Development & Gender

DevelopmentI. How is development

measured? A. Economic Indicators of

Development 1. Primary Sector 2. Secondary Sector 3. Tertiary Sector 4. Quaternary & Quinary

Sector B. Social Indicators

1. Education & Literacy 2. Health & Welfare

1. Diet (adequate calories)

2. Healthcare Access

DevelopmentC. Demographic Indicators of Development

1. Life Expectancy 2. Infant Mortality 3. Natural Increase 4. Crude Birth Rate

Human Development Index (HDI)

Human Development Index (HDI)

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

MPI: India

Development TheoryII.Models of Development

A. Self Sufficiency 1. Modest pace of development 2. Even distribution of development 3. Barriers established to protect local bus.

(tariffs, quotas, restrictions on imports) 4. Two problems:

a. inefficient businesses are protected. b. Large bureaucracy develops

II. Rostow: International Trade

Traditional

Preconditions for Take-Off

Take Off

Time

Drive to Maturity

High Mass Consumption

Traditional

Preconditions for Take-Off

Take Off

Drive to Maturity

High Mass Consumption

Primary Sector

Secondary Sector

Tertiary Sector

Vast Majority

Vast Majority

Declining

Few

Very Few

Few

Very Few

Rapid Growth

Stable

Declining

Very Few

Very Few

Few

Rapid Growth

Vast Majority

Traditional

•Subsidence economy based on effort intensive Farming.

- High effort, low output •Producers consume the output. Little available for trade

•Limited technology to process raw materials or advance industry

•Informal Markets. Barter is king

Preconditions for Take-Off

•Transportation infrastructure = surplus from trade

•Tech improvement = Ag Improvement, commercialized

•Amount of Capital & savings/investment grows

•Single industry emerges (textile)

Take Off

•Industrialization & Urbanization •Growth = 1-2 regions & Handful of Industries

•Amount of Capital & savings/investment grows

•New political, social, and infrastructure improvements to support industry

Drive to Maturity

•Diverse, self-sustained growth of multiple industries

•New, diverse transportation systems

•Econ development spreads to all parts

•Advanced Manufacturing develops

High Mass Consumption

•Rapid expansion of tertiary industries

•Industries shift to durable consumer goods

•Too Simple •Necessitates Financial infrastructure for success, relying on investment

•How will leaders use investment? Palaces or infrastructure

•Ignores other necessary infrastructures: Education, roads/rail, communication

•Assumes countries learn from others experiences.

II. Rostow: Criticisms

Development TheoryIII.Wallerstein’s World System Analysis

A. Periphery: Low Income 1. Low tech use 2. High % Primary Activity 3. Low levels of Ed

B. Semi-Periphery 1. Former Periphery 2. Increased Econ Dev 3. Example: BRICS

C. Core: High Income 1. High Tech Use 2. High % Tertiary Activity 3. High levels of Ed, majority population 4. Examples: OECD, G8

Development TheoryIV.Structuralist Theory

A. Regional disparities are assumed, part of system B. Geography determines economy, changes are

not easy. V. Dependency Theory

A. Dominant areas rule over weak (imperialism) B. Rich areas keep the poor areas down

1. Rich extract resources from poor 2. Rich loan $ to poor, keeps in debt