Determinants of Personality

Heredity : It refers to factors pre-determined at birth. (Ht. Wt., Physical stature etc.)

Environment : It is the Socio-cultural environment rather than physical environment. Socio-cultural factors such as early conditioning, norms of the family, friends and social group and others play a critical role in shaping the personality. (Norms, Attitudes and Values)

Situation: The situation influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality. Sechress – Certain situations are more relevant than others in influencing personality.

Reference Books for Org. Behav.

• Organizational Behavior-Fred Luthans, Tata Mcgraw Hill

• Organizational Behavior-Stephen Robbins, Prentice-Hall

Personality

• The role of Heredity and the brain

• Self – Esteem (Self – Concept in personality theory)

• Person – Situation Interaction

• The Socialization Process

• Email id: knafisa@nmims.edu

Carl Jung’s Personality Types

The Jung Theory Dimensions and the Myers-BriggsType Indicators

Where do you get your energyExtraversion (E) Introversion (I)

Outgoing QuietInteracting Concentrating Speaks, then thinks Thinks, then speaksGregarious Reflective

How do you orient yourself to the outside world?

Judging (J) Perceiving (P)

Carl Jung’s Personality Types

Structured FlexibleTime Oriented Open endedDecisive Exploring Organized Spontaneous

What do you pay attention to and collect information on?Sensing (S) Intuiting (N)

PracticalDetailsConcreteSpecific How do you evaluate and make decisions?Thinking(T) Feeling(F)

Analytical SubjectiveHead HeartRules Circumstances Justice Mercy

Biographical Attributes Impacting Organizational Behavior

• Age• Gender• Marital Status• Tenure of an Employee in an

organization

Personality attributes impacting Organizational BehaviourLocus of Control : Internals Vs. ExternalsAchievement Orientation:(nAch) Type : High need to achieve(nAppl) Type : High need to relate(NPwr) Type : High need to control

Authoritarianism : This perpetuates the belief that there should be status and power differences among people in the organization. This type is denoted by intellectual rigidity, judgmental of others, deferential to those above and exploitative to those below.

Machiavellinism: There is a conscious attempt to gain and manipulate power. This type is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends justify means.

Attribution Theory

• We seek to make sense of our world.

• We attribute people’s actions to internal or external causes.

• And we do this in logical ways.

Harold Kelley, the Attribution theorist emphasizes that attribution theory is primarily concerned with the cognitive processes by which an individual interprets behavior as being caused by or attributed to certain aspects of the relevant environment. This theory seeks to answer the “why” questions of motivation and behavior.

Attribution Errors

• Fundamental Attribution error – A tendency to attribute the behavior of other people to internal factors rather than external factors.

• Self – serving bias – A tendency to attribute our failures to external factors but our success to internal factors

“Big Five” Personality Dimensions

• Conscientiousness – careful, dependable, self-disciplined

• Emotional stability-poised, secure and calm

• Openness to experience-sensitive, flexible, creative and curious

“Big Five” Personality Dimensions

• Agreeableness –courteous, good-natured, empathic and caring

• Extroversion- outgoing, talkative, sociable and assertive

* Champions of organizational change seem to have high levels of the 5 personality dimensions.

Positive Impact of some traits

• Conscientiousness-Higher it is, higher the job performance

• Extraversion-Higher success in Management and sales related jobs but reportedly high absenteeism

• Emotional stability – Higher it is, better in stressful situations

“Big Five” Personality Dimensions

* People with high agreeableness will tend to handle customer relations & conflict based situations better.

* People with high emotional stability tend to work better than others in high stress situations.

Characteristics of the Socialization Process

• Provide a challenging first job• Provide a relevant training.• Provide timely and consistent feedback.• Select a good first supervisor to be in

charge of socialization.• Design a relaxed orientation program• Place a new recruits in work groups with

high morale.

Styles chartThe following chart contains words that describe the basic style characteristics that fit the

various letters. P

Prudent Planning Requires Patience,

Precision and Preparation

T

Tried and True in Two minutes

Turn-around Time!

Planner Precise Patient

Prudent Probe Prepared

Prove it Pattern Predictability

Practice Prioritize Prefers logic

Pace Programs Past-focused

Place Projections Probabilities

Tangible Today Top dog

Targets Task-oriented Take charge

Tough Tactical Time

Tiger Tenacious

Tackle Titles

Traditions To do lists

L

Let me lighten your load.

