Developing gilts, gestating sows and lactating...

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Feeding the breeding herd:Developing gilts, gestating sows

and lactating sows

Typical Problems when Feeding the Breeding Herd

1) Gilt development

Wrong weight

Too fat, too old

2) Gestation

Feeding correct amount

Over‐formulated diets

3) Lactation Feed intake Feed intake Feed intake Feed intake Feed intake Inadequate nutrients

2

Gilt guidelines

Breed at 210 days of age

Minimum weight of 300 lb (130 kg)

At least 1 recorded estrus

3

2

Gilt Development Goals

Breed at second or later estrous at 300 lb(approximately 210 d of age)

• Moderate Growth Rate- Approximately 16 mm back fat at breeding

- 400 lb and < 21 mm backfat at farrowing

– target 15 to 19 mm

Feed 0.1% higher Ca:P than finishing pigs

Feed sow vitamins for at least 30 days before breeding.

4

Gilt Development feed management problems

Healthy gilts growing too fast

Sick gilts growing too slow

Training gilts to ESF setting them back 3 weeks in growth

Obese gilts from being on full‐feed feeders for multiple cycles

Feeding too little/much in first gestation

Problems with overfeeding gestating sows:

Unnecessary expense Impaired mammary development

Reduced feed intake in lactationProblem with thin sows:

Poor reproductive performance

Increased mortality

Welfare (ex. shoulder sores)

Common Nutritional Problem:Over‐feeding gestating sows

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3

Tracking gestation and lactation feed intakeSix month rolling average

kg

kg

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Translating Condition Score to Feeding Rate

• Calibration of feed boxes

• Determine “base” feeding rate– Female size

– Thermal environment

• Feed “base” to females in ideal condition

• Feed less to fat sows

• Feed more to thin sows

8

Gestation feed usage

Feed delivered (total kg in period)gestation sow inventory x days in period

• Normal range of 7.0 to 7.7 Mcal ME/sow/day

• Daily feed intake should be:

If diet ME is 3.1 Mcal ME/kg = 4.8 to 5.4 lb/d

If diet ME is 3.3 Mcal ME/kg = 4.6 to 5.0 lb/d

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4

Sow maintenance requirements in gestation

80% of feed requirement

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Using the weight tape

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Backfat by Percent of Sows at Farrowing

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5

Body Condition Scoring

Courtesy Dr. Joe ConnorCarthage Vet Service

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Influence of Backfat at Farrowing on Lactation Feed Intake

a, b P < 0.05SED = 0.14

a, b, c P < 0.05SED = 0.38

a ab

a

b

c

Young et al., 2004

14

Influence of Backfat at Farrowing on Subsequent Total Born

a, b, c P < 0.05SED = 0.44

ab

a

b

Young et al., 2004

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6

Why Condition Score?

• Sow condition drives lactation feed intake

• Lactation feed intake drives weaning weight and subsequent reproductive performance

• Body condition can affect sow productivity

• Sow condition affects longevity

• Over-feeding increases feed cost

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Effect of Gilt Gestation Feeding on Lactation Intake

1 7 14 21Day of Lactation

12

10

8

6

4

Lb

Gestation Feed Intake, lb4 5 6

Dourmad et al., 1991

90O

75O

60O

7

Case Study

• Large production system in the U.S. with high gestation feed usage and low lactation intake

• Changed gestation feeding program to lower intake and tracked changes in reproductive performance

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Tracking gestation and lactation feed intakeSix month rolling average

kg

8

Relationship between lactation feed intake and subsequent born alive

Relationship between lactation feed intake and interval from wean to estrus

Average Daily Gestation Intake, lb

Implementation of Gestation Feeding program was July/August 2003

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9

Pigs Weaned per Sow Per Year

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Annual Sow Mortality

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Is the Gestation Feed Intake Pattern Important?

0 12 45 75 100 112

We

an

ing

Gestation Lactation

Yes ‐ Research supports this pattern!

and

No ‐ You can have great production without a pattern!

