Development in infancy and childhood 1 (1)
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Transcript of Development in infancy and childhood 1 (1)
Human Development
Group Members
• Abdus Samad • Haseeb Tanveer • Syed Abdul Rehman• Muqaddsa Qureshi • Ayman Tariq• Noor Zainab
Developmental Psychology
“The study of patterns of growth and change that occurs throughout life”
Nature and Nurture
• This debate is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited(genetic) or acquired(learned) characteristics
Nature:• It refers to all of the genes and hereditary
factors that influence who we are –from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics.
Nature and Nurture
Physical characteristics• Height• Weight • Obesity • Tone of voice• Age of deathIntellectual characteristics• Memory• Intelligence• Reading disability• Mental retardationEmotional characteristics• Shyness• Extra version• Emotionality • Anxiety• Alcoholism
Nature and Nurture
• Nature is pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.
Nurture:• It refers to all the environmental variables that
impact who we are ,including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships and our surrounding culture.
Nature and Nurture
Natural characteristics:• Certain physical characteristics are determined by
genetic inheritance i.e. color of eyes straight or curly hair, skin color and certain diseases.
• Height, weight, hair loss, life expectancy are positively correlated between genetically related individuals.
Nature and Nurture
Nurtured characteristics• The basic assumption of environmentalist is that
at birth human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually filled as a result of experience
• How a person behaves can be linked to influences such as parenting styles and learned experiences
Nature and Nurture
• Language comes from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the civilization within which the child is reared.
How nature and nurture interact?
HASEEB TANVEER125
Infancy through childhood
Human development can be classified into four categorizes• Physical development• Personal development• Social development• Cognitive development
Development of social behavior:
• It is a process to attain maturity in social relationship
• A process in which new type of behavior is learnt
www.simplypsychology.org
Attachment
“Attachment is a positive emotional bond that develops between child and particular individual”
The understanding of attachment progressed when psychologist Harry Harlow investigated the response of infant monkey separated from their biological mother and two surrogate mothers introduce in their cage
Attachment • One the wire mother consisted of a round wooden head,
a mesh of cold metal wires, and a bottle of milk from which the baby monkey could drink
• Second mother— consisted of a foam-rubber form wrapped in a heated terry-cloth blanket
Attachment The Harlow’s found that, although the infant monkeys
went to the wire mother for food, they overwhelmingly preferred and spent significantly more time with the warm terry-cloth mother that provided no food but did provide comfort
The Harlow’s studies confirmed that babies have social as well as physical needs. Both monkeys and human babies need a secure base that allows them to feel safe.
http://www.saylor.org/books/
Assessing Attachment Developmental psychologist devised a quick way to measure
attachment. The M.Ainsworth organized a strange situation
Strange situation— consists of a sequence of events involving a child and his mother
During the procedure, the mother and the infant are first left alone, while the infant explores the room full of toys. Then a stranger enters the room and , after which the mother leaves. The mother returns and the stranger leaves. The mother once again leaves the room and the stranger returns. Finally, the stranger leaves, and the mother return
Assessing Attachment
During the entire session a video camera records the child behavior. On the basis of their attachments, the children are categorized into four groups
1. Securely attached children
2. Avoidant children
3. Ambivalent children
4. Disorganized children
http://www.saylor.org/books/
Father’s Role • Although Early developmental researches focused on
mother-child relationship, more recent research has highlighted the father-child relationship
• Almost 13% of the families in which father stays at home for child care. The behavioral difference between father-child relationship and mother-child relationship is father engage in more physical , rough and tumble sorts of activities ,whereas mother plays more traditional and verbal games.
• Nature of attachment can be similar
Social relationship with peers
• By the time pass, children become less dependent on their parents, more self reliant and prefer to play with friends
• Through play they learn to take the perspective of other people and to infer others thoughts and feeling even when those thoughts and feelings are not directly expressed
• Children learn physical and emotional self control. For example avoid to hitting a playmate who beat them in game
Consequences of child care outside the homeDo child care arrangement outside the home benefit children
development?
