FLOWERING PLANTS

HYDRANGEA

Scientific Name : Hydrangea macrophylla

Family : Hydrangeaceae

Common names : French hydrangea, Big leaf, Snowball and Japanese Hydrangea

Flowering Period

: Summer

Colour : Blue, Dark Purple, white, Green, Pink

Hydrangea is a shrub with large, medium to dark green, luxuriant foliage with round ball shaped cluster of flowers. These shrubs are easy to grow and flowers well in areas with mild winters. A native of Japan and Korea, the shrub has many varieties and hybrids. One of the remarkable characteristics is that the same plant can produce both pink and blue flowers depending on the ph factor or the aluminum content of the soil-blue in acidic soil and pink in alkaline soil. The blooms stay long as cut flowers.PlantingThe shrub can be propagated using cuttings which easily grows roots or through dividing from old established plants. It can also be propagated by layering. Remove one inch wide ring of outer bark from the middle section of a stem of a hydrangea plant. Bend and insert this section of the stem in the soil. Let the upper tip of the stem 6-12 inches remain uncovered with soil. Roots will start growing from the part of the stem under the soil and the plant will be ready to be replanted within 6 months.Hydrangea's can be replanted on the ground in a mass or even in a large container in a mixture of composted organic leaf matter and soil, 8-10 inches thick. The top of the root should be in level with the surface of the soil and should be watered

thoroughly. It grows well in rich moist but well drained soil. Partial shade to light sun gives the best results. The plants gets established 4-8 weeks after transplanting. After that several light application of a complete fertilizer is good during its growing months. Prune the stems and flowers heads and as soon as they begin to fade for splendid foliage, but avoid pruning after August when the flower buds begin to form. Pruning in late summer can reduce flowering in the next season.

WHERE TO PLANT HYDRANGEAS: Sun or Shade

All hydrangeas will bloom and grow well in morning sun and afternoon shade. This is especially true of the commonly grown Hydrangea macrophylla. Macrophylla hydrangeas are the blue and pink mopheads and lacecaps.

The further north one lives the more sun hydrangeas need and can withstand. While mophead hydrangeas can grow well in all-day sun in Chicago, they would struggle to survive in afternoon sun in Atlanta. Some visitors to this site who live in cooler climates such as the northeast or northwest report that their hydrangeas do beautifully in full sun all day.

No hydrangea will do well in HEAVY shade, such as under a shade tree. The blooms will be sparse and will not develop fully.

If your landscape is mostly sunny (and hot), you may wish to grow the PeeGee ( paniculata ) hydrangea, which thrives in all day sun as long as it receives adequate moisture. PeeGee hydrangeas actually need at least 5 hours of sun per day to bloom well.

The Oakleaf hydrangeas will also grow in sun or shade, but the blooms last longer if they get a little afternoon shade in hot climates. The leaves on the Oakleaf hydrangeas will "color up" best in the fall if they receive some sun.

HOW TO PLANT HYDRANGEAS

● VERY IMPORTANT: Choose a location where your hydrangea can reach its full size without pruning. For normal sized hydrangeas, expect the plant to reach at least 4 ft. X 4 ft. Hydrangeas are almost impossible to keep pruned to a smaller size than they ultimately wish to grow.

●● Plant in well-drained soil! If soil is heavy, add roughage such as pine bark

mulch (Make sure it's ground BARK not ground WOOD).●● Do not over water, esp. in clay soil. This can lead to root rot.●● Do not plant too deeply. Plant at the same depth the hydrangea was

planted in the pot. (see diagram below)●● Plant in early summer or fall. ●● Transplant a hydrangea when it has become dormant and has lost all of its

leaves (late fall or winter).

MORE TIPS FOR PLANTING● Place the hydrangea in an area where it can get plenty of moisture.

Supplemental moisture is especially important the first year or two and during droughts.

●● Hydrangeas planted under a tree often fail to thrive. This is because

trees roots are very aggressive and are drawn to the rich, moist soil usually provided for hydrangeas.

●● No matter how many of the tree roots you remove to make room for the

hydrangeas (and be careful not to remove too many), the roots will all be back within a year (unless you remove too many and kill the tree!).

●● Also, as mentioned above, under large hardwood trees the light is often

insufficient for growing hydrangeas. If grass won't grow in the area, hydrangeas probably won't either.

●●● The Oakleaf hydrangea is more temperamental about "wet feet"

than the other types. Make sure that the Oakleaf will get perfect drainage in the area in which it is planted or the roots may rot. This is especially true when it is first planted. After the Oakleaf becomes established, it is very easy to grow.

●

BEST TIME TO PLANT HYDRANGEAS

Hydrangeas purchased from a garden center have been growing outdoors in a pot. They can be planted at any time of the year. However, to get good results, keep these considerations in mind:

● Although it is not always possible, purchase a hydrangea while it is in bloom. This allows one to see how the plant will bloom. Hydrangeas are often mislabeled, and even good nurseries have difficulties keeping varieties separated when they are not in bloom. Twice I have planted mopheads when I thought I had lacecaps. Additionally, 'Annabelle' doesn't always bloom properly. You may get stuck with a plant that is labeled "Annabelle" but the blooms turn out to be small and fuzzy .

●●● Whenever possible, plant in early summer or fall. Don't plant in early

spring when frosts are still possible. I've lost two leafed-out plants that were killed when a late frost hit them.

●●● Don't plant a hydrangea during the hottest part of the summer

unless it can't be helped.●●● After planting a hydrangea, DO NOT LEAVE IT ALONE. Too often we rush to

get our shrubs planted before we leave on vacation. Be on hand to give it some TLC and to keep it well watered.

