Development Mindmap
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Transcript of Development Mindmap
Development= the process of social and economic advancements that
lead to an improvement in peoples quality of life andgeneral well-being
PQLI – Physical Quality of Life- Developed 1970 to replace GDP- Criticised due to overlap between
variablesVariables used:- Literacy rates- Infant mortality- Life expectancy at age 1 DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS
HPI – Happy Planet Index- Introduced by NEF in 2006 - Indicates relative ecological efficiency with well-being- First to combine environmental efficiency with human well-
being- Subjective
HDI – Human Development Index- Incepted 1990s to incorporate social
and economic data- Average score of 3 variables, expressed
between 1 and 0- No ecological measures or global
perspectivesVariables used:- Life expectancy at birth- Educational Attainment- Adjusted income per capita (GDP per
capita by PPP)
CASE STUDIES- Kerala and Qatar as both oppose general trend
that high GDP means development from both perspectives
- HDI = Norway 1st 0.943, UK 28th 0.863, China 101st 0.687
- HPI = Costa Rica 1st, China 20th, UK 74th
DEVELOPMENT CLASSIFICATION
- First, Second, Third World no longer applicable in Post Cold War World
- Too simplistic so have moved away from classification based on economics and politics
Development Continuum- Contemporary way of viewing
development as sliding scale- Reflects development occurs
in number of ways- Illustrates changing
importance over time- No discrete groups
Brandt Line = 80/20 = North/South- 1980 Brandt report into
sustainable development unveiled hemispheric development differences
- North = 80% of GDP but only 20% of global population
- Very outdated and too simplistic
Core/Periphery – composite indicators take an average but important to remember development spatially varies within countries.
- Produced 1960 - Based on 15 European and North
American countries- Based on economic development
STAGE 1 – subsistence agricultureSTAGE 2 – TNCs and FDISTAGE 3 – cumulative causation and industrialisationSTAGE 4 – population growth and urbanisation, self –sustaining growthSTAGE 5 – exploitative industries move elsewhere, rapid expansion of tertiary sector
ROSTOW MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
Criticisms and Benefits:- Too simplistic an Eurocentric- Does not consider debt or aid - Underestimates importance of
colonialism in early development
+ Used with DTM can form population policies+ Rough guide to development+ Easy to compare and understand
1. Income below $7050 per capita per year2. Weak human resources3. Economic vulnerability
How can LDCs develop?- Fair Trade- Industrialisation- Brain gain/drain- Early warning systems- International investment- Appropriate technology
LDCs
- 33/50 LDCs are sub-Saharan
LDCs = Sierra Leone, Haiti, Myanmar
Least Developed Countries(LDCs)
- 33 out of 50 LDCs are located in sub-Saharan Africa
- Highest HDI rank is Gabon at 119th and South Africa at 121st
- 16 LDCs are landlocked- 12 LDCs are small islands- Almost 50% of the population in LDCs live on
less than $1 a day- 70% of FDI in LDCs in 2004 went to oil-
producing countries- No country in sub-Saharan Africa will meet the
MDG to reduce CDR by 2015- Liberia has highest level of maternal deaths- Average annual population growth in LDCs is 5%
= highest in world- Over 40% of LDC population is under 15 years
old- 140 million people in LDCs live in poor housing
condition- Only 58% have access to clean water
What makes an LDC?1. Income below $750 per capita per year2. Weak human resources - Health - Education - Nutrition and calorie intake3. Economic vulnerability - Instability of exports - Instability of agricultural production - lack of economic diversity
How can LDCs develop?- Fair Trade- Industrialisation- Brain gain/drain- Early warning systems- International investment (TNCs and
appending FDI)- Appropriate technology- Agricultural mechanization- Sustainable raw material exploitation- Controlling population growth, i.e.
contraception and population policies
Issues facing LDCs
Political instability
Civil unrest Rule by dictatorship
Inequality
POLITICAL
High NI/IMR/TFR/CBR/CDR Rapid population growth
Early stages of DTMSOCIAL
DEMOGRAPHIC
Low export/imports
Lack of diversityPrimary employment sector
Low GDP Subsistence agriculture
ECONOMIC
Natural hazardsUnsustainable exploitation
Deforestation/degradation/desertification
Wood for fuel Low energy consumption No laws or legislation
Poor food/water supply
ENVIRONMENTAL
Inequality
Few human rights
Poor sanitation Poor education an health care
Civil conflictPoor living standards
HaitiPopulation: 10.1 millionLife Expectancy: 61 (men), 64 (women)GNI: US$995 per capitaGDP (PPP): $1995 per capitaIndependence French colonial rule: 1825HDI: 145th at 0.404
Sierra LeonePopulation: 6 millionLife Expectancy: 48 (men), 49 (women)GNI: US$340 per capitaGDP (PPP): $780 per capitaIndependence British colonial rule: 1961HDI: 180th at 0.336
Myanmar (Burma)Population: 50.5 millionLife Expectancy: 64 (men), 68 (women)GDP (PPP): $1307 per capitaHDI: 149th