Developing and learning from measures of social inclusion in the EU E. Marlier ( CEPS/INSTEAD, LU)
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Transcript of Developing and learning from measures of social inclusion in the EU E. Marlier ( CEPS/INSTEAD, LU)
Washington, 4 November 2009
Developing and learning from measures
of social inclusion in the EU
E. Marlier (CEPS/INSTEAD, LU)
B. Nolan (UCD, IE)
B. Cantillon, K. Van den Bosch and T. Van Rie (UA, BE)
(website: www.ceps.lu)
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD2
EU SI portfolio: Primary Indicators
Income poverty:P1) Poverty risk rate (+ poverty risk threshold)P2) Persistent poverty risk rate (NA yet for EU-27)P3) Relative median poverty risk gap
Unemployment & Joblessness:P4) LT unemployment rateP5) Population living in jobless hhds (18-59 & <18)
Low educational qualifications: P6) Early school leavers
Employment of immigrants: P7) Employment gap of immigrants [NAT]
Material deprivation: P8) Population living in materially deprived hhds
Housing: P9) Work in progress
Access to healthcare:P10) Self-reported unmet need for medical care (+ healthcare utilization) [NAT]
Child well-being: P11) Work in progress
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD3
EU SI portfolio: Secondary Indicators
Income poverty:S1) Poverty risk by different breakdowns and PR according to different PR thresholds (40, 50, 70% of median)
Low educationalattainment:
S2) Persons with low educational attainmentS3) Low reading literacy performance of pupils aged 15
Material deprivation:
S4) Depth of material deprivation
Housing:S5) Persons in households with high housing costsS6) Persons living in overcrowded households
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD4
1. Correlations among the 8 Primary Indicators across EU-27 countries, EU-SILC and LFS, 2007
Poverty risk
Poverty risk gap
Long-term
unemployment
Adults in jobless households
Early school leavers
Employment gap of
immigrants
Material deprivat
ion
Unmet need for medical
care
Poverty risk 1,00 0,81 ** 0,03 0,09 0,38 -0,32 0,55 ** 0,72 **
Poverty gap 0,81 ** 1,00 0,25 0,19 0,21 -0,18 0,77 ** 0,75 **
Long-term unemployment 0,03 0,25 1,00 0,45 * -0,05 -0,04 0,38 * 0,13
Adults in jobless households 0,09 0,19 0,45 * 1,00 -0,26 0,40 * 0,27 -0,06
Early school leavers 0,38 0,21 -0,05 -0,26 1,00 -0,37 -0,02 0,15
Employment gap of immigrants -0,32 -0,18 -0,04 0,40 * -0,37 1,00 -0,18 -0,25
Material deprivation 0,55 ** 0,77 ** 0,38 * 0,27 -0,02 -0,18 1,00 0,73 **
Unmet need for medical care 0,72 ** 0,75 ** 0,13 -0,06 0,15 -0,25 0,73 ** 1,00
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD5
Material deprivationPeople living in households who cannot afford 3+ of the following items:
1) to face unexpected expenses;
2) one week annual holiday away from home;
3) to pay for arrears (mortgage/ rent, utility bills, hire purchase instalments);
4) a meal with meat, chicken or fish every second day;
5) to keep home adequately warm;
6) to have a washing machine;
7) to have a colour TV;
8) to have a telephone;
9) to have (access to) a personal car.
Aggregate of information focused on some key aspects of material living conditions. The aim is not to cover all the dimensions of social exclusion (i.e., health, employment, education, social participation, etc). Focus on enforced lack and not personal choices.
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD6
2. Material deprivation & at-risk-of-poverty rates, EU-27, EU-SILC, 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
LU NL SE DK FI AT ES IE UK BE DE FR MT SI EE IT CZ EL PT LT SK CY HU PL LV RO BG
Po
ve
rty
ris
k a
nd
ma
teri
al d
ep
riv
atio
n r
ate
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Po
ve
rty
ris
k t
hre
sh
old
in P
PS
Material deprivation Poverty risk
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD7
3. Material deprivation & AROP rates, poverty risk thresholds, EU-27, EU-SILC, 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
RO BG LV PL LT HU EE SK CZ PT EL MT ES SI IT FI FR SE BE DK DE NL IE AT CY UK LU
Pov
erty
ris
k an
d m
ater
ial d
epriv
atio
n ra
te
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Pov
erty
ris
k th
resh
old
in P
PS
Material deprivation Poverty risk Poverty threshold
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD7bis
UK
SK
SI
SE
RO
PT
PL
NL
MT
LV
LU
LT&EE
IT
IE
HU
EL
FI&FR
ES
DK
BE&DE
CZ
CY
BG
AT
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
Poverty risk threshold in PPS
Pov
erty
ris
k3bis. AROP rate and PR threshold (in PPS), EU-27, EU-SILC, 2007
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD7ter
3ter. Deprivation rate & PR threshold (PPS), EU-27, EU-SILC, 2007
SK
SI
SE
RO
PT
PL
NL
MT
LV
LU
LT
IT
HU
EL
FRFIES
EE
DK
BE&DE
CZ
CY
BG
IE&AT&UK
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
Poverty risk threshold in PPS
Mat
eria
l dep
rivat
ion
rate
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD8