GIFT HYDRANGEAS

(The Foil Wrapped Hydrangeas)

Hydrangeas that come wrapped in colorful foil are beautiful. These hydrangeas have been grown in a greenhouse and are meant to provide a one-time, dramatic display. Each year I purchase a few for the house. However, these hydrangeas

have special needs. Here is a page for more on " Foil - Wrapped Hydrangeas "

TRANSPLANTING HYDRANGEAS

Most people know that "transplanting" means digging a plant up from one location and planting it in another.

Authorities agree that the BEST TIME to transplant hydrangeas is when they are dormant, i.e. after most of the leaves have fallen off the hydrangeas. When I lived in SC we transplanted hydrangeas in late November to late December, but if your ground isn't frozen, January and February are fine, too.

TRANSPLANTING TIPS● When digging a hydrangea to transplant, dig up as much of the rootball as

possible. Since the roots are fibrous and form a ball filled with soil, the plant may be VERY heavy, so you might want to get some help with this.

●●● Replant the hydrangea in an area that is shaded during the afternoon. This

will not only help the plant to survive, but it is the preferred location for hydrangeas, especially in the South.

●●● If you transplant while your hydrangeas are dormant (the best time), water

them deeply one time. They may need no more water until spring when warmer weather arrives.

●● Hydrangeas must be kept watered very well the first and second summer

after they are transplanted.●●● The best way to water is deeply. Use a hose to water rather than a sprinkler

system. However do not over-water. Watering every day can be just as destructive as allowing the plants to dry out.

●●● If the leaves wilt and the soil is moist enough, mist the leaves each day

until they recover.●●● If your soil does not drain well, do not allow it to remain soggy around the

hydrangeas. This is especially true for Oakleaf hydrangeas which will rot in a heart-beat if they stand in soil that is wet when first planted.

Scientific Name : Impatiens Wallerana

Family : Balsaminaceae

Common names : Common Impatiens, Busy Lizzy, touch-me-not, jewel weed

Flowering Season

: May until early frost, throughout summer

Colour : Multicolor

Impatiens, one of the popular flowerbed plants is the most dependable summer annual. It is a native to the tropical forests of East Africa. These plants have thick stems and leaves are usually medium green, but sometimes dark green or reddish green, and with variegated forms. The flowers most widely available come in a number of colours from red, salmon, orange, pink, white etc. They are also seen in bicolours and double flowering forms. They are sometimes known as Touch-me-nots. The 2-inch flower blooms from May until early frost. Propagation and Care Impatiens is an easy-to-grow plant from seed or cuttings. They are moderately difficult to grow from seed. Seed are sown in a mixture of sand, loam and organic matter (cow dung) in equal proportion. Seeds will germinate in one to two weeks.

Scientific Name : Anthurium spp.

Family : Araceae

Common names : Tailflower, Anthurium, Flamingo flower

Colour : White, Pink, Red, Cream or Green

Anthurium originally from Mexico, is a tropical perennial with big, heart shaped flowers and shiny, dark green foliage. The blooms or spathe (modified leaf) seen in

white, pink, red, cream or green can last up to 8 weeks. This beautiful foliage plant, blooms almost continuously in good conditions. It is an excellent plant for interiors and as cut flower arrangements.PlantingPlants are propagated by division from older or larger specimens or from a tissue cultured plant. The plants are grown in pots and even on the trunk of tree ferns. Plants require well-aerated medium (coarse soil mixes) with good water retention capacity. However, good drainage is also essential and important as too much water rots the roots and causes sudden yellowness of leaves. The medium of planting can be (1) mixture of peat moss, perlite, pine bark in 1:1:1 ratio (2) Coconut fibre, compost and soil best in summer(3) Gravel (grain sand), charcoal and bits of brick. Semi shade is best for the plant. It requires warmth and humidity.CareDead or rotted foliage at the base and any faded flowers should be removed. A diluted liquid fertilizer can be fed every two weeks. Chlorinated water (Tap water) and the use of insecticides is harmful. Re potting every year and use of rain water is beneficial.A solution of pressed neem seeds acts as a pesticide and fertilizer. A handful of pressed neem seeds has to be soaked till you get a real foul smelling liquid. This is strained and diluted more and sprayed. This natural pesticide / fertilizer is good for all plants. on all the plants. Pests cant stand the bitter taste of neem. Spraying diluted coconut water is great for flowers.

Scientific Name : Callistephus Chinensis

Family : Asteraceae

Common names : Aster, China Aster

Flowering Period

: August-September

Colour : Various

The family Asteraceae have an estimated 1,150 genera and a huge number of species seen almost all over the world originating from North America, Europe, China etc. The large China Asters are the most common form grown by florists and gardeners. Native to Asia, this lovely flowering annual is worth the little extra effort it takes for growing. It has a wide array of varieties and the height ranges from 6 inches to 3 feet. Most species of Aster are perennial and generally bloom in August.

They have daisy-like or star-like flower heads (4-6" in diameter) with a yellow center on leafy, often tall, stems. Their colors vary from white to creamy yellow, pink, blue, red and purple. They do well in beds, borders or pots and are a favorite as cut flowers because of their longevity.PropagationAsters need fertile, sandy, well-drained soil and full sun. The propagation is through seeds. Before sowing, sterilize the seeds with organic mercuric compounds to prevent stem rot and damping-off. For sowing of seeds, it is best to use a shallow flat. Add one-forth well rotted manure and enough sand to the soil to prevent the soil from becoming hard. Fill the flat half or two-thirds full, water thoroughly, and finish filling with soil just moist enough to handle nicely. Sow the seed in rows 2 inches apart, cover with fine sand and press firmly. The wet soil in the bottom will furnish enough moisture so that the boxes will not have to be sprinkled until after the seedlings are up.The seeds will germinate in a little over a week. As soon as several true leaves have grown, the seedlings should-be transplanted. Use rich soil in the bottom of the flats and ordinary soil above as further protection against disease. Set the seedlings 3 to 9 inches apart depending on the variety. The plants will grow to a height of 6-10 inches to 3 feet and a width of 6-18 inches.Care Since they are prone to wilt disease, virus diseases, foot rot, root rot, and aphids, avoid planting in the same location year after year. Pinch off faded flowers and yellowing foliage regularly to encourage new blooms. Shading plants prevents injury from the tarnished plant bug and yellows. If plants are badly diseased, burn them and stop growing China-asters for a few years. Water well in dry weather.

