Developing Renewable Energy in the Arab Countries Dr. Eng. Walid Al-Deghaili Energy Section Chief...

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Developing Renewable Energy in the Arab Countries

Dr. Eng. Walid Al-DeghailiEnergy Section Chief – SDPD/ESCWA

Lebanon Sustainability Week

1-3 June 2011 Biel, Beirut-Lebanon

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Table of Contents1- Introduction2- Overview of the Energy Sector3- Main Applications of RE4- Advantages of Developing RE USE5- Renewable Energy / Hydropower for Electricity Production 6- Renewable Energy / Wind Energy for

Electricity Production7- Renewable Energy / Solar Energy for

Electricity Production8- Renewable Energy / Biomass for Heat and

Electricity production 9- Barriers / Constraints facing the Adoption of RE for

Electricity Production10- Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy

- Expected Future Cost - 11- The Status of Cooperation in Arab Countries12- Conclusion

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1- Introduction

Pollution Emissions & Climate Change

- Sources of

- Storage of

- Conversion & use of

- Access to

- Security of Supply of

ENERGY T E C H N O L O G I E S

-Availability - Faisability - Efficiency - Cost

For Social & Economic Development

What about RE in Arab Countries ?

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2- Overview of the Energy Sector

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2- Overview of the Energy Sector (Continued)

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CO2 EmissionsFrom Fuel Combustion

CountryTotal Emissions from

Fuel CombustionMtCO2

% of World Total

Electricity & Heat Production MtCO2

Saudi Arabia 389.2 1.32% 154.0Egypt 174.0 0.59% 60.2

United Arab Emirates 146.9 0.50% 72.6Iraq 97.4 0.33% 29.9

Algeria 88.1 0.30% 24.0Kuwait 69.5 0.24% 31.8

Syria 54.4 0.19% 25.1Qatar 53.9 0.18% 11.5Libya 44.8 0.15% 25.4

Morocco 42.1 0.14% 14.9Oman 34.9 0.12% 13.5

Bahrain 22.3 0.08% 7.8Yemen 21.9 0.07% 4.2Tunisia 20.7 0.07% 8.0Jordan 18.4 0.06% 8.2

Lebanon 15.2 0.05% 7.5Sudan 12.1 0.04% 2.8Total 1 306.0 4.44% 501.3

Source: IEA 2010 (Data 2008)


CO2 Emissions per kWh Electricity Generated

CO2 Emissions per Tonne of Fuel Burnt

CountryCO2 Emission Factor

g/KWh

Bahrain 890.1

Egypt 471.5

Jordan 660

Iraq 700.7

Kuwait 807.5

Lebanon 667.3

Oman 854.5

Palestine -

Qatar 618

Saudi Arabia 747.6

Sudan 848

Syria 587.5

United Arab Emirates 843.6

Yemen 845.5

Algeria 670.9

Libya 899.4

Morocco 777.5

Tunisia 481.6

Type of Fuel CO2 Emissions

Gas/Diesel Oil 3.2033 tonne

Natural Gas 2.6993 tonne

Residual Fuel Oil 3.1430 tonne

Source: UNEP's Greenhouse Gas Calculator, UNEP, 20097


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3- Main Applications of RE

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- Water Solar Heating- Air conditioning and process heat by using Solar Energy- Biofuel for vehicles- Heat & electricity from waste- Pumping water by using wind Energy - Electricity Production in rural and remote areas- Electricity production at large scale for grid.300 GW of new generating capacity of all types added to the world’s grids between 2008 and 2009 (REN 21)

* Fossil Fuels 53%* Renewable 47%

- Emissions reduction and climate change mitigation,

- Pollution reduction, - Low operation and maintenance costs in power plant electricity generation, - The total cost for the production of KWh is stable and far from the effects of future inflations, - Security of electricity supply because it does not require import and it is not exposed to the risks of depletion, - Provide electricity in isolated and remote rural areas.

