Development 1.2
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1.2 CORE‐PERIPHERY MODEL
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Background1. Model is by John Friedmann in the 1960s to explain the
differences in regional development.
2. The countries in the world can be divided into two main groups - the core and the periphery.
3. The core refers to the richer and developed countries or regionsThe periphery refers to the poorer and less developed countries or regions.
4. Used to explain why uneven development happens between countries & within a country.
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http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/APHG/projects/Core‐Periphery%20Model/gnpmap.gif
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How a Core is formed
More investments
Core country /
regionNatural
resources,
natural harbour,
supply ofcheap labour
ReputationProgress and
development with•Better infrastructure•More skilled labour•Higher income
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Periphery
country/ regionNatural (Raw
materials) &
Human (Labour)
Resources
Exploited by Core
through
‐
Military, I.e.
Colonisation
‐
Economic, I.e. Unfair
trading rules
Dependent on Core for development
Slow economic growth
How a Periphery is
formed
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Characteristics of Core & Periphery Countries
• Jobs are available• Key industries:
Secondary & Tertiary
Industries• Urbanised
with good
infrastructure•Concentration of wealth
• little jobs and investmentsKey industries: Primary• Limited infrastructure•Weak & poor economy
Labour
& Raw
materials
Finished products &
InvestmentsCORE PERIPHERY
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Core periphery development can have + Positive or ‐
Negative
effects on development
+ Positive(Spread)
‐Negative(Backwash)
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• Spread Effect: Benefits of development spread from CORE to the PERIPHERY inequalities between
CORE & PERIPHERY narrows. E.g. Singapore
BUT,
• Backwash Effect: Negative
impact CORE continue to grow at the expense of the PERIPHERY.
• Backwash effect sometimes
outweighs the
benefits produced by the Spread effect PERIPHERY to suffer
the negative impact of the development of the CORE.