Scientific Name : Centaurea cyanus

Family : Composite

Common names : Bachelor's Button, Cornflower

Flowering Period

: June-July

Colour : Blue, White, Pink, Purple, Red

A native to Europe, this annual plant is now found through out the world. The multi-stemmed plant grows up to 1-3 feet with grayish green foliage and yields many flowers through out the summer. The flowers commonly seen in blue are small about 1 to 1 1/2 inches across with petals flaring out. Leaves covered with small white hairs have a gray- green appearance. The blooms are excellent for dry flower arrangements as they retain their colour when dried.PlantingThe plants are propagated through seeds. The seeds germinate better if they have been kept in refrigerator for few days before sowing. Seeds can be sown indoors in pots or outdoors in September- October or in March- April. The seeds take about one and a half weeks to germinate. Seedlings can be transplanted 12 inches apart in the garden in a mixture of soil and organic mix. The plant prefers full sun in various soil types for best results. These flowers usually self-sow and come back from year to year.

Scientific Name : Impatiens Balsamina

Family : Balsaminaceae

Common names : Balsam, Garden Balsam, Lady Slipper

Colour : Varied

Native to Southeast Asia, this erect, sparsely-branched, tender annual plant is a species of impatiens. These plants which grows upto 18inches tall have thick-juicy stems and medium spiky edged light green leaves. Flowers can be single or double around 2 inches diameter, bloom singly or in small clusters from the leaf axils, close to the stem and the colour ranges from white, pink, rose, red, violet, bicolour etc.Propagation and Care Balsams can easily grown in evenly moist, organically rich, well-drained soils in full sun to half shade. The seeds can be sown directly in the garden and it will sprout in one to two weeks or they can be started indoors in small pots to stall full growth and make them more compact and for earlier blooms. The plants may self-seed in the garden. Enrich the soil with compost and transplant in ground 12 to 14 inches apart or in pots. After transplanting the plants may wilt for a day or two. They develop good root systems and may be transplanted even in full bloom, but afterwards they should be well watered.They can be planted as borders or low hedges. For balsams, there is no serious insect or disease problems. For bushier growth, pinch back young plants and water

regularly. Remove weak shoots which form at the base of the plants. Plants with three or four shoots bloom better than those with many shoots. Balsam does not tolerate wet or cold weather. They can be placed indoors during heavy rains.

Scientific Name : Dicentra Spectabilis

Family : Fumariaceae

Common names : Bleeding Heart, Dutchman's Trousers

Flowering Season

: May-August

Colour : Red, Pink, White

Native to Japan, Bleeding Hearts are excellent perennial for the shade garden and they are very attractive with their light transparent green colour, deeply divided and fern like foliage and blooms are borne on arching flower stems above the foliage. Their 1 inch, heart-shaped flowers have rose pink, red or white outer petals with strongly reflexed tips, and the inner petals are white and exerted. The Bleeding Heart is fine for the border or margins of shrubbery. There is a variety with white outer petals and an exerted red flower like inner petal.Planting Bleeding Heart requires average, medium wet, well-drained, organically rich soil in part shade to full shade.Bleeding Hearts are propagated from seeds, division of the roots or from young shoots which start from the soil. Roots can be taken carefully by digging a section of the plant from a mature plant, cutting through one side. These shoots or the roots should be divided just before they start growth. It should be planted in an area where trees or roots of other plants will not compete for moisture or nutrients. Best growth is obtained when plants are spaced 2 feet apart and if planted in rows, space rows 3 feet apart. The pH can range from 6.0-7.5 and feed lightly, 5-10-5 commercial fertilizer. The plant takes 2 years to mature and grows to an average of 2 to 3 feet long.It can be grown as pot plants or on the ground and they do best if planted in well-rotted manure or compost, with top dressing applied yearly.Care For the Bleeding Heart, there is no serious insect or disease problems. Organic matter in the soil will supply all the protection the roots need. Foliage dies down in

the fall. Some susceptibility to aphid infestations. Occasionally stem rot appears but this can be prevented by planting in clean soil. Because Bleeding Hearts last for years, they will probably become overcrowded and need dividing in 3-4 years. Dig up in early spring but be sure to handle the roots very carefully because they are extremely brittle. Each piece of root division should have an eye or bud however, the root need not be more than 3 feet long. New planting locations should be well marked and cleaned removing dormant stems remaining if any.

Scientific Name : Bougainvillea Glabra

Family : Nyctaginaceae (four-o'clock family)

Common names : Bougainvillea, Paper flower

Flowering Season

: March to May

Colour : Red, orange, yellow, pink, white, purple, scarlet, lavender

Bougainvillea, a native of Brazil is a deciduous (leaf losing), climbing woody vine. Tiny white flowers usually appear in clusters surrounded by colorful papery bracts, hence the name paper flower. Single and double flower forms are available. The woody trunk tends to be twisted and the thin stem have sharp thorns and dark green leaves. Bougainvilleas can be easily grown as a hedge, an arch or a tree on the ground and in pots. Bougainvilleas available in a variety of species, is ideal for bonsai.Planting Bougainvillea may be grown from root cuttings and branch cuttings. Cuttings can propagate plants easily. Cuttings should be planted in a shady area until they form roots. The shoots, a few inches in length, can be replanted in sandy soil with bottom heat and moisture. Half-ripened or old woodcuttings in six to twelve inch lengths may be rooted April to June. Bougainvillea does best in dry conditions. They need full sunlight light, warm weather and well drained soil to flower well.

