Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 1 Biodiesel as a Vehicle Fuel.
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Transcript of Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 1 Biodiesel as a Vehicle Fuel.
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 2
Drivers Need Drivers Need
Introduction to biodiesel
Why biodiesel as a vehicle fuel
Properties and characteristics of biodiesel
Biodiesel fueling station safety practices
Fire extinguishing equipment
Emergency procedures
Safe vehicle fueling procedures
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 3
Module 1Module 1
Introduction Introduction toto
BiodieselBiodiesel
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 4
Module 1Module 1Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
What is biodiesel?
Why biodiesel as a vehicle fuel?
Biodiesel performance characteristics
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 5
What is Biodiesel?What is Biodiesel?
General DefinitionBiodiesel (B100) is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils, such as soybean oil, that meets the specifications of American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) D 6751.
Additional InformationBiodiesel (B100) can be blended in concentrations of up to 20% with petroleum-based diesel fuel and used in existing diesel engines with little or no modification. Biodiesel (B100) is not raw vegetable oil.
Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 6
Little Known FactLittle Known FactRudolph Diesel designedthe diesel engine in 1894 torun on peanut oil“The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time.”
–1912 Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 7
Why Biodiesel?Why Biodiesel?
Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
Emission Type B100 B20 B2
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% -2.2%
Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% -1.3%
Particulate Matter -47% -12% -1.3%
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) +10% +2% +.2%
Reduced Emissions
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 8
Why Biodiesel? - 2Why Biodiesel? - 2
Biodiesel is non-toxic
Biodiesel does not contaminate ground water or soil
Most commonly used as B20
– 20% biodiesel & 80% diesel blend
Can be used in lower percentage blends (e.g., B5, B10)
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 9
Why Biodiesel? - 3Why Biodiesel? - 3
Biodiesel (B100) is an EPAct Designated Alternative Fuel
450 gallons B100 = 1 vehicle credit Must be used in blends of at least 20%
biodiesel to get credit Can be used to meet up to 50% of a
fleet’s EPAct requirement Can not be banked or traded
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 10
Biodiesel Economics - 1Biodiesel Economics - 1
Fleet fuel costs typically “a penny a point” or more over diesel
New fueling station costs same as diesel
Retrofit existing diesel station at minimal cost
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 11
Biodiesel Economics – 2Biodiesel Economics – 2
No vehicle price premium – standard diesel vehicles
Little or no vehicle modification necessary– Many vehicles produced since 1994 are B20
compatible
– Most manufacturers endorse B5 blends, higher blends “use at own risk”
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 12
Biodiesel Biodiesel PerformancePerformance
Startup, range, cold weather performance similar to petroleum diesel
Fuel consumption, horsepower, torque, haulage rates similar to petroleum diesel
Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 13
Biodiesel Biodiesel Performance - 2Performance - 2
High Lubricity
– 2% biodiesel improves fuel lubricity by up to 66%
– Protects, extends engine
High Flash Point– 260ºF vs. 125ºF diesel
– Safest fuel to use, handle, and store
Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 14
Biodiesel Biodiesel Performance - 3Performance - 3
Operates in conventional diesel engines and fuel injection equipment
Cold Flow– For B2-B20 use same
precautions as #2 petroleum diesel
– No special storage required
Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 15
Module 2Module 2
Properties Properties and and
Characteristics Characteristics of Biodieselof Biodiesel
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 16
Module 2Module 2Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Understand biodiesel and how it compares to other fuels
Become familiar with biodiesel characteristics
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 17
Biodiesel Biodiesel Production - 1Production - 1
Refined from
– New vegetable oils • U.S. – Soybeans• Europe – Rapeseed (Canola) oil
– Yellow grease• Recycled cooking oil
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 18
BiodieselBiodieselProduction - 2Production - 2
Chemical process called “transesterification”
Result: Methyl esters and glycerin
Courtesy National Biodiesel Board
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 19
Fuel QualityFuel Quality Standard for B100 is as a mixing fuel– ASTM D6751
Standard for B20 under development
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 20
Appearance & SmellAppearance & Smell
Transparent, usually yellow color
Smell
– Fuel is odorless
– After burning, pleasing aroma, often smells like French fries
