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Developing Frameworks for Data Representation
Marcus Lem, MD, MHSc, FRCPCSocial Networks Analysis and Visualization for Public Safety WorkshopWachtberg-Werthoven, Germany, Oct. 18, 2005
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SCIENCE FINDS,INDUSTRY APPLIES,MAN CONFORMS.
Hall of Science,Chicago World’s Fair, 1933
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Framework
Who - Public Health What - Information analysis & transfer Why - Strategies & interventions How - Appropriate data representation
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Disciplines: Arts and Sciences
Public Health Statistical graphics Computer Science Decision making Cartography
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Public Health:Levels of Decision Making
Political Health Policy (Strategic) Public Health (Operational) Clinical (Tactical)
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Public Health Perspective
↑ Information sharing (i.e.. not superiority)
↑ Comprehensibility to management ↑ Utility for decision making Conform to standards (e.g.. WHO)
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Public Health:Information Needs
Establish links / connections Directionality Strength of association Time elements Identify key players / problem areas Suggest interventions Express degree or uncertainty Alternate explanation → intervention
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Principles of Graphical Excellence
Substance, statistics, design Clarity, precision, efficiency Greatest number of ideas in the shortest
time with the least components in the smallest space (data density)
Multivariate Truth
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Information Display - Poor
Methodolog Year Results Results
05E+181E+19
1.5E+192E+19
1) Street-involved persons, Vancouver
2) Needle exchange users, Vancouver, Victoria
3) Clients of Native alcohol and drug treatment centres, British Columbia
4) Adult in prison, British Columbia
5) Clientele of STD clinics in Edmonton and Calgary
Results of HIV prevalence studies among Aboriginals in Can
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Information Display - Good
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Computer Science:Ergonomic Quality - 1
Primary criteria Speed Accuracy Pleasurability
Influenced by secondary criteria
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Ergonomic Criteria - 2
Secondary criteria Learning and recall time Short and long term memory load Fatigue and error susceptibility Naturalness and boundedness Effect of context Effect of user experience and knowledge
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Colour Palette
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Intuitive Framework 1:Hot to Cold Spectrum
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Intuitive Framework 2:Mood / Expression
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Intuitive Framework 3:Verbal Expressions
Case fatality (“drop dead”) Depletion e.g.. CD4 (“burn out”) Pandemic spread (“tidal wave”)
Frameworks may be culture-specific and need to be tested against identified audience
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Decision Making:Optimal Choice Models A set of alternative courses of action
(acts) A set of possible events associated with
each course of action A value to be associated with each act-
event combination The degree of knowledge with regard to
the chance of each of the events occurring
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Criteria for Decision under Certainty
Maximization Minimization “Satisficing”
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Criteria for Decision under Uncertainty
Pessimist (maximin / minimax) Optimist (maximax / minimin) Pessimist-Optimist mixture - weighting Maximization / Minimization “Satisficing”
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Cartographic Principles
U1 - reality as seen by cartographer S1 - cartographer L - language, symbols, rules M - map S2 - map user U2 - reality as seen by the map user Ic - cartographic information
Simplicity of design and complexity of data
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BC
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Grudin’s law: When those who benefit are not those who do the work, then technology is likely to fail or, at least be subverted.
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Get it right or let it alone.The conclusions you jump to may be your own.
James Thurber, Further Fables for Our Time (New York 1956)
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References The visual display of quantitative information. Edward R. Tufte.
Graphics Press, 1983. Things that make us smart – defending human attributes in the
age of machines. Donald A. Norman. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1993
Statistical graphics – Design principles and practices. Calvin F. Schmid. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1983.
The human factors of graphic interaction tasks and techniques. James D. Foley, Victor L. Wallace, Peggy Chan. Dept of Computer Science, University of Kansas, 1981.
Statistics for decisions – An elementary introduction. Gerald E. Thompson. Little, Brown and Company, Inc., 1972
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Acknowledgements
Ann Jolly Public Health Agency of Canada Ali M. Binsilim Communicable Disease Control Division,
First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Health Canada
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Questions?
?