Scientific Name : Dianthus Caryophyllus

Family : Caryophyllaceae

Common names : Carnation, Divine flower, Clove pink, Gilly Flower

Colour : Various

Native of the Eurasia, Carnations; the most popular garden plant is one among some 300 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs in the genus Dianthus. There are hundreds of more hybrid varieties. Dianthus in Greek means 'Flower of Zeus' or Divine flower.Carnations will grow from 2" to 3 feet high, most garden varieties grow 10 to 20 inches tall. The plants have grayish-green foliage and fragrant, semi-double rosy, purple or white flowers. There are many hybrid varieties in a variety of colours and sizes with no fragrance. They bloom mainly during cool times of the year, especially early winter. They are great plants to grow in gardens and can be used as cut-flowers. If properly treated, carnations will last up to a month. Planting Carnations require fertile, slightly alkaline, neutral, well-drained soil and 4-5 hours of full sun each day. They should be planted 12-18 inches apart. Propagation can be done by seeds, cuttings, layering or division.Seeds can be sowed, 1/8 inch deep in a well drained mix in spring or early summer. Make sure the compost is moist but not wet. Mist spray occasionally and keep it moist. The seeds will germinate in 2 to 3 weeks. Transplant in pots or on the ground when large enough to handle and the plants will bloom in 6 - 9 months or a year. Cuttings can be taken off any carnation, but the best shoot come from cuttings off a year-old plant after it has bloomed. In fact, the flower stem is often the only place where a carnation will form a stalk long enough to take a cutting from. It is best to take carnation cuttings in early Fall. They will root at the swollen node hidden beneath each leaf. Cut at an angle just below a node, and trim off the top, leaving 1 node for roots at the bottom and one at the top for the growth to come out of. Poke into well-drained soil in pots or in a seedling tray.Layering is the easiest way to propagate carnations and the plant will do this themselves once mature. Observing a mature clump of carnations, seek out sturdy stems pointing away from the centre of the clump. If you look at the bottoms of these stems they will often be rooted, and if they are not yet, you can promote rooting by bending them down to touch the soil. Keep them pinned down with a

rock, a stick, or whatever else. Cut off any flowers that are growing on that particular stem. Within a few weeks you will see your new plant rooting. Once the roots seem 4 to 5 inches long, cut this new plant away from the mother plant and repot in well-drained soil.They can also be propagated by division. Dig up the whole non productive clump of an old plant. Gently and carefully separate the plant segments with your hands or gardening fork. Replant each new division in a well drained mix and keep it moist.Care Carnations need some hours of full sun each day and should be kept moist. Avoid over-watering as it may tend to turn the foliage yellow. For continued blooming feed lightly every 6 to 8 weeks with an all-purpose (10-10-10) liquid fertilizer. Spent flowers should be removed promptly to promote continued blooming.

Scientific Name : Acalypha Hispida

Family : Euphobiaceae

Common names : Red Hot Cat's Tail, Chenille Plant

Flowering Season

: Throughout the year

Colour : Red

Probably from Australia or Malaysia, Acalypha Hispida is very attractive with its bright green leaves toothed on the margin and long, hairy tail like crimson drooping red flower clusters. This perennial shrub may reach a height of 2 to 3 meters. The flowers can reach up to 10-50cm long and are usually red, but there is a white form called 'Alba'. Planting Acalypha Hispida requires bright light, well drained soil and warm conditions. It grows rapidly with good water and fertilizer. This plant can be propagated from cuttings and needs great care. The cuttings can be planted in a sandy potting mix with adequate bottom heat. It can be grow in a standard potting mix or on the ground. Fertilizer can be added for best results.Care Careful pinching and pruning is necessary to keep Acalypha Hispida from becoming too tall and untidy. Dead flowers should be removed. Watering should be minimal in

winter to avoid sogginess. Red spider mites, scales and mealy bugs can be a problem, when the plant is kept inside.

Scientific Name : Dahlia

Family : Compositeae

Common names : Dahlia, Dalia

Flowering Season

: July- October

Colour : Varied

Dahlia is a flowering plant from Mexico. Genus of about 30, 000 species with some 20, 000 cultivars. Plants come in a wide array of sizes/ forms from as low as 12 inches to as tall as 6-8 feet with flowers ranging from half-inch to giant sizes. The blooms are curvaceous, spiky with single or double forms. Colours range from white to red, orange to yellow, pink to dark purple and shades thereof. Dahlias last long as cut flowers.Dahlias can be annuals which flower the first year from seed or perennials which take longer to mature and flower. It is easy to grow except in cold conditions or extreme hot dry weather.Propagation and Planting Dahlias can propagate or multiply from seeds, root division or cuttings. Single-flowered dahlias produce lots of seed. It is from seed that new varieties are produced. Seeds can be sown 1/2 inch deep in a well drained medium in a container, indoors or outdoors (in warm regions) usually during March/April. They need moist soil and indirect light. The seeds will sprout in 7-21 days. When the sprouts have two or more sets of true leaves (about five weeks) transplant them to three-inch pots and plant them outdoors. To obtain a same variety of a particular dahlia, propagation should be done by cuttings or tuberous roots. Perennial dahlias are generally purchased as tuberous roots. Annuals, form tuberous roots the first year. These tuberous roots can be saved for use next year. In March or April divide the clumps of the tuberous roots with a sharp knife and take care that each division has a part of the crown that has a bud. The tubers can be planted horizontally with the eye upward (the new growth bud) 3 to 4 inches deep in light soil or sand and should be spaced 6 to 36 inches apart depending on the ultimate size of the plant. For tall plants, once the plant attains sufficient height, it can be secured loosely to a stake so that it stands steady.