F

Fun-loving, Free and Fast-moving

Love Lamb Languish

Loyalty Link together

Look after Likes others

Lasting Listening

Lend a hand Let alone

Fast Free wheel Fresh

Fearless Formless Flashy

Funky (un) Fettered Fun

Forward Finder

Fascinating Flexible

PERSONAL STYLE ASSESSMENT To create a profile of your preferences, place a checkmark ( ) by each word that is really like you.‟

T____ take charge

____ implementer

____ responsible

____ leader

____ strong willed

____ traditional

____ prepared

____ results-

oriented

____ saving

____ practical

____ accountable

____ being in

control

F_____ fun

_____ spontaneous

_____ flexible

_____ dramatic

_____ stimulating

_____ flashy

_____ enthusiastic

_____ gestures

_____ flamboyant

_____ fast

_____ excitable

_____ performer

_____ action

_____ freedom

L____ loyal

____ giving

____ sentimental

____ team oriented

____ sensitive

____ supportive

____ relater

____ asks

____ emotional

____ willing

____ dependable

____ agreeable

____ loving

____ harmonious

P_____ planner

_____ logical

_____ creative

_____ analytical

_____ theoretical

_____ precise

_____ serious

_____ probing

_____ skeptical

_____ thinker

_____ predicts

_____ history

_____ exacting

_____ innovative

PERSONAL STYLE ASSESSMENT

T_____ dutiful

_____ impatient

_____ powerful

_____ bottom line

_____ law and

order

_____ status

_____ tells

_____ authority

_____ efficient

_____ decisive

_____ tough

_____ direct

_____ do it now

_____ achievement

F

_____ rapid

reaction

_____ don’t like

routine

_____ like

things

_____ zestful

_____ future

focus

_____ impulsive

_____ spurt

worker

_____ exciting

L _____ listening

_____ sympathetic

_____ honest

feelings

_____ friendly

_____ people

centered

_____ being

accepted

_____ romantic

_____ feelings

first

_____ helps others

_____ present

focused

P____ budgets

____ orderly

____ cautions

action

_____questioning

_____mastery

_____ organised

_____ conceptual

_____ priorities

_____ perfectionist

_____ strategist

_____ detail

oriented

_____ accuracy

_____ works best

alone

PERSONAL STYLE ASSESSMENT

T_____ discipline_____ structure

_____ driver

_____ demanding

_____ Total T

F

_____ playful

_____ spends

_____ light-

hearted

_____ originally

_____adventurer

_____mover

_____risk taker

_____challenge

authority

______ Total F

L

____ avoids

conflict

____ amiable

____ warm

____ considerate

____ conforming

____ link

together

_______ Total L

P____ careful

____ patient

____ quality

______ Total P

STYLE DESCRIPTIONS

T

A person with a T style is often a leader. He or she is direct and tends to want to take charge, to get things moving. T’s tend to be organised and strong-willed with a respect for tradition. This style of person is dependable, down-to-earth, and likes structure. Tradition and following the rules are important to the T’s

F

F’s like to be where the action is. They value freedom and fun. They often behave impulsively, acting on the spur of the moment. They tend to live in here and now, breaking loose from the past quickly and not worrying about tomorrow. The F’s will be risk takers with an orientation toward adventure in what they do. They will be easily bored by routine .

STYLE DESCRIPTIONS

L The L’s are the people persons.

Building relationships and keeping them healthy are at the heart of their style. They like being around people and value the quality of emotional life involved. Honesty, harmony and being open with feelings are at the core of their concerns. L’s believe that consideration for others is the foundation of all that follows.

P P’s tend to focus on logic,

fact, and reason as the basis for action. They focus on details and want to be sure they have all the facts before decisions are made. A person with a P orientation will tend to be cautious, intuitive, creative and stable. They will be concerned about how to improve things and about the ability to do things right based on information and fact.

HBSWK CLOSE UPTHE HALLMARKS OF ENDURING SUCCESS

• Here are highlights of research on successful people done by Howard Stevenson and Laura Nash

• What do successful people have in common? They :

• • Seize opportunity as life presents it

• • Avoid regret

• • Enjoy the here and now

• The four satisfactions of enduring success:

• • Achievement

• • Happiness

• • Significance

• • Legacy

HBSWK CLOSE UPTHE HALLMARKS OF ENDURING SUCCESS

• When success proves elusive, look for :

• • A mismatch between your values, goals, beliefs and achievements

• •Too great a dependency on one strength

• • Strengths that don’t satisfy your emotional needs

• •Placing activities in the wrong domain

Interdependence

Independence

Public victory

Think Win/Win

4

Synergize

6

Seek first to Understand then to be understood

5

Dependence

Private victory

3 Put First Things First

1 Be Proactive

2

Begin with the End in Mind

7 sharpen the saw