Development in Early Childhood2-6 years

Chapters 8-10

Review & Preview

Chapter 7• What are the 3 main

temperament types and what do they look like?

• What is attachment and how is it often measured in a research laboratory?

• What are self-awareness, self-recognition, and self-control?

• Toys primarily enhance cognitive development? T/F

Early Childhood (chs 8-10)• 2-6 years• Sometimes called the

“preschool years” or the “play years”

• Continued growth and development– Physical– Cognitive– Social and emotional

Temperament examples• Christi’s mother can’t make plans to go out because she never

knows when Christi will want to eat or sleep. Besides, Christi cries a lot and won’t stay with a sitter. Which temperament type best describes Christi?

• Michael is a quiet infant who is mild in his responses, both positive and negative. He show a distinct dislike for new situations, but eventually gets used to and enjoys new things. Which temperament type best describes Michael?

• Cathy’s mother can easily anticipate when she will eat and sleep. She is usually in a good mood and adjusts well to new people and situations. Which temperament type best describes Cathy?

©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Attachment examples• In the Strange Situation, baby Mitchell uses his

mother as a secure base from which to explore. He cries when she leaves and crawls quickly to her for comfort when she returns. Mitchell would be classified as showing ____________ attachment.

• In the Strange Situation, baby Malika does not cry when her mother leaves, reacts similarly to a stranger as she does to her mother, and shows no interest in her mother when she returns. Malika would be classified as showing _____________ attachment.

©2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Attachment examples (con’t)• In the Strange Situation, baby Ethan remains close to

his mother and fails to explore before separation. When his mother returns, Ethan hits and pushes his mother. Ethan would be classified as showing ______________ attachment.

• In the Strange Situation, baby Grace exhibits a dazed facial expression while being held by her mother. When her mother returns, she cries out unexpectedly and then freezes in an odd position. Grace would be classified as showing ______________ attachment.

Self-Awareness

Beginnings:• Infants’ sense of being physically distinct from

surroundings• Implicit sense of self–world differentiation

Explicit self-awareness:• Self-recognition: identification of the self as a physically

unique being• Explicit body self-awareness: realization that one’s own

body can serve as an obstacle

Self-Control

• Effortful control: ability to inhibit impulses and manage negative emotion

• Compliance (12–18 months):– Toddlers show clear awareness of caregivers’

wishes and expectations.– Assertiveness and opposition occur alongside

eager, willing compliance.• Delay of gratification: influenced by temperament

and quality of caregiving.

Quiz 81) On the average, children add _______ inches in height and about _______ pounds in

weight each year. 2. Childhood immunizations __________

a. have contributed to the rising number of children diagnosed with autism. b. have led to a dramatic decline in childhood diseases in the past half century. c. are unnecessary for healthy and well-nourished children. d. have had little impact on rates of childhood diseases in industrialized nations.

3) It is very common for children to become picky eaters in early childhoodTrue or False

4) Sex differences in motor skillsa) increase with age, but remain small throughout childhood.b) decrease gradually through middle childhood.c) become less dependent on practice as children age.d) are nonexistent until adolescence.

Children and television

• The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that kids under 2 years old not watch any TV and that those older than 2 watch no more than 1 to 2 hours a day of quality programming.

• In return for free use of the public airwaves, broadcasters are required to air 3 hours of children’s educational programming per week.

Children Now research study

• Only 1 in 8 Children’s Educational TV Programs Meet High Quality Standards

Criteria for measuring quality

Commercial and Public Television

Lesson by Channel Type

Lesson by Age Group

What do you think?• Use the guidelines from Children Now to rate the quality of a

popular children’s program?• Each criteria is rated 0-2

– Clarity: ease of identifying primary lesson– Integration: frequency of primary lesson– Involvement: did lesson engage and interest viewer– Applicability: is lesson connect to the real world?– Importance: is lesson valuable or useful to the viewer?– Positive reinforcement: is learning rewarded?

• The study rated Clifford the Big Red Dog as a 9.0. Of the 40 programs included in the study, the program tied for 17th.

Common Sense Media