Dahlias can be propagated from cuttings to increase the number of plants. When the third or fourth set of leaves forms, plant the cuttings in clean, moist sand. In 2 or 3 weeks, the cuttings will root and you can replant them in pots or in the garden.Care A light loose sandy soil with organic matter i.e., manure or peat moss or bone meal or by adding vegetative refuse such as leaves etc is the ideal medium for planting Dahlias. Dahlias need full sun and appreciate steady moisture and regular feedings until the flowers start to appear. Watering deeply once a week or everyday in hot weather should be ideal. A fertilizer in the ratio 0-20-20 can be applied around the hole where each tuber is planted. The plant may take 6 -to 8 weeks before any growth becomes visible above ground level.Pruning and disbudding is necessary if good blooms are to be grown. For a bushier plant, pinch out the growing shoot after plants have produced 4 to 6 pairs of good, strong leaves. A number of buds will appear at the top of the stems. To get maximum sized flowers, some of these buds should be pinched out. If only one bud is allowed to develop, the largest possible flower will be produced. It takes about 6 weeks from the time buds are removed until another series of buds is formed and about three weeks longer for the buds to open.

Scientific Name : Crossandra infundibuliformis

Family : Acanthaceae

Common names : Firecracker flower

Flowering Season

: Throughout the year

Colour : Coral/Apricot, Orange

Native to South India and Srilanka, firecracker is a small evergreen shrub commonly used as a flowering houseplant. This tropical perennial shrub with attractive dark green leaves and bright salmon-orange flower will grow up to 3 to 4 feet tall. The lustrous pointed leaves are 3 to 5 inches long and the flowers bear 4 to 6 inch long spikes, have slender corolla tubes about an inch long and a spreading three to five lobed lip. The flower shades range from the more common orange shade to red and yellow. It can be grown in pots or containers and as a hedge plant. It is cultivated in fields Propagation and Care

Firecracker flower prefers light, organically rich, medium wet, well-drained soils in part shade. It is a shade and water loving plant but can tolerate full sun. The propagation is through seed or stem cuttings in summer (March). The seeds will germinate after 3-4 weeks and over a period of a couple of months depending on the freshness of the seeds. The planting compost should consist of equal parts of loam and peat moss with sand added for drainage.It is an insect and disease free plant and blooms throughout the year. It should be kept moist but not overly wet. Fertilize twice a month with a balanced fertilizer diluted to half the strength recommended. Trim the plants regularly to keep a compact form. Plants are vulnerable to cold and frost, can be kept indoors during frost.

Scientific Name : Haemanthus Multiflorus

Family : Amaryllidaceae

Genus : Scadoxus

Common names : Foot ball lily, African Blood Lily, Powder puff Lily

Flowering Period

: April to May

Colour : Red, Pink

This lily with its peculiar round shape is also known as powder puff or globe lily. A native of Africa, this plant grows well in all tropical places. It comes in pink and red shades. There is another in white colour known as Haemanthus virasense. The blooms are big with red/ pink spikes and yellow specks at the ends and lasts for about a week. The leaves are smooth and dark green in colour and fresh ones appear after flowering. The plant grows to a height of 12-18 inches and blooms only once a year.Planting Bulbs or saplings can be planted during February / March in pots filled with equal parts of sand, gravel and dried cow dung powder. Its lifecycle completes in two stages. The plant grows in the first stage till November/December. The fully grown leaves die off in winter and the bulbs remain dormant. With the help of the food stored in these bulbs, the flowers bloom in the second stage. Needs more sun while blooming. Fresh leaves start appearing after the flowering stage.

Manure made of dead leaves gives the best results. There is no need for chemical fertilizers. The dormant bulbs should be lightly watered once in a while. Plants can be propagated by scoring the base of the bulb to promote new bulb-lets and by sowing seeds. Seeds should be sown as soon as it is collected as they does not store well.

Scientific Name

: Gerbera jamesonii

Family : Asteraceae/Compositae (Daisy Family)

Common names

: Gerbera, African daisy, Transvaal daisy, Barberton daisy

Flowering Period

: All year round

Colour : white, red, cream, orange, pink, purple & yellow

Gerbera flowers comes in vibrant colours adding beauty to your garden. It has around 40 species spreading from Africa across to Madagascar into tropical Asia and South America. Gerbera are plants with a height up to 18 to 24 inch and 4 to 10 inch diameter flowers. There will be more than ten leaves in a plant, medium green in colour spread out in a circle parallel to the ground. These plants can be planted in gardens, mixed containers and pots. Its cut flowers last long and gives colour and beauty to any room. There are many hybrids that come in white, cream, yellow, orange-pink, purple or violet. These plants are usually grown in greenhouses and are used for cut flowers. Gerbera flowers all year round.Planting Propagation may be achieved through seeds, basal cuttings or through dividing. Basal shoots or cuttings from the parent plant should be taken in summer (March- April). Seeds are sown or cuttings can be inserted in sandy soil until the saplings become an inch tall or the cuttings form roots. Plants grown from seeds can differ from the parent plant and seeds which do not germinate within about twenty days are likely not to germinate at all.Replanting is done in April. The saplings (germinated seeds) and the cuttings can be replanted in pots filled with a mixture of sand, dried organic mix, loam. When

repotting ensure the crown of the plant is above the level of the soil. Until the plants settle, they should be kept in shades and sprinkled with water. After that no shading is necessary. The settled plants lasts for 3 to 4 years. After that flowers will lessen and the growth of the plant will get stunted. For best results the plants need a liberal amount of sun and water. Half day of direct sun and half day of partial shade and remaining slightly moist at all times is ideal. High source of light can give an abundance of flowers. Healthy Gerberas are rarely bothered by pests. Fungus and stem rot is a common problem with over watered plants. Remove old leaves regularly to prevent fungus infections.

