipolar PulseCylindrical Propagation Pancake Directivity ≈ 1º

CALIBRATOR:Parametric Acoustic Sources

1. Introduction: Neutrino’s acoustic signal

Development of a compact acoustic calibrator for ultra-high energy neutrino detection

When a UHE neutrino interacts whit a nuclei in water…

• Parametric acoustic generation is a well known non linear effect first time studied at 60's.

• Parametric acoustic generation consist in a non linear effect that occurs along the sound wave path when a transducer is fed with a modulated signal with two close frequencies.

1. Introduction: Parametric Acoustic Sources

• Small fraction of energy is converted into new spectral components.

• Larger frequencies are rapidly absorbed in the medium → most interesting harmonic is the frequency difference.

• It can be used to obtain a low frequency secondary signal with directivity similar to the high frequency primary beam.


• Modulation of signal for emission calculated from parametric theory:

• First studies were done using planar transduces in order to understand and control the parametric acoustic generation.

M.Ardid et al. “Use of parametric acoustic sources to generate neutrino-like signals,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A, vol. 604, Jun.

2009, pp. S208-S211.

• To disentangle the primary and secondary beams we applied different filters.

4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25

x 10-4

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Emitted Signal Before Amplification ( Sigma 50 )

Time [s]

Am

plit

ud

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]

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

x 10-4

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1Signal 50 Sigma

Time [s]

Am

plit

ud

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V]

Primary beamPrimary beam (Filtered)Secondary beam (x3)

Recorded signal and bipolar pulse

1. Introduction: Parametric Acoustic Sources


Emitter is fixed, whereas the receiver hydrophone scans along X, Y and Z axis using a micropositioning system.• Arbitrary signal generator PCI-5412 (National Instruments).• RF amplifier ENI 1040L (400W, +55dB, Rochester, NY). • Digitizer PCI-5102 (National Instruments) • Dimension of tank is 1 m3

Emitter hydrophone:10 kHz Free Flooded Ring- 380 kHz frequency resonance used for our studies- It is usually used at lower frequencies, so it can be used as well as a classical transmitter at high frequency

Receiver hydrophone: More sensitive below 100 kHz than for 380 kHz. More sensitive to the bipolar pulse (hardware filtering)

X axis

Y axis

Z axis

3. Previous Work (cylindrical transducers)


1.10 x 0.85 x 0.80 m3

• Shape studies: Control generation of bipolar pulse

• Directivity studies

4.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5

x 10-4

-1.5

-1

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1

1.5Signal 50 Sigma different lengths

Time [S]

Ampl

itude

[V]

500100Short

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x 10-4

-1

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1Input Signal (different sigma)

Time [s]

Amplit

ude [

V]

Sigma 200Sigma 100Sigma 50Sigma 25

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

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0

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1Signal 50 sigma 500 length

Time [s]

Ampl

itude

[V]

Primary beam

Primary beam (Filtered)

Secondary beam (x3)

Emitted signals with different adding time

between the increasing and decreasing amplitude

regions

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

x 10-4

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1Signal 50 Sigma

Time [s]

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plit

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Primary beamPrimary beam (Filtered)Secondary beam (x3)

Emitted signals with different width

(different sigma used)



Relationship between the amplitude of the primary and the secondary beam:



M.Ardid et al. “R&D studies for the development of a compact transmitter able to mimic the acoustic signature of a UHE neutrino interaction,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A, doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.11.139.

0 1 2 3 4

Distance E-R [m]

0

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ized

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plitu

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Primary BeamSecondary Beama x-0.81

a x-0.51

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Angle [º]

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1

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mal

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Am

plitu

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Secondary BeamPrimary Beam

4. Studies in a pool

• Measurements in a pool. Single element.