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4- Advantages of Developing RE USE

Advantages: - More than 50 % of the founding cost is from local components (civil engineering works), - It requires only minimum maintenance works, - Could be operated easily, - Ready to provide fast production, - Relied upon to adjust the frequency of several networks, - Production can be programmed and coordinated with other production facilities, especially when equipped with dams and reservoirs. The needs of implementing gravity-fed irrigation in some countries prevent the full exploitation of water resources for the production of electricity. Total installed capacity (10,010 MW) in Arab countries does not exceed 6% of the total equipped power . 12

5- Renewable Energy / Hydropower for Electricity Production

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Hydropower Potentials

Source: “Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region”, DLR for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany (2005)

5- Renewable Energy / Hydropower for Electricity Production (Continued)

Most of the Arab water sources were exhausted after the completion of MARWE Dam project in Sudan in 2010 (1250 MW).

In Lebanon, studies indicate the possibility of establishing about ten additional small hydro plants with a total capacity up to 160 MW, with an annual production not exceeding 600 GWh.

The possibility of establishing Large Hydro plants outside the Arab countries in the Nile Basin countries, where it can be coordinated between Egypt and Sudan on the one hand, and Ethiopia, on the other hand. Carrying out the electricity interconnection project in the countries of Eastern Nile Basin (Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia) where Egypt will benefit of 2000 MW and the Sudan 1200 MW.

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5- Renewable Energy / Hydropower for Electricity Production (Continued)

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• Wind speed is required at the rate of about 5.8 meters per second at a height of 10 meters from the ground (up to 4 meters for small wind turbines is acceptable), and about 7 meters per second at a height of 80 meters.

• Producing electricity from wind power came into commercial use since several years.

• The capacity of marketed wind turbines reached up to 5 MW per unit. A proven model, which is ready for marketing, is the E-126 (Capacity of 6-7 MW, height of 138 meters and blades diameter is 126 meters),

• Connected to working electrical networks with a 20-40% share.

• Manufacturing companies that share the global market is from different nationalities: Europe (Denmark, 20%, Germany 21%, and Spain 17%), United States 19 %, and Asian (China, 9 %, and India 9 %) Competition is available and therefore the purchase prices are appropriate.

The contribution of wind farms in the production of electricity in the Arab countries is 0,3%.

6- Renewable Energy / Wind Energy forElectricity Production

16Source: “Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region”, DLR for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany (2005)

Wind Energy Potentials: Annual Average Wind Speed

6- Renewable Energy / Wind Energy forElectricity Production (Continued)

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The cost of Wind – Produced power as a function of wind speed (Euro Cent/kWhr)

Number of full load hours per year

Source: www.wind-energy-the-facts.org


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Country Existing and Under Construction

Planned Projects

Jordan

Wind 1.5 MW Wind: 3 projects total of 310-430 MW (Al Kamsha, Fugeige, Araba Valley, Al Harir & Maan)

Plans to produce 1200 MW from wind

UAE

Wind 0.85 MW Wind Sir Baniyas Island 28.8 MW EPC May 2011 Expected commissioning 2012 - 2013 (MASDAR)

Syria

2015 2020 2025 2030

Wind MW

500 1500 2000 2500

Lebanon Wind 60-100 MW

Saudi Arabia Wind 50 MW in Yanbu and Zolum

Yemen Wind 60 MW (Al Mukhaa),

Egypt

Wind 550 MW (1600 GWh)

Wind 7200 MW Private Sector is very active in Manufacturing Wind local components 30% (70% in 2020)


• Arab countries enjoys local solar radiation (insolation) at a rate of 4-8 kWhr/m2 /day with the intensity of direct solar radiation (insolation) from 1700 to 2800 kWhr//m2 /day.