Scientific Name : Galphimia Glauca

Family : Malpighiaceae

Common names : Golden Thyrallis, Gold Shower, Rain of Gold

Flowering Season

: Throughout the year

Colour : Bright yellow

Native to the tropical areas extending from Mexico to Guatemala, Thyrallis makes a great background plant for perennial beds. This evergreen tropical shrub which grow to a height of 4 to 6 feet has a dense amount of foliage and slender stems covered with red hairs. The short-stalked, ovate to elliptic, glossy 1 to 2 inch leaves are light green in colour and the small 3/4 inch wide yellow flowers are held in clusters at the stem tips. Flowers are followed by three part seed capsule. This plant is excellent for low hedges and can also be used as borders and in pots.Propagation and Care Thryallis are easy growing plants and blooms almost all year around. It is easily grown in fertile, medium wet, well drained soil in bright sunlight to part shade. Grows best in bright sunlight and can be trimmed into compact shapes.The propagation is through seeds and also by stem cuttings taken in summer. Seeds are sown or cuttings can be inserted in sandy soil. Enrich the soil with compost and transplant in ground 4 to 6 feet apart or in pots. Water regularly and fertilizer can be added for best results.Thryallis does not need specific care and there is no serious insect or disease problems. The plants grow more wild in shady areas. Occasionally remove leggy stems to keep the plant from looking unruly.

The only problem is its vulnerability to cold conditions. But thryallis grows so fast and blooms through out the year, that it is worth using it as an annual in cold conditions and replanted in the garden in spring after last frost date.

Scientific Name : Ixora coccinea

Family : Rubiaceae

Common names : Flame of the Woods, Jungle Flame, Jungle Geranium

Flowering Season

: Rainy season

Colour : Red, White, Pink, yellow

Ixora is a common flowering shrub said to be a native of Asia. There are about 400 species of Ixora and its flowers look delightful in gardens. They differ in leaf size, plant height, flower size and flower color. This plant which blooms throughout the year is easy to grow. The flowers are found in a wide range of colours. Plants are of two types- large; with height around 1 meter and dwarf or miniature plants. Miniature ones have small leaves and are bushy. Ixora flowers last well when picked and put into a vase with water, making an attractive home arrangement.Planting Miniature types can be grown in pots and the large ones on the ground. Take a mixture of sand, cow dung with equal quantity and fill this mixture in a polythene bag. Plant 6 inch length stems in the mixture. Although it grows in any climate the best time to grow is in the rainy season. The sap lings can be replanted into pots with 1feet radius filled with a mixture of 2 parts gravel, 1part soil and one part dried cow dung powder. Manure like 100g oilseed extracts (Neem) and 100g Bone meal can be used for 1 feet mixture. When you plant on the ground, dig 8 inch wide holes, put the above said mixture and plant the saplings. Plants will grow and flower in shade, but most ixoras do best in full sun, acid soil and well drained moist organic mix. Water once every day. Keep adding 2tsp of a mixture of cow dung, bone meal and oilseed extract once every two months for best results. Always use acid forming fertilizers.

Scientific Name : Jasminum Officinale

Family : Oleaceae

Common names : Poets Jasmine, Common White Jasmine

Flowering Season

: April to September

Colour : White

Jasmine or Jessamine, the sweet -scented white flowers belongs to the genus Jasminum. It is an evergreen semi-vining shrub native to tropical areas of southeast Asia, Africa and Australia. This seasonal plant contains about 150 species. Flowers are about 1 inch and plant height is about 6 or 8 feet or 10 to 15 feet if grown as a vine. The oval rich green leaves have five to nine leaflets, each up to 2½ inches long.Grown all over the world for its fragrance, Jasmine flowers are used to flavour jasmine tea and other herbal or black teas. The flower oil extracted from the two species Jasminum Officinale and Grandiflorum is used in high-grade perfumes and cosmetics, such as creams, oils, soaps, and shampoos. In Asia, flowers are stringed together to make garlands. The flowers of one of the double varieties are held sacred to Lord Vishnu and are used as votive offerings in Hindu religious ceremonies. Several types of jasmine are used as ornamental plants.Propagation and Planting Jasmine is propagated by cuttings of nearly ripe wood in summer. Cuttings are planted in 3-inch pots within 4 weeks, then to 6-inches when pot is becoming filled with roots. The potting soil should consist of 2 parts peat moss or cow dung to 2 parts loam to 1 part sand. Keep the soil moist but well drained for optimum growth. When growth slows in winter, hold back on watering. If planted on the ground, set them at least 8 feet apart to help them bush out.Jasmine can be grown as a wine or a shrub. Frequent pruning is required to grow it as a shrub of desired size. Pruning also helps keep an abundance of flowers, since flowers are produced on new wood. When grown as a vine, its arching branches have to be supported on a mesh or trellis. Jasmine can be produced on almost any soil type, with sufficient water supply and intermediate to warm temperatures. It grows in full sun to partial shade. Fertilize monthly with a balanced fertilizer. The common jasmine grows at the rate 12 to 24 inches a year.