Pool dimensions: 6.3 x 3.6 x 1.5 m3

4. Studies in a pool

• Measurements in a pool. Array system

-4 -2 0 2 4

Angle [º]

0.4

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1

1.2

Nor

mal

ized

Am

plitu

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Primary BeamSecondary Beam

Development of a compact acoustic calibrator for ultra-high energy neutrino detectionFI

RST

PR

OTO

TYPE

FWHM ≈ 7 º

Pool dimensions: 6.3 x 3.6 x 1.5 m3

4. Studies for long distances

Received Signal V(t)

Received Signal P (t)Spectral

Components APSD(f)

Propagation

Temporal reconstruction.

Propagated signal P (t)

3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8

x 10-4

0.01

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Time [s]

Pre

ssu

re [

Pa

]

Analitical Propagation Bipolar Pulse

1 Km

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

x 10-4

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0.04Experimental waveform

Time [s]

Am

plitu

de [V

]

4,5 m


Spectral Components VPSD(f)

FFT

S(f) [V/pa]

α(f)

Alpha (f)

Seawater conditions

Francois & Garrison

T(ºC) 13,2S(‰) 38,5pH 8,15

depth (m) 2200c(m/s) 1541,7

IFFT

IFFT

• Extrapolation


4. Studies for long distances

3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8

x 10-4

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Time [s]

Am

plit

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e [

V]

Experimental Waveform

0.7 m

0 2 4 6 8

x 10-5

-50

0

50

Experimental Parametric Bipolar Pulse

Time [s]

Pre

ssu

re [

Pa

]

0,7 m

3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8

x 10-4

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

Time [s]

Pre

ssu

re [

Pa

]

Analitical Propagation Bipolar Pulse

1 Km

Reference of pressure 0.1 Pa at 1 km

by neutrino of interaction

1 element 0.035 Pa3 elements 0.105 Pa

• Extrapolation with single element working

Digital filtering

Propagation effect

𝐴=𝐴0

𝑟𝑒−𝛼𝑟 ;𝛼( 𝑓 )

5. Prototype for future sea campaign

• Array design


36,4 cm

17,5 cm

26,5 cm

SECOND PROTOTYPEFlexible Polyurethane EL110H

• Water resistance• Electrical insulation• High frequency and high voltage applications• Resistance to thermal and mechanical shock• No significant changes in the mechanical

response of the transducer

Two possible operation modes:380 kHz parametric generation[ 5-50 ] kHz calibration, positioning…

5. Prototype for future sea campaign

• Mechanical structure.

Extensible 20 m

Rotating arm

Fixing bar


Array Fixation

Rotation control

• Secure the device to the boat.

• Dipping it.• Control of the rotation

angle.

5. Prototype for future sea campaing

• Electronics Pulse Width Modulation

• Class D Amplification• Simplicity of design• No large heat sinks less

weight and volume of the electronics system.

• Power amplifier has a minimum power at idle state


This technique has been implemented in the electronics of the acoustic transceivers for positioning systems in underwater neutrino telescope.

• We have presented the results obtained in relation with:• The studies of the parametric acoustic sources. • The prototype of the array system.• The results for the simulations.

The solution proposed based in parametric acoustic sources could be considered as good candidate to generate the acoustic neutrino-like signals, achieving the reproduction of both specific characteristics the signal predicted by theory:

• bipolar shape in time• pancake directivity

• Taking into account the work range of the transducers and the adaptation of the electronics to both applications it is possible, with the same device, to carry out several tasks:• Acoustic detection calibration.• Acoustic sensor calibration.• Positioning.

6. Conclusions


• Deployment and testing of the electronic board.• This will improve the efficiency of the parametric effect• This will allow experimental measurements at long distance.

• Complete the characterization of the prototype:• Laboratory• Gandia´s harbour

• Test the behavior of the transmitter using the Amadeus system.• Future sea campaign (vessel)• In situ integration at neutrino telescope

6. Future steps


Thank you

Development of a compact acoustic calibrator for ultra-high energy neutrino detection

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