Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture? What's Wrong with...

Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?

What's Wrong with This Picture?

2Is there

an association?

Did the exposure and the disease turn up

together?

1How is this disease

distributed?Hypotheses

3Is the association

causal?

4What should be done

to prevent the disease?

5Did the prevention

strategy work?

Where are we and where are we going?

What’s my hypothesis?


Formulates Hypotheses

Hypothesis

Tests Hypotheses

Review

What is a hypothesis?

An Educated Guess

Descriptive Epidemiology

What is descriptive

epidemiology?

Analytical Epidemiology

What is analytical

epidemiology?


What is a control group?

People who participate in a trial but do not get the treatment.

Their results are compared to results of the group that does get the treatment.

No AcneMed

“Not Exposed”Control

Group

AcneMed

“Exposed”Experimental

Group

Review


Epidemiologist

Board of Education

Smoking marijuana causes memory loss.

Scenario


Poor Grades

Drug Use

200 High School Students

No

Marijuana

100 StudentsControl

Group

Marijuana

100 StudentsExperimental

Group4 Months

Measure Memory Loss

2 x 2 Table, Calculate Risks, and Relative Risk

What’s wrong with this picture?

Measure Memory

Scenario

Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What’s Wrong With This Picture?

Epi TalkEthical

In accordance with the accepted principles of right and wrong governing the conduct of a group.

Epi Talk


Epi Log Worksheet


Nazi Human Experiments



Accepted Principles


Doctors Trial

What happened after World War II was over?

Accepted Principles


Based on prior animal experiments

Totally voluntary, informed consent

Justification of benefit to individuals or society

Highlights of the Nuremberg Code

Based on prior animal experiments

Totally voluntary, informed consent

Absolute avoidance of physical and mental suffering and injury

Justification of benefit to individuals or society

Highlights of the Nuremberg Code

Conducted only by qualified scientists

Ability of subjects to withdraw at any time

Accepted Principles


Epi Log Worksheet


Tuskegee Syphilis Study


Nothing Learned Will Prevent, Find, or Cure a Single Case.


Tuskegee Syphilis Study


What happened?

Senate hearings on human experiments

Newspaper article and public outcry

Belmont Report

Affected wives and children given medical treatment

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects

Lifetime medical treatment guaranteed for survivors

Study stopped

Accepted Principles


1973:

1972:

1979:

1975:

1974:

Accepted Principles


Clinton Regrets “Clearly Racist” U.S. Study New York Times, May 17, 1997

Epi Log Worksheet


Accepted Principles


The Belmont Report

Office of the Secretary

Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral

Research

April 18, 1979

Accepted Principles

Basic Ethical Principles

Respect for Persons

Beneficence

Justice

Belmont Report


Epi Talk

Epi Talk


Respect for Persons

Respect individual autonomy (independence, freedom, capacity for self direction)

Provides extra protection for those with less autonomy.

Rules for Ensuring “Respect for Persons”

Complete information about study and potential risks

Understand information

Voluntary participation

Withdraw at any time

Informed Consent



Epi Log Worksheet


Epi Talk

Epi Talk


Beneficence

An effort to secure people’s well-being.

A decision about when it is justifiable to seek certain benefits despite the risks involved.

Rules for ensuring “Beneficence”

Consider all types of potential harms

Benefits to participants and / or to society

Brutal or inhumane treatment is never justified

Risk / Benefit Assessment



Epi Log Worksheet


Epi Talk

Epi Talk


Justice

Fair distribution of the benefits of research and the burdens of being a research subject.

Rules for Ensuring “Justice”

Selection process and outcome must be fair

Avoid cultural, racial, social or other biases

Avoid choosing convenient or easy to manipulate participants

Subject Selection



Epi Log Worksheet



Accepted Principles

Accepted Principles

Need to let people know about study.RFP

Epi Log Worksheet


CDC

What's Wrong with This Picture?


Investigation 2-3 has ended.

Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture? What's Wrong with...

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