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7- Renewable Energy / Solar Energy forElectricity Production

Solar Energy Potentials: Direct Normal Irradiance


• Solar Thermal Systems

- The principle of concentrating the direct sunlight on a wide area by special shaped mirrors to focus on a smaller area. - The possibility of also being exploited for seawater desalination. - The possibilities of thermal storage for 24/24 hours operation. - The possibility that these systems could be associated with combined cycle systems that use fossil fuels. 20

Source: Alston

7- Renewable Energy / Solar Energy forElectricity Production (Continued)

Solnova 50MW Plant Configuration

21Source:


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Morocco: Ain Beni MatharIntegration into Combined Cycles

Source:


Shams-1 First Collector Installed

23Source:


24Source: Menasol 2011


26Source: Menasol 2011 - enolcon

Thermal Energy Storage Systems Technologies TESS


• Photovoltaic (PV) cells - Photovoltaic cells directly convert sunlight into electrical energy, whether direct or indirect, scattered or reflected.

Evolvement of Photovoltaic (PV) cells

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Technology Price (2008 S/Wp)

Manufacturing Cost (2008 S/Wp)

Conversion Efficiency

High-efficiency monocrystaline silicon

$ 3.83 $2.24 17.5%

Multicrystalline silicon $ 3.43 $2.12-$3.11 13.5%

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film $3.00 $1.80 6.5%

Copper indium diselenide/copper indium gallium diselenide (CIS/CIGS) thin film

$2.81 $1.26 10.2%

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film $2.51 $1.25 10.0%

Mehta and Bradford 2009

Source: Us Ministry of Energy www.energy.gov

Action Plan for Developing PV Solar Technologies

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2015

Type Commercial Module’s Efficiency

$/KW Installed

First Generation Wafer Silicone 15-21% 1

Second Generation a-Si Based thin film 10-13% 0.7

Second Generation e- Si film 13-16% 0.7

Second Generation CdTe thin film 13% 2

Second Generation CIGS 10-15% 3

Second Generation Concentrator PV (III-V) Si 29-36% < 2

Third Generation Sensitized 10%

Third Generation Organic PV (cell) 12%

Source: US Ministry of Energy www.energy.gov


30Source: Menasol 2011(Isofoton cpv)Source: Menasol 2011 - Isofoton cpv

CPV


• In 2009, the prices of Silicium dropped by 80%, semiconductors by 50% and advanced crystallized modules by 38%.

• 175 thousand tons of Silicium was produced in 2010 compared to 70 thousand tons in 2008.

• The involvement of Asian companies, especially Chinese companies in the manufacturing process with large production capabilities that is based on the advanced technologies developed in Europe and Australia, has contributed significantly in providing better quality cells with competitive prices.

• The dispersed and multinational manufacturers around the world are a helpful factor to predict the continued decline in prices.

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32Source: Photovoltaic Barometer – Eurobserv’er – April 2011


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Source: Photovoltaic Barometer – Eurobserv’er – April 2011


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Source: Photovoltaic Barometer – Eurobserv’er – April 2011


• PV Stations connected to the electricity network are still very limited, despite the incentives given by some countries like preferential tariffs.

• PV systems are one of the best renewable energy applications in remote areas.

• Could be adopted to provide electricity for electric cars, has solved the problem of supplying electricity to satellites,

• A solution to the problem of security of energy supplies. • Cost is currently high, but it will decline.

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37Source: Menasol 2011 - Converteam


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Country Existing and Under Construction Planned Projects

Jordan

PV 5.5 + 0.5 MW CSP 8.5 MW (Ayla Oasis Project)

A consortium of Jordanian and Italian companies is planning to establish a PV solar power plant: "Shams Maan" $ 400 million, 100 MW in the first phase, 200 MW in the second phase within an area of two million square meters. Plans to establish 600 MW from solar energy.

UAE

Solar PV 10 MW connected to distribution grid in August 2009 87 777 modules to generate # 16114 MWh/year (MASDAR) SCP 100 MW shams 1 commissioning 2012 and 100 MW Sham 2 commissioning 2013 PV 100 MW Al Noor in operation before the end of 2013

PV 500 MW on rooftop during the next 20 years

Hydrogen 420 MW (through investment U.S.$ 15 billion (MASDAR Initiative)


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Country Existing Projects Planned Projects