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Sow – Feeding Strategy

8

7

6

5

4

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Wea

n

Feed to Condition

Mat

e

lbs offeed

Weeks post-mating

Reduce EmbryonicMortality

HigherIntake

Farr

ow

Post Weaning Recovery: Influence of feed intake in early gestation on embryo survival

67.4

75.8

84.680.6

50

60

70

80

90

100

4 lb 8 lb 4 lb 8 lb

Embr

yo s

urvi

val,

%

Baidoo et al. (1992)

Low High During Lactation

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Good Resource in Feeding After Breeding• Dr Tim Safranski University of Missouri-

Columbia

• 573-884-7994

• [email protected]

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Day 0 to 30 of gestation Classic data indicated high intake from d 0

to 30 reduced embryo survival

Now know:

• Only in gilts or sows in good condition

• First 48 to 72 hours are the critical period

• Want to provide more nutrients for sows in poor condition

0 12 30 45 75 100 112

Gestation Lactation

Day 12 to 45 of gestation

Feed to maintain body condition

May be impact area of the future???

•Period of muscle differentiation

•pST, high feed intake, or other possibilities

0 12 45 75 100 112

Gestation Lactation

Gestation Treatments that Increase Total Muscle Fiber Number in Offspring

Tota

l mu

scle

fib

ers

12


Feed to maintain body condition

Critical period for mammary development (d75 to 100)

• Excess energy will decrease secretory cells, DNA, and RNA in mammary gland and lower milk production

Day 45 to 100

0 12 45 75 100 112

Gestation Lactation

Effect of gestation energy intake on mammary development and milk production

Item

Mammary DNA, mg/g tissue

Secretory Cells, 106/g tissue

Milk production, kg/d

Fat Gilts

0.5

15.4

7.0

Lean gilts

2.1

19.7

8.9

Head and Williams, 1991

Day 100 to 112 of gestation Increase intake by 1 to 2 kg per day

Period of exponential fetal growth

• Failure to increase energy may result in sows in catabolic state at farrowing.

- May contribute to sows gorging and “going off feed” after farrowing

0 12 30 45 75 100 112

Gestation Lactation

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Bump Feeding Late Gestation

• Rapid growth of fetuses last 3 weeks of gestation

• Historically have done it “blindly”

• As feed prices increase is bump feeding still cost effective?– Each 1 lb bump for 30 days costs >

$2.60/litter

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Difference in

individual piglet

birth weight, g

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

‐20

‐40

Absolute difference in piglet birth weight compared to January 2014

(PIC, 2015)

+ 60 g‐ 100 g

How easy is to manipulate piglet birth weight from a nutritional

perspective?

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Buitrago et al., 1974

1.03a

1.18ab1.21b

0.9

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.3

2.2 5.1 8.0

Piglet birth weight, kg

Feed intake, kg/d

0.7 1.5 2.4

P < 0.05SD = 0.07

Feed intake x Piglet birth weight

Early and mid(virtually no impact)

Late

Dwyer et al., 1994Nissen et al., 2003Bee, 2004Heyer et al., 2004Lawlor et al., 2007

Cromwell et al., 1989Miller et al., 2000Shelton et al., 2009Soto et al., 2011Gonçalves et al., 2015

Gestation length

Feed intake x Piglet birth weight

Cromwell et al., 1989

8 universities; 1,080 females; 10,6 Total born

1.44a 1.48b

1.01.11.21.31.41.51.61.7

1.8 3.2Piglet birth weight, kg

Feed intake, kg/d

P < 0.01SD = 0.21

Corn-SBM based diet

+ 40 g(2.7%)

15

1.31.4

1.5 1.5

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0.40 (0.49) 0.49 (0.59) 0.59 (0.68) 0.68 (0.78)

Piglet birth weight, kg

Quadratic, P < 0.01EPM = 0.02

SID Lys x Piglet birth weight

SID Lys (Total), %

Zhang et al., 2011

9.7 Total born

Energy x piglet birth weightIndependently of SID Lys or parity

(Gonçalves et al., 2015)

1.33a1.36b

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.35

1.40

1.45

1.50

1.85 2.75

Born alive piglet birth

weight, kg

Consumo de ração, kg/d

P = 0.01SEM = 0.008

+ 30 g(2.3%)

