Determinants of Vegetarianism and Meat Consumption Frequency Eimear Leahy, Seán Lyons & Richard...
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Determinants of Vegetarianism and Meat Consumption Frequency
Eimear Leahy, Seán Lyons & Richard Tol
Methane emissions by commodity
beef
milk
poultry
pork
sheep meat
Meat consumption increased by 250% 1960-2002 -set to double by 2050
Increasing world population
Increasing wealth in less developed countries
Portion sizes increasing
Methane emissions by region
Oceania
North Amer-ica
Latin Amer-ica
Europe
Asia and Pacific
Africa
Limited scope for reducing methane emissions by technical measures
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
UK
196
9U
K 1
968
UK
196
3U
K 1
973
UK
197
1V
ietn
am 2
006
UK
196
2Ir
elan
d 19
87B
osni
a 20
01B
ulga
ria
1995
Ser
bia
2007
UK
197
8U
K 1
980
Vie
tnam
199
2U
K 1
982
Gua
tem
ala
2000
Irel
and
2004
UK
198
5S
erbi
a 20
02Ja
mai
ca 1
991
Fra
nce
199
5S
erbi
a 20
03Ja
mai
ca 1
992
UK
198
6U
K 1
989
UK
198
7U
K 1
991
UK
199
7Ja
mai
ca 2
000
UK
199
3U
K 1
994
Fra
nce
200
1U
K 2
000
Ger
man
y 20
03U
SA
198
1F
ranc
e 2
006
US
A 1
980
UK
200
2-03
UK
200
1Ja
mai
ca 1
999
UK
200
3-04
Jam
aica
200
4B
razi
l 199
7U
SA
199
5U
SA
199
2U
SA
199
4U
SA
200
1U
SA
200
3U
SA
199
6U
SA
200
0U
SA
199
7U
SA
200
2U
SA
199
8U
SA
199
9U
SA
200
5N
epal
200
3/04
Jam
aica
200
7S
outh
Afr
ica
1993
Aus
tral
ia 2
003/
04Iv
ory
Coa
st 1
985
Chi
na 1
997
Tanz
ania
199
3Iv
ory
Coa
st 1
987
Aze
rbai
jan
1995
Ivor
y C
oast
198
8K
yrgy
zsta
n 19
93R
ussi
a 19
93/9
4In
dia
1998
Taji
kist
an 1
999
Tim
or L
este
200
1
frac
tion
of
hous
ehol
ds
Vegetarians
Strict Vegetarians
Vegans
Vegetarianism and Income
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Per Capita Income PPP
% V
eg
ho
us
eh
old
s
Determinants of Vegetarianism: Literature
• The factors affecting meat demand have been studied at a micro level-in Ireland Newman et al. (2001)-in the USA Nayga (1995)-in the UK Burton et al. (1994, 1999, 2004)-in Japan Chern et al. (2002) -in Mexico by Gould et al. (2002)
• Meat demand is affected by income, household size, education level and professional status.
• Motivations of vegetarians have been studied but small or unrepresentative samples used-Beardsworth and Bryman (1999): 350 first year undergraduates-Jabs, Devine and Sobal (1998): middle class vegetarian group, 19 respondents-Fox and Ward (2008): online message board: 33 respondents
Vegetarianism in England
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
All-vegetarian householdsVegetarians
Vegetarianism in Ireland
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 20080.0%
0.2%
0.4%
0.6%
0.8%
1.0%
1.2%
1.4%All-vegetarian householdsVegetarians
Data• Health Survey for England 2008
- 15,102 adults, 7,521 children- In 2008 the focus was on physical activity and fitness- also questions on eating and drinking habits, general
health, bmi, income, education level, socio-economic status, ethnicity, marital status, region- consumption of red and white meat:
6+ times a week, 3-5, 1-2, <1, rarely or never
• Vegetarian Definition : someone that does not eat meat, poultry, game, fish, shellfish or by-products of slaughter - We also analyse the frequency of fish consumption
Data
• 2007 Survey of Lifestyles, Attitudes and Nutrition (SLÁN) in Ireland
• 10,364 adults aged 18 and over - range of questions about general health, fruit and
vegetable consumption, alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity
- also contains information on income and other socio-economic variables
- 9,223 adults completed a food frequency questionnaire- Consumption of medium sized portions of 21 meat items;
less than once a month or never, one–three times per month, once a week, two-four times per week, 5-6 times per week, once a day, 2-3 times per day, 4-5 times per day or 6 or more times per day
- 7 categories of fish included
Methods• Separate analyses for adults and children in England, just adults
in Ireland• Vegetarianism: Logit model. Dependent variable =1 if
respondent does not eat meat/fish, 0 otherwise1.6% do not eat meat in Ireland, >4% in England0.94% vegetarian in Ireland, 2.2% in England
Pescetarianism: Dependent variable = 1 if respondent does not eat meat but does eat fish, 0 otherwise0.66% pescetarian in Ireland, 2% in England
• Analysis of meat and fish consumption frequency-ordered logit model-combined red meat, white meat and fish consumption scales
>5% eat meat 2-4 times a week or less in Ireland, 23% in England
Results: England
Vegetarian Pescetarian
BMI - -
Fruit & Veg + +
HH size - -
Female + +
Other vegetarians + +
Asian + -
Age -
Days drinking -
Widowed -
Divorced +
3 -24 people in workplace +
Degree or higher level of education +
Results: IrelandVegetarian Pescetarian
BMI - -Fruit & Veg + +HH size -Single + +Educ_junior - -
Vegetarian Pescetarian
€10,000-€19,999 - alcohol_monthly +
€20,000 -€20,999 - alcohol_never +
€30,000 -€39,999 - excellent health -
€40,000 - €40,999 - poor health +
age_18-29 - self employed +
age_45-64 - unemployed +
born other - widowed +
town -
cohabiting +
student +
Frequency Results: England
Meat Consumption Meat and Fish ConsumptionHH size + +BMI + +Units of alcohol + +Alcohol days per week + +Fruit & Veg +Asian - -A level + +O level + +£100,001 - £150,000 + +Divorced - -Single - -Female -Southwest - -Yorkshire and Humber -East -London -Cohabiting -Other vegetarians in hh -
Frequency Results: Ireland
Also important for meat frequency:
Dublin –
Cohabiting –Separated -
Meat Consumption Meat and Fish ConsumptionHH size + +BMI + +Female - -Active - -Watch weight - -Smoker + +Fruit & Veg + +Alcohol Monthly or less - -Age 18-29 + +Age 45-64 - -Age 65 and over - -Born in GB - -€30,000-€30,999 + +€40,000-€40,999 + +Diploma - -Degree - -Higher degree - -Professionals - -Farmer + +Student - -
Vegetarianism and Income: England
< £10,400£20,401 - £31,200
£41,601 - £52,000
£60,001 - £70,000
£80,001 - £90,000
£100,001 - £150,000
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
Vegetarianism and Income: Ireland
Under €10,000 €10,000 - €19,999
€20,000 - €29,999
€30,000 - €39,999
€40,000 - €49,999
€50,000 and over
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
Conclusion
• Vegetarianism increasing over time in England and Ireland
• Strong relationship between meat consumption and health related variables (e.g. fruit and veg, BMI) but as of yet we cannot tell the direction of causation
• Marital status, age and household size also important
• Pescetarianism is a life style choice as indicated by workplace and employment choices
• Household size, health variables, education level and alcohol consumption important in explaining the frequency of meat consumption
• Income significant in Ireland but not in UK. U- shaped relationship exists for income levels up to €50,000