Syria Solar PV 0.08 MW

2015 2020 2025 2030

PV MW 100 600 1500 2000

CSP MW 225 500 800 1300

A plant to manufacture Solar PV cells with a capacity of 11 MW/ year since 2010

Sudan Solar PV 0.5 MW in 1000 scattered villages

Palestine Solar PV less that 1 MW in diff. places

Solar PV 0.75 in Khalil and Jenin

10-20 MW CSP in Ariha to be expanded to 100 MW

Iraq Solar PV Street Lighting

Qatar Solar Energy projects around 1 Billion US$

2022 World Cup: 12 Carbon Neutral football stadiums Powered by Solar

Lebanon PV 1.2 – 1.8 MW for public use (pilot and awareness projects)

Saudi Arabia

Solar PV 10 MW 1st stage & 100 MW 2nd stage to supply power to desalination plants capacity of 30,000 m3 daily. To promote experiences as a 3rd stage.

Grid connected Solar PV 20 MW (Pilot project)

Yemen PV in diff. villages (Ka’awa 11.4 KW)

CSP 100 MW

Egypt

CSP 20 MW (in 140 MW ISCC) PV 5 MW (not connected to grid)

PV 100 MW Comambo (2015) PV 20 MW Ghardaga (2017) CSP 240 MW Private Sector is very active in Manufacturing CSP local components 50% PV factories: 450 MUS$ (with German technology) 3000 T polysilicone /year


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Country Under construction and Planned Projects

Kuwait Carried out feasibility study to implement a BOT project for 280 MW CSP station, (60 MW Solar)

Tunis

Tunisian Solar Plan: Carry out 40 projects under the framework of public private partnership between 2010-2016

To raise the current 4% share of RE in Electricity to 16% by 2016 & 40% by 2030

Algeria Started implementing a 150 MW CSP (Cost 315 Million Euros), Produce 5% of total energy from Solar by 2015, and produce 500 MW from RE sources by 2015

Libya

Carried out feasibility study to establish 60 MW CSP station for electricity and Water production

Libyan Plan: 1000 MW PV, 1200 MW CSP

International Bids to implement a 300 MW CSP and 100 MW Grid connected PV during 2010.

Morroco 9 billion US$ Project / 2000 MW by 2020 in 5 locations area of 10,000 hectares land.


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8- Renewable Energy / Biomass for Heat and Electricity production


In Arab Countries: necessity to avoid problems of Food Security and Deforestation.

Solid and liquid waste (Municipal- Agricultural residues: Vegetable or Animal) direct burn

CH4 generation (Solid waste

60% CH4 and 35% CO2)

Anaerobic digesters: Rural remote areas

Biogas: 5600 Kcal/m3

Biofuel: from agricultural residues/for Vehicles

Projects in Arab Countries

Jordan

Electricity production plant in “Ruseifa”, capacity 4 MW using biogas resulting from the landfill solid waste disposal system 42

8- Renewable Energy / Biomass for Heat and Electricity production (Continued)

Egypt- Sewage and wastewater treatment plant in “Jabal Al Asfar”,

production of 18.5 megawatts, equivalent to 70 % of its needs 26.6 MW

Lebanon - Wastewater treatment plant in Tripoli equipped for production of

half its energy from biogas - Feasibility study for extracting gas from a landfill

United Arab Emirates- Project to produce energy in a waste treatment plant, around 6500

tons of waste per day.

Yemen - The use of biogas technology (Anaerobic digesters) - Plan to establish a garbage dump in Sana’a to produce energy

from waste, (CDM) 43


Sudan

- Production of compressed bio-combustibles and Ethanol (technical assistance from Brazilian Cos).

Tunis

- Feasibility study for the use of alternative fuels produced from the waste in cement factories.

- Cooperation initiative with South Korea in the field of Energy from Waste

Morocco

- Implemented 2 projects to produce electricity from wastewater treatment

Projects partly financed by CDM to extract Methane gas from landfills

Egypt: 3 projects Jordan: 1 project Morocco: 3 projects

Syria: 2 projects Tunis: 2 projects44


A - The high cost of investsment

B - Financial support for the production of electricity from fossil sources

C - The difficulty and cost of electrical energy storage - Chemical energy (batteries), - Pumping water up to higher levels by electric power and store this water

in reservoirs and artificial lakes on the highlands and then re-used to run water turbines to produce electricity.

