Determination of Foreign Exchange Chapter 4
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Transcript of Determination of Foreign Exchange Chapter 4
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Exchange Rate Determination
4 Chapter
South-Western/Thomson Learning © 2003
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MeasuringExchange Rate Movements
• An exchange rate measures the value of one currency in units of another currency.
• When a currency declines in value, it is said to depreciate. When it increases in value, it is said to appreciate.
• On the days when some currencies appreciate while others depreciate against the dollar, the dollar is said to be “mixed in trading.”
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MeasuringExchange Rate Movements
• The percentage change (% in the value of a foreign currency is computed as
St – St-1
St-1
where St denotes the spot rate at time t.• A positive % represents appreciation of
the foreign currency, while a negative % represents depreciation.
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1.401.451.501.551.601.651.701.751.80
1992 1996 2000
Approximate Spot Rate of £
$
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
1992 1996 2000
Approximate £ that could be
Purchased with $10,000
£
-20-15-10
-505
101520
1992 1996 2000
Approximate Annual %
%
Fluctuation of the British PoundOver Time
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Value of £
Quantity of £
D: Demand for £
$1.55$1.50
$1.60S: Supply of £
equilibrium exchange rate
Exchange Rate Equilibrium
• An exchange rate represents the price of a currency, which is determined by the demand for that currency relative to the supply for that currency.
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$/£
Quantity of £
S0
D0
r0
U.S. inflation U.S. demand for
British goods, and hence £.
D1
r1
S1
Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
Relative Inflation Rates
British desire for U.S. goods, and hence the supply of £.
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Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
Currency Inflation Price Demand Demand for Currency
Supply for Currency
$ Rise Rise Fall Fall Rise
£ Same Same Rise Rise Fall
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$/£
Quantity of £
r0
S0
D0
S1
D1
r1
U.S. interest rates U.S. demand for
British bank deposits, and hence £.
Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
Relative Interest Rates
British desire for U.S. bank deposits, and hence the supply of £.
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Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
Currency Existing Change Supply Demand
$ 5% 8% Fall Rise£ 7% 7% Rise Fall
Currency Existing Change
$ 7% 7%£ 5% 5%
$ (Can) 4% 9%
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$/£
Quantity of £
S0
D0
r0
U.S. income level U.S. demand for
British goods, and hence £.
D1
r1
Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
Relative Income Levels
No expected change for the supply of £.
,S1
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Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
Relative Economic Growth Rates• Nation with stronger economic growth will attract
investment seeking to acquire domestic assets.
• In turn this will increase demand for domestic currency.
• Will result into a stronger domestic currency, other things being equal.
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Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
Political and Economic Risk• Investors prefer to hold lesser amount of riskier
assets.
• Low risk currencies are more preferred than high risk currencies.
• Risk is associated with political and economic factors.
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Government Controls• Governments may influence the equilibrium
exchange rate by:¤ imposing foreign exchange barriers,¤ imposing foreign trade barriers,¤ intervening in the foreign exchange market,
and¤ affecting macro variables such as inflation,
interest rates, and income levels.
Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
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Expectations• Foreign exchange markets react to any
news that may have a future effect.• Institutional investors often take currency
positions based on anticipated interest rate movements in various countries.
• Because of speculative transactions, foreign exchange rates can be very volatile.
Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
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Interaction of Factors• Trade-related factors and financial factors
sometimes interact. Exchange rate movements may be simultaneously affected by these factors.
• For example, an increase in the level of income sometimes causes expectations of higher interest rates.
Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
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Interaction of Factors
Factors that InfluenceExchange Rates
• The sensitivity of the exchange rate to these factors is dependent on the volume of international transactions between the two countries.
• Over a particular period, different factors may place opposing pressures on the value of a foreign currency.
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Trade-Related Factors 1. Inflation Differential 2. Income Differential 3. Gov’t Trade Restrictions
Financial Factors1. Interest Rate Differential2. Capital Flow Restrictions
How Factors Can Affect Exchange Rates
U.S. demand for foreign goods, i.e. demand for
foreign currency
Foreign demand for U.S. goods, i.e. supply of
foreign currency
U.S. demand for foreign securities, i.e. demand
for foreign currency
Foreign demand for U.S. securities, i.e. supply of
foreign currency
Exchange rate
between foreign
currency and the dollar
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The Asset Market Model of Exchange Rate
• The value today of a given currency, say, the dollar, depends on whether or not and how strongly people still want the amount of dollars and dollar denominated assets they held yesterday.• The exchange rate between two currencies represent the price that just balances the relative supplies of and the demands for assets denominated in those currencies.• Shifts in preferences can lead to massive shifts in currency values.
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Exchange at $0.52/NZ$
4. Holds $20,912,320
2. Holds NZ$40 million
Exchange at $0.50/NZ$
Speculating on Anticipated Exchange Rates
Chicago Bank expects the exchange rate of the New Zealand dollar to appreciate from its present level of $0.50 to $0.52 in 30 days.
1. Borrows $20 million
Borrows at 7.20% for 30 days
Lends at 6.48% for 30 days 3. Receives
NZ$40,216,000
Returns $20,120,000Profit of $792,320
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Speculating on Anticipated Exchange Rates
Chicago Bank expects the exchange rate of the New Zealand dollar to depreciate from its present level of $0.50 to $0.48 in 30 days.
Exchange at $0.48/NZ$
4. Holds NZ$41,900,000
2. Holds $20 million
Exchange at $0.50/NZ$
1. Borrows NZ$40 million
Borrows at 6.96% for 30 days
Lends at 6.72% for 30 days 3. Receives
$20,112,000
Returns NZ$40,232,000Profit of NZ$1,668,000
or $800,640