Detonation nanodiamonds:problems and prospects

V.V. Danilenko

Moscow

vvdan@list.ru

Transient period in technology cycle of human civilization:

• Microstructures → Nanostructures Microelectronics → Nanoelectronics

• What determine Decisions and Priorities?

• Market only or Scientific Forecast ?

• No market ↔ no production ?

Detonation parameters and phase diagram of nanocarbon

V.V. Danilenko. Fiz. Gor. Vzryva. 2005, V. 41, N. 5.Detonation Amorphization

Porosity

Ice or water shell

Inert gas

Explosives:

O2N NO2

NO2

CH3

N

N

NO2N NO2

NO2

TNT Hexogen

+

Wet product collector

Dry product collector

Further acid purification

Scheme of explosive technology

DND structure and Properties - DND nanoparticle - unique

combination of superhard inert diamond core and highly active

porous amorphous cover on core.

- DND - polydispersional raw material due to differ conditions for

DND synthesis in volume of detonation charge

Structure of nanodiamond particle

Spherical shape d = 2 - 8 nm

Diamond core

amorphous carbon, sp3 →

sp2 structuries

0.4 - 1 nm

Surface functional groups and

adsorbed water

Synthesis conditions and DND quality

Conditions of synthesis: - Characteristics of a charge (HE structure, geometry, weight, initiation).

- Environment surrounding a charge (gas, water, ice, metal, mix).

Quality of the DND:

- The maintenance of the DND in detonation carbon (the attitude sp3/sp2).

- A degree of DND particles connectivity in strong units.

- Quantity of not carbon impurity.

Influence of Detonation Conditions on the Quality of Nanodiamonds

Increase in Temperature, pressure, time, carbon concentration

Fractal aggregates of monocrystalls

Porous polycrystalls

Polycrystalls

Single point binding

Multi point binding Full binding

Nanoseconds Microseconds Milliseconds

DND Applications• sp3/sp2:

Nanodiamonds-graphite……… 20 – 75 % Pure DND………………. ……… > 95%

• Optimal contents in materials – 0,5 – 5%• Applications:

Motor oil, lubricates, electroplates, resin, polymers, alloys, ceramics, polishing, biology, medicine…

DND: paradoxical situation• Good research of properties, • it is found many applications, • possible market of DND is estimated in $300 bls.

• Nevertheless market is not created.• Many small manufactories are closed finally or

temporary (low profitableness).

Why?

Price for DND, $ / kg

Producer NABOND China

Nanogroup Czech

ALIT Ukraine

In Europe

Detona - tion soot

550

550

550

800

DND

for small lots

3000

>4000

1500

2000

1600

2000

2700

6000

Cost price of DND production in USA 100 kg /14 hours (24 t / year)

Parameters

of synthesis

Weight of charge

1 kg 20 kg

Reactor, N 22 1

Workers, N 44 4

Charges, N 2000 50

Cost price, $ / kg DND

510 or 363 for HE cost = 0

92 or 15 for HE cost = 0

Market of DND is not created on following causes:

• - no investors (big corporation or government)• - very high price of DND• - dependence synthesis condition – DND quality is poorly investigated (synthesis without ashes) - optimum DND quality for each application is not found - DND – polydispersion raw material – need treatments - industrial technologies of gas-phase purification, fractionation, strong units dispersion, modification

are not developed - as result - industrial samples of materials and products

with DND are not created and not tested.

Proposals

• Use for industrial production of DND:• charges ≥ 20 kg, explosion under water in close

pool (in heavy metal cover), laser initiation;• utilization of old ammunition under water in close

pool;

• Production three group of diamond powder: • - DND – 5 – 100 nms;• - micropowders – 0.1 – 600 μm;• - grindpowders – 0.6 – 1 mm.

Conclusion

• A number of not solved technological and marketing problems, braking industrial production and applications DND is analyzed.

• It is offered:• - to synthesize simultaneously the DND and

abrasive diamond powders by explosion of the big weight charge in a heavy metal cover under water in closed pool;

• - utilization of old ammunition under water in closed pool;

• V.V. Danilenko. Superhard Materials. 2010, N5

Thank you for attention