Determining the Level of Support for IEP Development
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Determining the Level of Support for IEP Development
25 Industrial Park Road, Middletown, CT 06457-1520 · (860) 632-1485
ctserc.org
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Sequence of ContentAnalyzing Bridges &
GapsDetermining
Level of Support
Writing Goals & Objectives
Determining Type of Support
Implementing &
Monitoring Progress
Revised 11/07 SERC 2
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Outcomes Use decision-making values that are the
“least dangerous assumptions” (Donnellan, 1984) and provide instructional supports that are “only as specialized as necessary” (Giangreco, 2001)
Determine the specially designed instruction that alters general education setting demands or curriculum standards
Select high quality accommodations and modifications based on a continuum
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Essential Questions What is an appropriate level of
support for an individual student with disabilities?
How are decisions made regarding the use of accommodations and modifications?
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Determining the Level of Support
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Decision-Making Principles
“Only-as-Specialized-as-Necessary” Use general education supports as the
first option Provide additional supports only as
needed to provide access and progress“Least Dangerous Assumption”
“In the absence of absolute evidence, it is essential to make the assumption that, if proven to be false, would be least harmful to the individual”
10/07 SERC
(Giangreco, 2001).
(Donnellan, 1984).
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Special Education
“The term `special education' means specially designed instruction, at no cost to parents, to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability…”
10/07 SERC
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, § 602(29), 20 U.S.C. § 1401.
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Specially Designed Instruction“Adapting, as appropriate to the
needs of an eligible child…, the content, methodology, or delivery of instruction: To address the unique needs of the child
that result from the child's disability; and To ensure access of the child to the
general curriculum, so that the child can meet the educational standards within the jurisdiction of the public agency that apply to all children.”
10/07 SERCRegulations: Part 300 / A / 300.39 / b / 3
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The First Option for Access
Access in school is ensured if the general education class with support is the FIRST option considered by the PPT, regardless of disability type or severity
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The Continuum of SupportGeneral Education “as designed” With Supplemental InstructionWith AccommodationsWith Modifications
10/07 SERC
Stetson, F. (2002). Step by Step Training for Inclusive Schools. Houston, Texas: Stetson and Associates.
Nolet, V., & McLaughlin, M. J. (2000). Accessing the General Curriculum: Including Students with Disabilities in Standards-Based Reform. Thousand Oaks, CA Corwin Press, Inc.
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Supplemental Instruction
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Supplemental InstructionDirect, explicit, intense instruction
that is needed to address Missing Skills or Concepts Needed Learning Strategies Behavior Concerns
10/07 SERC
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Supplemental Instruction Content Mastery
Critical content required in the core curriculum Strategy Instruction
Key learning, behavioral, social strategies Skill Development
Essential skills/application of skills Replacement/Alternative Behaviors
Substitution of less appropriate with more appropriate behaviors (socially acceptable)
13Strategic Instruction Model: Content Literacy Continuum: Leveraging Research to Promote School-wide Literacy in Secondary Schools. (2005). Center for Research on Learning University of Kansas. Lawrence, KS: Joseph R. Pearson Hall.
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Accommodations and Modifications
7/13/05
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Accommodations vs. ModificationsAccommodation A change made to the instruction or
assessment procedures to provide a student with full access to learning (HOW)
Do not change the content, or performance expectations for meeting standards
10/07 SERC
Stetson, F. (2002). Step by Step Training for Inclusive Schools. Houston, Texas: Stetson and Associates.
Nolet, V., & McLaughlin, M. J. (2000). Accessing the General Curriculum: Including Students with Disabilities in Standards-Based Reform. Thousand Oaks, CA Corwin Press, Inc.
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Three Types of Accommodations Alternative Acquisition Modes
Ways of acquiring knowledge (Input)
Content Enhancements Ways to process content, such as
organization, comprehension, and memorization (Process)
Alternative Response Modes Ways of demonstrating learning
(Output) 16Nolet, V. & McLaughlin, M. J. (2000).
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What is the Difference? The difference between an
accommodation and effective instructional practices comes down to what a student must have to be able to learn.
For example… The use of graphic organizers is a highly
effective strategy for all students and should be used in instruction daily
However, this student must have a graphic organizer as a result of having needs in the area of recall.
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Accommodations vs. Modifications
ModificationA change in the skills, concepts or
performance expectations (WHAT)While it may be modified, the topic
and content remains the same
10/07 SERC
Stetson, F. (2002). Step by Step Training for Inclusive Schools. Houston, Texas: Stetson and Associates.
Nolet, V., & McLaughlin, M. J. (2000). Accessing the General Curriculum: Including Students with Disabilities in Standards-Based Reform. Thousand Oaks, CA Corwin Press, Inc.
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Two Types of ModificationsChange in the number of
concepts/skills or performance expectations within the grade level standard (fewer or more)
Change of level of performance standard (benchmark) (lower or higher)
10/07 SERC
Nolet, V., & McLaughlin, M. J. (2000). Accessing the General Curriculum: Including Students with Disabilities in Standards-Based Reform. Thousand Oaks, CA Corwin Press, Inc.
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Something to Seriously Consider…Modifications that lessen content
or lower performance standards automatically decrease the likelihood of a student meeting goal on CMT/CAPT.
We should always have the conversation as to how we will move from the use of a modification to teaching the full content.