5,90 8,85

Energy intake, Mcal NE/d

4.50 6.75

Lysine x Piglet birth weightIndependently of Energy or Parity


1.34 1.35

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.35

1.40

1.45

1.50

1.85 2.75

Born alive piglet birth

weight, kg

SID Lys, g/d

P = 0.29EPM = 0.008

10.7 20.0

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Energy x StillbirthIndependently of SID Lys


3.4a 3.4a4.4a

6.5b

0

2

4

6

8

1.85 2.75

Stillbirth, %

Consumo de ração, kg/d

LeitoasPorcas

Parity x Energy, P = 0.01SEM = 0.8

5,90 8,85

Energy intake, Mcal NE/d

4.50 6.75

GiltsSows

Increasing feeding level from d 90 to farrowing by 2 lb(0.9 kg) will:

• Increase sow and gilt weight gain

• Increase birth weight by 30 g/pig

• Increase feed cost by $3.00 to $5.00 per sow

Current recommendation –

• If you bump feed, do gilts and/or thin sows

• No more than 2 lb and no sooner than d 90 of gestation

Bump feeding summary47

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3.23

2.84

2.98

2.85

3.04

2.842.91

2.82

2.69

2.91 2.91

3.63

2.92

3.20

2.85

3.08

2.832.94

2.962.91

2.943.03

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

2.80

3.00

3.20

3.40

3.60

3.80

4.00

Kentucky NebraskaCommercial

Applewood IowaCommercial

SouthAmerica

Commercial

UtahCommercial

Applewood Applewood Applewood Applewood Applewood Average

Birth Weight, lb

* Means statistically different than negative control (P < 0.05)** Means statistically different than negative control (P < 0.10)

Control

Gen 1

Gen 2

Evosure

***

*

*

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Pre-Weaning Mortality, %

8.2

13.4

12.2

12.8

11.6

12.9

12.2

10.410.8

8

10.4

11.2

6.3

10.8

9.3

10.9

10.2

11.6

11

9.9 10.1

7.5

8.4

9.6

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

University ofKentucky

NebraskaCommercial


SouthAmerica

Commercial

UtahCommercial


*


Control

Gen 1

Gen 2

Evosure

*

***

Wean Weight, lb

13.6

12.9

10.8

11.8

12.5

14.6

10.8

12.6

11.1

12.1

12.612.3

15.3

13.5

11.0

12.7 12.6

15.1

10.6

13.2

11.4

12.6

13.5

12.9

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

Kentucky NebraskaCommercial


SouthAmerica

Commercial

UtahCommercial



Control

Gen 1

Gen 2

Evosure

*

*

*

**


Controversial area

Recommend feeding at least 1.8 kg/day to:

• increase feed intake rapidly after farrowing

•prevent potential ulcer problems

•Consider full feeding

0 12 30 45 75 100 112

Gestation Lactation

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Ad lib vs restricted feeding from d ‐4 to d 7 of lactation

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Cool et al. 2014

Ad lib vs restricted feeding from d ‐4 to d 7 of lactation

Cool et al. 2014

Full feed from d 108 of gestation to weaning vs. normal program

Item Full feed Normal P <

Lactation intake, kg/d 5.3 5.8 0.166

Intake from d 108 to wean, total kg 129 117 0.054

Backfat change in lactation, mm ‐2.6 ‐1.6 0.034

Backfat change d 108 to farrow, mm ‐0.05 ‐1.7 0.001

Backfat change d 108 to wean, mm ‐2.6 ‐3.3 0.188

Colostrum yield, kg 4.0 3.5 0.074

Increased PUFA in colostrum and decreased NEFA in plasma with full feed

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Decaluwe et al. 2014

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Energy Requirements

Feed requirements for gestating sow by standing time

Scenario 1 2 3

Housing system ‐ Individual ‐ ‐Group ‐

Sow standing time, min/day 240 360 360

Temperature, ºF 68 68 68

Floor type Slat Slat Slat

Feed intake (d 0 to 90), lb/d 4.87 5.09 5.09

Avg feed intake (d 0 to 114), lb/dc 5.07 5.29 5.29

Energy required, kcal ME 7,203 7,517 7,517

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Energy Requirements

Feed requirements for gestating sow by temperature and floor type

Scenario 3 4 5

Housing system ‐ ‐ Group ‐ ‐

Sow standing time, min/day 360 360 360

Temperature, ºF 68 50 50

Floor type Slat Slat Straw

Feed intake (d 0 to 90), lb/dc 5.09 5.60 5.26

Avg feed intake (d 0 to 114), lb/dc 5.29 5.79 5.46

Energy required, kcal MEd 7,517 8,238 7,758

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Energy Requirements

Accounting for Feed Wastage

• Feeding levels will likely need to be increased by 5 to 10% for wastage for sows that are floor‐fed compared to ESF‐fed.– ~0.5 lb per day

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Energy Requirements

Adjusting for body condition – Competitive Systems

• Sows should be grouped by parity and body condition.