- Thermal storage for a period of 8-12 hours in a special blend of molten salts (60 % of sodium nitrate and 40 % of potassium nitrate, called rock salt) up to temperatures of 600 degrees Celsius within the insulated tank.

- Production of hydrogen from the surplus of electricity available did not reach the level of maturity.

D - Lack of readiness on a permanent basis

The power produced from renewable energy sources (solar, wind) is "negative" power, and availability it is not guaranteed all the time.

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9- Barriers / Constraints facing the Adoption of RE for Electricity Production

E - Exclusive rights to produce electricityThe European experience in general and German in particular, is considered as a pioneer experience in addressing this constraint. (A) Giving priority to feed the electric grid from RE production facilities; (B) The entity responsible for the electric grid should buy, transmit and distribute electricity generated from RE, to be compensated by the federal authorities;

KWhr Tariff cost based on the power source in Federal Republic of Germany

F – Lack/Shortage to keep pace with industrial progress

G - The possibilities of manufacturing companies in terms of their capacity to meet demand (wind)

H - Security concerns and living conditions priorities

I - Limited policies for attracting private investment, legislation and institutional arrangements and inadequate awareness. 46

Hydropower 12.67 eurocent for installations less than 500 KW Biogas from Landfills 9 eurocent Biogas from sewage treatment stations

11.7 eurocent for installations less than 500 KW

Biomass 11.67 euro cent for installations less that 150 KW Wind 9.2 eurocent for in land installations and 13

eurocent for off-shore, to drop after few years to 5.02 & 3.5 euro cent

Solar 31.94 eurocent up to 43.01 eurocent for installations erected on buildings, it reached according to certain circumstances to 57 eurocent

9- Barriers / Constraints facing the Adoption of RE for Electricity Production (Continued)

• Worldwide: In 2008, the share of renewable energy in electricity production is 18 % (including 15 % Hydro). Expected to rise to around 23 % in 2030 (out of which less than 14 % Hydro).

• It is uncertain what will accrue to the cost of electricity production from renewable energy sources, in case a global agreement on emissions reduction was adopted.

• The cost of producing KWh of electricity from RE, is subject to many variables including:

(A) Design and Manufacturing Cost of equipment in accordance with provided data, and the situation of the manufacturing companies in terms of competitiveness among them, and their production commitments for the coming years, the capacity of individual installations and the proportion of the local component of this equipment;

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10- Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy- Expected Future Cost -

(B) The level of development reached for the used technology: Maturity, marketing or research stages;

(C) The distance between the manufacturing and processing sites and electricity production implementation sites/ Cost of transportation of equipment;

(D) The cost of installing equipment in the workplace and civil engineering works, and the participation share of local labor;

(E) The equipment life-time;

(F) The interest rate, of capital, which is variable in time and space;

(G) Production sites: In- land or Off-Shore, and the expenses of potential land purchases, and the cost of connectivity to the existing network;

(H) The risks involved and the economic and political stability, security and stability of legislation, etc.; and the efficiency of the investment environment;

(I) The financing mechanisms and sources: CDM, carbon trading etc…;

(J) The availability of RE, both in terms of quantity (amount of solar radiation (insulation), wind speed, etc.) or availability and intermittency,

(K) Fees and taxes;

(L), etc. ....48

10 - Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy- Expected Future Cost - (Continued)

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Energy Source

2008 2030

Investment Generation Cost Investment Generation Cost

(US $/KW) (US cents/ KWh) (US $/KW) (US cents/KWh)

Hydro 1970-2600 4.5-10.5 1940-2570 4-10

On-Shore Wind 1770-1960 9-10.5 1440-1600 7-8.5

Off-Shore Wind 2890-3200 10-12 2280-2530 8-9.5

Biomass 2960-3670 5-14 2550-3150 3.5-12

Grid Connected PV 5730-6800 36-75.5 2010-2400 14-30.5

Solar Thermal 3470-4500 13.5-37 1730-2160 7-22

Geothermal 3470-4060 6.5-8 3020-3540 5.5-7

Tidal 5150-5420 19.5-22 2240-2390 10-11.5

Source: IEA

10- Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy- Expected Future Cost - (Continued)

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A - Mediterranean Solar Plan

B- The Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for Environment issues CAMRE The Arab Regional Strategy for Sustainable Consumption and Production: 6 priority areas for implementation, including "Energy for Sustainable Development" in terms of: -Deployment of renewable energy technologies -Increase the share of renewable energy in the fuel mix, particularly in rural and remote areas.