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Let’s Give it a Try!
Use the pre-test in your packet and identify each of the items as an accommodation or modification…
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Accommodation or Modification?
Color code important words or phrases
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George Washington was the first president of the United States
Accommodation
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Accommodation or Modification?
Read mathematical word problems aloud to a student
23Accommodation
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Accommodation or Modification?
A student retrieves 2 pictures from the Internet related to the essential elements of a World History topic. He demonstrates understanding by naming and pointing to the correct picture when cued by his peers during a presentation
24Modification
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Accommodation or Modification?
Allow a student to complete a project as an alternative to a test
25It Depends
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Accommodation or Modification?
A student is learning the concepts of part, whole and half; her peers are working on adding fractions
26Modification
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Accommodation or Modification?
Provide audiotapes, CDs or MP3s of textbooks and have the student follow the text while listening
27Accommodation, except…
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Accommodation or Modification?
A student is working on elapsed time through creating and using a schedule of his daily activities, while his classmates work on multi-step word problems with elapsed time
28Accommodation, as long as…
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Accommodation or Modification?
Graphic organizers such as semantic webs or concept maps
29Accommodation
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Accommodation or Modification?
Reduce the number of Math problems from 25 to 10
30Accommodation, as long as…
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Accommodation or Modification?
Provide alternative books with similar concepts, but at an easier reading level
31Accommodation, as long as…
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Accommodation or Modification?
A student is required to discriminate between animals and plants when given pictures and short descriptions, while the rest of the class is required to tell the distinguishing characteristics of animal and plant cells
32Modification
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Accommodation or Modification?
Provide a designated note taker or photocopy the notes of a classmate (use carbonless paper)
33Accommodation
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How did you do?
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Review the IEP/Word Bank“As designed”
With Supplemental Instruction
With Accommodations
With Modifications
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Stetson, F. (2002)
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Can You Adjust?
Are there areas that are really general education? (not needing additional support)
Is there sufficient supplemental instruction to address the gap?
Are there accommodations that can prevent the use of modifications?
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General Education Curriculum Standard
Extend & compare numerical & geometric sequences & classify patterns as repeating or growingGeneral Education
Curriculum & Setting Demands
Present Level of Performance Specially Designed Instruction
Bridge Gaps/Barriers
Supplemental Instruction
Accommodations Modifications
Concepts
Numerical sequences Sequencing How to sequence
Geometric sequences Patterns (repeating & growing)
Up to a-b patterns
Skills
Extend (sequences) Up to a-b patterns
Up to a-b-c patterns
Compare (sequences)
Classify (patterns) Up to a-b patterns
Benchmarks To a rubric score of 3/5Extend & compare complex patterns
Pre-Score of 1/5Up to a-b patterns
Up to a-b-c patterns
Setting Demands Use various patterns (shapes, letters, numbers)
Paper-pencil tasks Performs orally Picture cues for directions
Manipulatives Must have manipulatives
Whole class instruction
Has difficulty with understanding lecture
Frequent checks for understanding
Oral demonstrations/modeling
Oral explanations/ descriptions
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Examining Impact
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Evidence of High Impact on Learning
High Access to General Education Curriculum
Fosters Independence
Evidence of No Impact on/Prevents Learning
No Access to General Education Curriculum
Fosters Dependence
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Verbal repetition of vocabulary (supplemental instruction)
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Evidence of High Impact on Learning
High Access to General Education Curriculum
Fosters Independence
Evidence of No Impact on/Prevents Learning
No Access to General Education Curriculum
Fosters Dependence
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AlphaSmart Assistive Technology Instruction
(Supplemental Instruction)
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Evidence of High Impact on Learning
High Access to General Education Curriculum
Fosters Independence
Evidence of No Impact on/Prevents Learning
No Access to General Education Curriculum
Fosters Dependence
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Picture Communication Board (accommodation)
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Evidence of High Impact on Learning
High Access to General Education Curriculum
Fosters Independence
Evidence of No Impact on/Prevents Learning
No Access to General Education Curriculum
Fosters Dependence
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Frequent Checks for Understanding (accommodation)
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Evidence of High Impact on Learning
High Access to General Education Curriculum
Fosters Independence
Evidence of No Impact on/Prevents Learning
No Access to General Education Curriculum
Fosters Dependence
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You Try
Of the potential supplemental instruction, accommodations and modifications you listed, which ones will have the greatest impact on…? Learning Access to general curriculum Independence
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Integration with Universal Practice
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Most Like Peers
Enriches Other’s Learning
Seen as “Cool”
Easy to Put into the Routine
Least Like Peers
Deters Other’s Learning
Seen as “Uncool”
Difficult to Put into the Routine
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Picture Communication Board
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Most Like Peers
Enriches Other’s Learning
Seen as “Cool”
Easy to Put into the Routine
Least Like Peers
Deters Other’s Learning
Seen as “Uncool”
Difficult to Put into the Routine
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Frequent Check for Understanding
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Most Like Peers
Enriches Other’s Learning
Seen as “Cool”
Easy to Put into the Routine
Least Like Peers
Deters Other’s Learning
Seen as “Uncool”
Difficult to Put into the Routine
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You TryOf the potential
accommodations/modifications you selected, which ones will …? Be most like peers Will enrich others learning Is seen as cool Be easy to put into a routine
What changes would need to happen to move them into the green zone?
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