Seeds don't need stratifying, and can be planted immediately. Full production begins after grafting in the second year. Flowers are picked in the early morning, since they are the most fragrant at daybreak. When in flower a single plant will strongly scent an entire room or patio on a still summer's eve.

Scientific Name : Nelumbo nucifera.

Family : Nymphaeaceae

Common names : Chinese Arrowroot, Lotus Bean, Sacred Lotus

Best Season : March to May (planting)

Colour : White, Pink

Lotus, known as flower of purity is the National Flower of India. This water plant is very easy to grow. Flowers in pink and white, have a large number of petals and large circular thick leaves. The leaves are sometimes, and the flowers always, raised above the water surface. This beautiful and fragrant flower blooms only for one day. Lotus is considered sacred by the Hindus and the Buddhists. Planting Lotus can be planted in tanks around 2 1/2 feet deep. Make a mixture of compost, cow dung and sand. Spread a layer of 3 inches thickness at the bottom of the tank. Sunlight is a must for the lotus plant to flower. So tanks should be placed where there is plenty of sunlight. The best time to plant is from March to May.Usually tubers or bulbs are used for planting, seeds can also be used to make new seedlings. Tuber should be planted at 2inches depth inside the sand compost mixture in the tank. Fill the tank with water at a level of 6-8 inches above the tuber. As the plant grows you can fill the tank with more water. You can grow fish in the tank to control pests.

Scientific Name : Tagetes spp.

Family : Asteraceae

Common names : Marigold

Colour : Varied

Marigold is a fast growing annual herb which grows to almost 6-12" tall and produce single, semi double, fluffy double or crested flowers, depending on the species and variety. The pinnate leaves with toothed, lance-shaped leaflets are aromatic. This bushy plant with around 20 to 30 species, have a long flowering period and the colours range from orange, yellow, gold, cream to apricot. French Marigold (large flower heads) and African Marigold (small flower heads) are the two common species. They are often used as a bedding plant, as well as for edging, backgrounds, and as cut flowers. Marigold is a common garden plant found throughout the world.Planting Marigolds can be easily grown in all climates and require a well drained soil and good sunlight. It can propagate or multiply from seeds or tender cuttings. The seeds can be sown directly in the garden anytime except winter or they can be started indoors for earlier blooms. Space the plants 8-16 inches apart depending on the variety. The plants will spread out and become bushy. Water deeply and regularly, especially in hot weather. It can be grown in an informal border on the ground or in pots in a equal mixture of sand, soil and compost. Mulching (spreading a mixture of wet leaves to enrich the soil) between plants will help to conserve moisture. If given an early start, they will bloom throughout summer and autumn. Care Marigolds does not need specific care. They are rarely disturbed by insects or diseases and can tolerate dry conditions and full sun. Pinch young plants to promote bushy growth. Deadheading of spent flowers and faded leaves greatly enhances the plant's appearance during flowering. If growing as cut flowers, pinch out terminal buds to encourage laterals. Water well during dry weather. The plant can be kept indoor during heavy rains as too much water will wilt the plant.

Scientific Name : Nerium Oleander

Family : Apocynaceae

Common names : Oleander, Kaner

Flowering Season

: April-September

Colour : Red, White, Pink, Light Yellow

Oleander is a large fast growing evergreen shrub, native to Asia and the Mediterranean region. This plant with glossy, 4 to 10 inch long narrow dark green leaves and funnel-shaped flower clusters, single or double can reach 3 to 20 feet tall. There are different varieties with varying heights and flowers in some varieties are delightfully fragrant. This dense plant which flowers abcan be used as borders, hedges, backgrounds and tall screens. Dwarf varieties are suitable for container gardens.Propagation and Care

Note : All parts of this plant are poisonous if ingested. Plant saps can cause allergic skin reactions in some people so always use gloves while tending them.

Smoke from burning plant material can also be quite toxic.

Oleander is an easy growing plant in most conditions, especially in dry warm climates. It grows well in average, medium wet soils in full sun to part shade. The shrub can be trained or pruned to a single or multi stemmed tree.Propagation is through vegetative cuttings. This species commonly produces many side shoots which can be replanted in their own pots in a standard mix of well drained sand and peat. In the ground, the plant can be spaced 5-9feet apart depending on its variety. When in growth water often and allow plants to remain moist. When not actively growing, water plants sparingly and allow to dry out between watering. Yellowing of new leaves indicates over watering. Fertilize regularly during the growing period. Prune the tips of young plants to help stimulate the production of new branches and prune grown plants to control size and shape. Promptly deadhead spent blooms to prevent formation of non-ornamental seed pods. No serious insect or disease problems. Aphids, mites, bacterial gall and scale may be a problem. Black deformed flowers, splitting branches etc are the symptoms. Infected parts of plant must be cut away and disinfected with a solution of equal mix of bleach and water. Remove and destroy any leaves damaged by leaf spot. Caterpillars may chew on the foliage.