• Feeding levels may need to be increased slightly to account for variation in feed intake that occurs in competitive feeding situations.

58

Energy Requirements

Extra feed before and after mixing

• Providing high levels of feed just prior to and for the first couple days after mixing may be necessary to have sow’s nearly full fed to reduce fighting. – Extra feed will increase feed wastage and cost.

59Photo: Lee Whittington, Prairie Swine Centre (Canada)

Diet and Feed Characteristics

Decreasing the energy density by adding fiber

• Suggested to provide gut fill and make the sows feel more comfortable.

• Most research has demonstrated reduced stereotypic behaviors in gestating sows fed high dietary fiber; however, not all research has observed this response.

• Increasing fecal excretion and difficulties in manure handling systems also must be considered

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Diet and Feed Characteristics

Calibrating feeding levels

• The quantity delivered must be adjusted as the bulk density of the diet changes to provide the proper amount of feed to the sow.

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Common Nutritional Problem:Limiting Lactation Feed Intake

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Lactation FeedingGoals:

Maximize feed intake•Prepare sow for rebreeding

- Litter size and prompt return to estrus

•Maximize milk production

Match nutrient levels to feed intake and level of productivity

Maintain reasonable feed cost per weaned pig

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Lactation Feed Intake Problem:

•Too many people voluntarily or involuntarily limit sow feed intake

Goal:•Get sows to eat as much as possible!

Reasons why:•Energy intake (and amino acids) will drive milk production

•Energy intake affects reproductive hormones

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Effect of feed intake during lactation on milk yield and sow weight loss

Adapted from Whittemore, 1984

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Impact of Lactation Weight Loss

Thaker et al., 2005

66

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How to determine feed intake

3,000 sow farm

450 farrowing crates

3,615 litters in 6 month period

Weaning weight = 46 kg at 19 days

381 tons of lactation feed used in 6 months

Meticulous lactation sow feed intake records

How to calculate lactation feed intake?

Total feedCrates x days

2)

Total feedLitters x lactation length

3)

Count feed records for individual sows1)

How to calculate lactation feed intake?

Total feedCrates x days

2)

Total feedLitters x lact length

3)

Count feed records for individual sows1) = 6.5 kg/day

381 tons x 1000 kg450 crates x 182 d

= = 4.7 kg/day

381 tons x 1000 kg3,615 x 19 d

= = 5.5 kg/d

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Factors affecting sow lactation feed intake

Ambient Environment

Facilities Equipment

Sow Factors

Gestation Feed Intake

Feeding Management

Air Velocity

Ambient Temperature

Evaporative Cooling

Humidity

Ventilation Rates

Feeder Design

Floor Surface

Crate Design

Lactation Length

Litter Size

Genetics

Parity

Disease

Feeding Frequency

Amount/feeding

Feed Monitoring

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Factors influencing lactation feed intake

Gestation feed intake

Feeding management

• Frequency

• Level

Barn temperature

Water availability

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Water Availability

Nipple drinker should allow a flow of 2 liters per minute

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10 19 22 30

Effects of ambient temperature on energy intake of lactating sows

Zone of thermal comfort

Ambient Temperature, Celsius

Vol

unta

ry e

nerg

y in

take Critical Temperature

LCT UCT19 22 C66 72 F

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Temperature & lactation performance

Quiniou and Noblet, 1999

Effect of Drip Cooling

Drip Control

Feed/day, kg5.8 4.8

Sow Wt Loss, kg3.8 17.5

Litter Weaning Wt, kg56 51

Nichols et al. 1983

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Hand-feeding vs. self-feeder