4. Material deprivation depth for income-poor and non-income-poor population, EU-27, EU-SILC, 2007
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
LU NL SE DK FI UK AT BE IE DE ES FR IT SI CZ EE MT EL PT CY SK LT HU PL LV RO
Poor Non-poor
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD9
5. Deprivation (%) & Median PR gap (%), EU-27, EU-SILC, 2007
UK
SK
SI
SE
RO
PT
PL
LV
LU
LT
IT
IE
HU
EL
FR&MTFI ES
EE
DK &NL
DE
CZ
CY
BG
BEAT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Poverty gap
Mat
eria
l dep
rivat
ion
rate
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD10
6a. Quartile scores of EU countries for the 6EU Primary Indicators, EU-SILC and LFS, 2007
CountryPoverty
riskPoverty risk gap
LTunemplo
yment
Adults in jobless
households
Early school leavers
Material deprivation
Poorest performance
(- or - -)
Best performance
(++)
Austria ++ ++ ++ + + + 0 3
Belgium + + - - - - + + 2 0
Bulgaria - - - - - - - - - - - 6 0
Cyprus - - ++ ++ + - - 3 2
Czech Republic ++ + - ++ ++ - 2 3
Denmark ++ ++ ++ + + ++ 0 4
Estonia - - - ++ - - 5 1
Finland + ++ + - ++ ++ 1 3
France + ++ - - - + 3 1
Germany + - - - - - + 4 0
Greece - - - - - - - - - 6 0
Hungary ++ - - - - + - - 4 1
Ireland - + + - + + 2 0
Italy - - - - - - - - 6 0
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD11
6b. Quartile scores of EU countries for the 6 EU Primary Indicators, EU-SILC and LFS, 2007
CountryPoverty
risk
Poverty risk gap
LTunemplo
yment
Adults in jobless
households
Early school leavers
Material deprivation
Poorest performance
(- or - -)
Best performance
(++)
Latvia - - - - + + - - - 4 0
Lithuania - - - + + ++ - 3 1
Luxembourg + + ++ + - ++ 1 2
Malta + ++ - + - - + 2 1
Netherlands ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ 0 5
Poland - - - - - - ++ - - 5 1
Portugal - - - - ++ - - - 5 1
Romania - - - - - - - - - - - 6 0
Slovakia ++ + - - - ++ - 3 2
Slovenia ++ + + ++ NA - 1 2
Spain - - - + ++ - - + 3 1
Sweden ++ - ++ NA ++ ++ 1 4
UK - - ++ - - - - + 4 1
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD9
Monthly at-risk-of-poverty thresholds (illustrative values)for households with 2 adults & 2 children, PPS, EU-27, 2007 Huge range to be kept in mind when comparing national poverty risks[8 red circles: <750 PPS ; 12 black circles: >1600 PPS]…
Source: Eurostat; EU-SILC 2007 - Income reference year 2006 except for UK (2007) and IE (moving reference period 2006-7)
BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT
1756 351 936 1781 1821 710 1874 1216 1366 1638 1531 1914 587 615
LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK
3076 696 1320 1860 1913 599 938 309 1396 723 1631 1677 1989
Washington, 4 November 2009
More information?
Report prepared by the EU Task-Force on Child Poverty and Child Well-Being (2008):http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/docs/social_inclusion/2008/child_poverty_en.pdf
Report on Tackling child poverty and promoting the social inclusion of children in the EU, prepared for COM by EU Network of non-governmental social inclusion experts (2007):
http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/docs/social_inclusion/experts_reports/synthesis1_2007_en.pdf
On some of the main challenges facing the social inclusion strand of the EU Social OMC, including children mainstreaming, social impact assessment of policies and policy analysis:
Eric Marlier, AB Atkinson, Bea Cantillon and Brian Nolan (2007): The EU and Social Inclusion: Facing the Challenges, The Policy Press, Bristolhttp://www.policypress.co.uk/display.asp?K=9781847424198
For an in-depth theoretical and empirical discussion of comparative social indicators for use by country and EU in Social OMC:
Tony Atkinson, Bea Cantillon, Eric Marlier and Brian Nolan (2002): Social indicators: The EU and Social Inclusion, Oxford University Press, Oxford http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199253494.do
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD31
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD2
For Social OMC as a whole:
EU overarching objectives-------------------------------------
Portfolio of EU overarching indicators plus context info.
For social inclusion (SI) strand of Social OMC:
EU objectives for SI----------------------------
Portfolio of EU SI primary & secondary indicators plus
context information
For pensions strand of Social OMC:
EU objectives for pensions----------------------------
Portfolio of EU pensions primary & secondary indicators
plus context information
For health care & long-term care strand of Social OMC:
EU objectives for health----------------------------
Portfolio of EU health primary & secondary indicators plus
context information
Box 1: Social Open Method of Coordination (OMC) Framework
Washington, 4 November 2009
Eric MARLIER – CEPS/INSTEAD6
Evolution of Material deprivation & poverty risk, %, EU, EU-SILC, 2005-2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
EU25 EU15 NMS10 EU25 EU15 NMS10
Poverty risk rate Material deprivation rate
2005
2006
2007