if the program of high quality, they can. Children who attend High-quality child care centers may not only do as well as children who stay at home with their parents. but in some respects they may do actually better
Especially it is beneficial for children who belongs to poor family . In enriched environment —many toys, books, variety of children, high quality providers —often proves to be more better than home environment
Consequences of child care outside the home However child care outside the home does not
have universally positive outcomes because if they went poor quality child care center they loose their confidence and feel insecure
In short, high quality child care produce benefits and low quality child care provides little and may even hinder children’s development
Syed Abdul Rehman149
Parenting style and social development According to classic research by developmental psychologist Diana
Baumrind, four main categorize describe different parenting styles:
1. Authoritarian parents➢ Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning
obedience from their children
➢ They have strict rules and expectations
➢ Utilize punishments with little or no explanation
➢ Don’t give choices or options to children
2. Permissive parents
➢ Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent
direction and, although they are warm, required little of them
➢ Permissive parents are more responsive
➢ They are loving towards their kids
➢ Often seen like a friend, rather a parent
Parenting style and social development
Parenting style and social development 3. Authoritative Parents➢ Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their
children and explain things to them
➢ These parents closely interact with their children while
maintaining high expectations for behavior and as well as their
performance
➢ Encourage children to discuss options
➢ Listen to their children
Parenting style and social development4. Uninvolved parents➢ Parents who show little interest in their children and are
emotionally detached
➢ Show little love towards their children
➢ Have few or no expectations for behavior
➢ Don’t attend school events and parent-teacher conference
Erikson theory of psychosocial development
➢ Four stages of Psychosocial Development are following:
1. Trust-versus-mistrust stage
2. Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
3. Initiative-versus-guilt stage
4. Industry-versus-inferiority stage
Erikson theory of psychosocial development
1. Trust-versus-mistrust stage➢ According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial
development occurring from birth to age 1.5 years, during
which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust
2. Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
➢ According to Erikson, the period during which toddlers (ages
1.5 to 3 years) develop independence freedom are encouraged
or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and
overprotected
Erikson theory of psychosocial development
3. Initiative-versus-guilt stage➢ According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3
to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action
and the sometimes negative result of that action
4. Industry-versus-inferiority stage
➢ According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood during which
children age 6 to 12 years may develop positive social
interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become
less sociable
Piaget’s theory of development
➢ No theory of cognitive development has had more impact than
that of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget
➢ Piaget (1970) suggested that children around the world
proceed through a series of four stages in a fixed order
➢ Piaget proposed four stages:
1. Sensorimotor stage
2. Preoperational stage
Cognitive theory of development3. Concrete operational stage
4. Formal operational stage
5. Sensorimotor stage➢ According to Piaget’s the stage from birth to 2 years, during
which a child has little competence in representing the
environment by using images, languages or other symbols
a. Object permanence ➢ The awareness that objects and people continue to exist if they
are out of sight
Cognitive theory of development2. Preoperational stage➢ According to Piaget’s the period from 2 to 7 year of age that is
characterized by language development
a. Egocentric thought➢ A way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely
from his or her own perspective
b. Principle of conservation ➢ The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement
and physical appearance of object
Cognitive theory of development
3. Concrete operational stage➢ According to Piaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age that
is characterized by logic thoughts and a loss of egocentrism
4. Formal operational stage➢ According to Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that
is characterized by abstract thought
Noor Zainab126
George Herbert MeadSocial Self
The part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
1. Self is not there at birth it develops from social interaction
2. Social experience is the exchange of symbols3. Understanding intention requires imagining the
situation from the other’s point of view4. By taking the role of the other, we become self-
aware
Looking Glass Self
Charles Horton Cooley (1902):• A self-image based on how we think others see
us.1. We imagine how others see us.2. We imagine the judgments others make about
us.3. We create our self-image according to the
comments of others.
The “I” and the “Me”
George Herbert Mead:• The self has two parts.– Active side of the self is “I”– Objective side of the self is “Me”Me : socialized aspects of individualI : response to the “me”
Development of Self
• Imitation– Infants mimic behavior without understanding intentions.
• Play– Taking the roles of significant others
• Games– Taking the roles of several others at once
• Generalized other– Widespread cultural norms and values we use as a
reference in evaluating ourselves
Fig. Building on Social ExperienceGeorge Herbert Mead described the development of the self as a process of gaining social experience. That
is, the self develops as we expand our capacity to take the role of the other.
Importance of Self Development
• It makes you understand yourself better• It helps you to find your life’s purpose• It assists you in creating your goals• It makes you more motivated• It creates greater resilience• It guides you in managing your time effectively• It enhances your ability to handle stress• It teaches you to build better relationships• It allows you to live a balanced lifestyle