• Treatments– Hand-fed (57 sows)

• Fed to appetite 2x/d– An amount slightly exceeding

disappearance in previous meals

– Self-feeder (57 sows)• Feed manually added to

hopper 1 to 2 times/d• Nipple in feeder

Automated ProductionSystems

J. Anim. Sci. 85:853

Feed disappearance

P < 0.01

+ 8%


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Piglet weaning wt

+ 8%

P < 0.01


Hand-feeding vs. self-feeder

• Treatments (96 PIC C23 gilts)– Hand-fed

• Fed to appetite 4x/d

– Self-feeder• Sow operated a dispensing

mechanism with a hopper

J. Anim. Sci 82(Suppl 2):6580

Feed Disappearance

P < 0.05

+ 7%


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Backfat Loss

P < 0.05

- 42%


Hand vs. Self-Feeding Summary

Study % increase in feed

disappearanceP value

Michigan State 8 < 0.01

Univ. Illinois 7 < 0.05

Netherlands –Hoofs et al. 1993

10 ?

Time of Day & Feed Consumed

Time % of total daily feed

consumed

Midnight to 6:00 am 24

6:00 am to noon 38

Noon to 6:00 pm 20

6:00 pm to midnight 18

2007 ASAS Midwest abstract #32189 lactating sows

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Corn Particle Size for Sows

Linear P = 0.04

J. Anim. Sci: 73:421

Corn Particle Size for Sows

J. Anim. Sci: 73:421

Linear P = 0.05

Courtesy Dr. Joe Connor

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6.8 kg4.8 kg5.2 kg

Avg

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Feed Wastage

• Poor feeder design

• Worn-out feeders

• Poorly adjusted

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Lactation diet basics

More energy than corn‐soy diet

At least 60 g/d of SID lysine intake•Typically 0.95 to 1.15% SID lysine

0.75 to 1.0% total Ca (without phytase)

> 0.4% avail P

10 lb/ton of salt

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Nutrition for the breeding herd: Focus on the basics

1) Gilts

135 kg at 210 d

2nd estrus

2) Gestation

Average 4.5 to 5.0 lb/d

Don’t over‐formulated

3) Lactation Ad libitum intake Higher amino acids andenergy with increased litter size

90

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Meeting Nutritional Needs of Breeding Boars

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• Kemp, 1989 - Lysine intake 18g/d vs.31g/d no difference in sperm production

• Louis, 1993 – Extreme restriction ofprotein, 7 g/d lysine reduced libido

Protein Effects on Sperm Output

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Effects of fiber upon doses of semen/ejaculate

1 2 3 4 5 6

Weeks

Doses of semen

2.9% fiber 4.9% fiber

Mark Wilson, when with JBS

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Monitor and Avoid Mycotoxins

• Zearalenone - Ruhr et al, 1983 decreased sperm production

• Aflatoxin B1- decreased fertility and semen quality - Levis,1997

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(billions/week) as affected by feeding level

Kemp, 1989

1-6 7 8 9 10 11 120

50

100

150

200

HM

L

Number of Sperm Cells Ejaculated

Boar Nutrition

• How to set feeding rates and minimum feeding levels

http://www.thepigsite.com/articles/2748/boar-nutrition/

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Good Source on Boar Feed Questions• Mark E Wilson

• 952-983-3841

• [email protected]

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Specific Nutritional Considerations

• Meeting protein and energy needs– Under feeding results in reduced libido and semen output

• Vitamins – Feet and legs (biotin)

– Vitamin C (not likely needed)

– Vitamin E (likely do not need more than the sow)

• Trace Minerals– Zinc, copper, chromium, selenium, manganese, iron

– I do use some organic selenium

• Other (not compelling)– L-carnitine

– Betaine

• Fiber– Welfare

– Satiety

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Boar Basic Plan

• Ask what the least they feed any boar

• Put 16 grams of TID lysine in that amount of feed

• Use the TID amino acid ratios– 70 for methionine plus cysteine

– 74 for threonine

– 67 for valine

– 58 for isoleucine

– 20 for tryptophan

• Use the sow VTM

• Clean fiber if available 5% crude fiber in diet

• 9 lb of salt99

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Thank You!

Developing gilts, gestating sows and lactating...

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