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 21
Compared to Other FuelsCompared to Other Fuels
Biodiesel (Palmitic) C15H31CO2CH3
Gasoline C8H30
Diesel C14H30
Methanol CH3OH
Ethanol CH3CH2OH
Natural Gas CH4
Propane C3H8
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 22
Fuel ValueFuel Value
Cetane
– Typical B20: 50
– #2 diesel: 40-45
– #1 diesel: 48-52
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 23
FlammabilityFlammability
Flash point
– B100 (soybean): 425° F
– B20: 245° F
– Typical #2 diesel: 160° F
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 24
Flammability - 2Flammability - 2
B20 flammability limits (by vol in air)
– Lower flammability limit – 0.6%
– Upper Flammability limit – 7.5%
Diesel flammability limits
– Lower Flammability Limit - 0.3%
– Upper Flammability Limit - 10%
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 25
Module 3Module 3
Biodiesel Fueling Biodiesel Fueling StationsStations
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 26
Module 3Module 3Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Understand similarity to normal diesel fueling
Become familiar with fueling components
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 27
Fueling Station Fueling Station ComponentsComponents
Biodiesel fueling equipment is similar to conventional diesel fueling equipment
source: Deer Valley School District
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 28
Fueling Station Fueling Station Components - 2Components - 2
Biodiesel storage
Courtesy of the National Biodiesel Board
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 29
Fueling Station Fueling Station Components - 3Components - 3
Dispenser(s)
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 30
Module 4Module 4
Emergency Emergency Action Plan AndAction Plan AndSafety PracticesSafety Practices
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 31
Module 4Module 4Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Know purpose and content of Emergency Action Plan
Become knowledgeable about safety practices
Understand emergency actions
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 32
Purpose of Purpose of Emergency Action PlanEmergency Action Plan
Identification of emergencies
Action items
Notification procedures
Evacuation procedures
Safety systems
Emergency event action items
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 33
Facility Layout PlanFacility Layout Plan
May exist for private stations
Designates important information such as:– Biodiesel storage tank location
– Emergency shutdown device (ESD)
– Fire extinguisher location
– Pre-planned evacuation route
– Designated assembly area
– Street address of facility
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 34
Safety PracticesSafety Practices
Same as diesel fuel Emergency telephone numbers– Fire department
– Emergency medical help
– Police
– Maintenance
– Adjoining facilities
Safety Signs
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 35
Safety Practices – 2Safety Practices – 2
Equipment condition and inspection– Before using, inspect
• Dispenser hoses• Fueling nozzle and vehicle fuel receptacle
– Do not use defective equipment
– Report defective equipment to station maintenance technician or attendent
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 36
Safety Practices – 3Safety Practices – 3
Turn off the vehicle during fueling
Turn off/do not use cell phone in fueling station
Do not re-enter vehicle during fueling
Keep ignition sources away from biodiesel
Do not light matches or smoke cigarettes
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 37
Fire Involving BiodieselFire Involving Biodiesel
Do not attempt to remove nozzle from vehicle
Evacuate immediate area of fire
Trigger ESD button
Contact fire department
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 38
Combustible Combustible Debris FireDebris Fire
Press ESD button
Extinguish only if trained and it is safe to do so
Near fueling equipment, extinguishing a fire should be attempted only by qualified fire fighters
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 39
Module 5Module 5
Correct Use of Correct Use of Safety EquipmentSafety Equipment
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 40
Module 5Module 5Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Understand purpose and function of fueling station safety equipment
– Fire extinguisher
– Emergency shutdown device
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 41
Correct Use ofCorrect Use ofSafety EquipmentSafety Equipment
Fire Extinguisher
– Media• Dry chemical• Foam• Carbon dioxide
– Water fog may be used to cool exposed containers and equipment
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 42
Correct Use ofCorrect Use ofSafety Equipment - 3Safety Equipment - 3
Emergency shutdown system
– Same system as a diesel fueling facility
– Emergency shutdown device location
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 43
Module 5Module 5
Biodiesel Biodiesel FuelingFueling
ProceduresProcedures
Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 44
Biodiesel FuelingBiodiesel Fueling
Receptacle– Remove receptacle cap
Dispenser– Authorize fuel sale
– Remove nozzle
Nozzle– Insert nozzle into fuel tank
– Initiate fueling