C - Arab Ministerial Council on Electricity / Committee of Experts on renewable energy and energy efficiency / Arab strategy for renewable energy applications:

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11- The Status of Cooperation in Arab Countries

- Developing Policies & legislation enhancing the use of RE.

- Industrial Capacity Development for RE components (Public Private Partnership – Capacity Building – Technology transfer and adaptation of Technology to local conditions)

- Optimal use of RE (saving environment -Climate Change mitigation – natural resources optimal use)

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11- The Status of Cooperation in Arab Countries (Continued)

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D - Establishment of the International Agency for Renewable Energy (IRENA)

E - Regional and bilateral cooperation - (A) The New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) in Egypt carried out a feasibility study for the establishment of two wind farms, in the regions of the Younbu and Zoulm in KSA. NREA also reviewed the terms of reference for the preparation of Wind Atlas for Sudan. - (B) UN ESCWA organized several training courses during the past years, and is implementing a project on capacity building during 2011 – 2012 (RE: Climate Change Mitigation, Poverty Alleviation, PPP).- (C) United Nations Programmes (UNEP - UNDP) and European Union…etc.


The Arab Strategy for Developing the Use of Renewable Energy(2010-2030)*

* Adopted by the Executive Office of the Arab Ministerial Council for Electricity in 23/11/2010

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Country Target Year

Declared Targets

Jordan 2020 10% of Primary Energy

UAE 2030 7% of Electrical Energy (Abu Dhabi)

Tunis 2014 4% of Primary Energy

Algeria 2030 10% of Electrical Energy

Sudan 2011 1% of Electrical Energy (not included 29% Hydro by 2007)

Syria 2030 4.3% of Primary Energy

Kuwait 2020 5% of Electrical Energy

Lebanon 2020 12% of Electrical Energy

Libya 2020

2030

10% of Electrical Energy

25% of Electrical Energy

Egypt 2020 20% of Electrical Energy (12% wind)

Morocco 2020 42% of Electrical Energy (21% of primary Energy)


R & D Activities(A) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia

donated in 2008 U.S. $ 25 million to research teams to carry out research works for making the cost of solar energy competitive with coal;

(B) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation signed an agreement with the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research to study the possibility of using solar energy to meet some of their energy demands in the oil sector operations: Production, Refining and Manufacturing;

(C) The Qatari government signed in 2008 an agreement with the British government to invest more than U.S. $ 220 million in the UK to fund low-carbon technology;

(D) King Abdullah, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, during the OPEC summit in Saudi Arabia in 2007, promised to donate U.S. $ 300 million to support research in the field of energy and the environment.

(E) MASDAR Initiative

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Wind power and solar energy could be used to contribute to the emissions reduction, as resources that are not subject to natural depletion.

Wind energy technologies become proven and common, and came into commercial investment.

It is expected, in the coming years, that the technologies for electricity production from solar energy will develop and reach the stage of technical and commercial maturity.

The Arab countries have made extensive efforts to adopt wind power and solar energy technologies. Some of them made investments in research and development, while others began to develop policies. Also, some have already begun to establish renewable energy projects and exploit them commercially.

It is clear that there are technical, economic, financial, social and institutional obstacles facing the spread of technologies for the production of electricity from renewable energy, but the firm will and concerted efforts, at the regional and international levels, in terms of technology transfer and secure funding, would overcome these constraints

12- Conclusion

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Thank you

Developing Renewable Energy in the Arab Countries Dr. Eng. Walid Al-Deghaili Energy Section Chief...

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