Oleanders have a tendency to become leggy and should be pruned as needed to maintain a nice shape. By removing suckers at the base of the plant, and leaving just a few stems, oleander can be formed into very attractive small trees.Orchids, one of the most fascinating, beautiful and peculiar variety among the flowering plants, have always been considered difficult to grow. But given the right climatic and cultural conditions, they can thrive anywhere and will flower regularly.These plants belongs to the Orchidacae family, with all the difference in size, shape, colour, scent or lack of it. They are the most rapidly changing group of plants on earth with over 880 genera and 28,000 species.Once the cultural needs of these fascinating plants are understood, growing orchids is relatively simple. It becomes a deeply satisfying and therapeutic activity. If given the right climatic and cultural conditions, they can thrive anywhere and will flower regularly. Some species of orchids may flower two or three times a year and some flower annually.Orchids are divided into two basic growth types, namely monopodial and sympodial. Monopodial orchids have a central stem which grows continuously from the tip. They have no pseudobulbs, but produce new growth from the crown of the plant. Flowers are produced from the stem between the leaves, usually alternately from side to side. Sympodial orchids possess a rhizome which sends out a shoot. This develops into a stem and leaves and eventually produces flowers. In time, from the base of this growth, a new shoot develops and so on in a continuous cycle. The buds are often, though not always, protected by a sheath.According to their different growth habits, orchids are generally divided into three main categories namely epiphytes, lithophytes and terrestrials. Epiphytes are suited for home culture and are grown perched high in the trees clinging to branches or in the trunk apex of the tree. They derive their nutrients from the air, rain, and any decaying vegetation which the roots can contact. They have specialised aerial roots which have a white spongy layer of cells called velamen. This protects the inner root tissues and absorbs water. These roots will also often dangle free in the atmosphere. Lithophytes can be seen covering the bases and forks of trees or filling crevices in rocks. They can absorb a maximum supply of nutrients from decaying mosses, humus and washed down soil. Terrestrials are soil loving plants growing in the ground, having a symbiotic relation with a special fungus. This fungus invades the cells of the root's outer layer, providing the plants with the nutrients and is essential for the seed germination of most orchids. It is the lack of this fungus that prevents many terrestrial orchids from surviving when removed from their natural environment to an alien one.VarietiesHobby growers should try growing hybrids of Phalaenopsis, Paphiopedilum, Dendrobium, Oncidium, Vanda and Epidendrum.

ORCHIDS

Cymbidium Orchid

Common names : Cymbidiums

Colour : White, yellow, orange, red,

purple

Cymbidiums are the best known and most widely grown of all orchids which will survive in almost any place. They contain around 44 species, the large flowered types which come from the higher regions of the Himalayas and the Orient require cool conditions to flower well.These semi-terrestrial orchid have narrow, fleshy, leathery, strap shaped leaves. These excellent cut flower which last ups to six weeks, have irregular, waxy, almost translucent petals with entire margins. Center is often a contrasting color. Flowers are very showy and can be as many as 20-30 blooms or more on a single spike. The blooms vary in size and this reflects their labeling. Standard cymbidiums have large flowers of 4 to 5 " width and reach 4-feet high. Miniature cymbidium varieties produce smaller flowers of 1 to 3 " width. The blooms come in many different colors like white, yellow, orange, red, purple and even green.Cymbidiums are not difficult to grow if the needed requirements are provided to them. It is propagated by rhizome division and are well grown in bright indirect light. Without enough light many cymbidiums will not bloom. They prefer open compost of fine orchid bark with a little humus or course peat mixed in it.. The bark-based compost will reduce any risk of rotting. Do not allow them to dry-out completely between watering. Cymbidiums prefer daytime temperatures of 60 to 90 degrees and 40 to 50 degree temperatures at night. They need high humidity. Fertilize them until they are through blooming. When new growth appears, fertilize with a bloom-booster fertilizer. Simply feed them year round with a liquid 20-20-20 blend. This should create a plant that grows and blooms very well. It can be grown outside year round, where the temperatures do not get below freezing. While they are in bloom, place them in a shaded area because the sun will fade the pretty blossoms.Cymbidiums can be repotted every alternate year or more frequently if the plant has deteriorated due to fungal infections or if rotting has occurred with over

watering. A cymbidium plant may sometimes becomes fairly large and it may be divide or split. However larger the plant, the more flower spikes you can expect.

Dendrobium Orchid

Common names : Dendrobium

Colour : Pinks, lavenders, reds, yellows,

orange

Dendrobium hybrids are the largest group of orchid sub-tribe which contain more than 1,500 species and possibly thousands of hybrids. They are found from the orient and tropical Asia down to Australia. Dendrobium plants vary in size, some being smaller than a matchbox, others large, robust specimens measuring over 1 meter. They are epiphytic by nature and require good light and ventilation. Some dendrobiums are deciduous while others are evergreen. Some have pseudobulbs and others have jointed stems resembling canes. Because of the complexity of this genus, some varieties may prove to be shy to flower.Dendrobium can be propagated by cutting the old canes between the sections and laying them on fresh, damp compost. Plantlets will quickly develop at the nodes. Dendrobium prefer open compost of either tree-fern fibre and perlite or bark-based peat. Whichever medium is used, it must be open enough to maintain some air around the roots. They cannot tolerate wet, soggy composts, which will inevitably damage and rot their wiry roots. Occasional misting on the foliage will help any moisture loss occurring during very warm days in tropical and sub-tropical climates. They can stand temperatures from 45° to 95° F (7°-35° C), the ideal temperatures are 60°-85° (16°-30° C).Dendrobiums are one of the few types of orchids that will bloom from the old pseudobulbs/canes, and they also bloom from the new growth. The flower spikes can be over two feet tall with over twenty blooms on them. The flowers last for 6 to 8 weeks and they make excellent cut flowers. The blooms are all the colors of the rainbow - pinks, lavenders, reds, yellows, oranges and many mixed color combinations. Lavender or white flowers are borne in profusion on a well-grown plant and are long lasting. They are a prolific group in which offset plantlets are frequently produced on the cane. When each offset has produced several aerial

roots, it can be cut from the parent plant and will frequently flower after one year of growth.

Epidendrum Orchid

Common names : Poor man's orchid

Colour : Varied

Epidendrum hybrids, sometimes called the poor man's orchid, is one of the most prolific groups and one of the easiest orchids to grow. These Mexican natives require very little attention. There are at least four hundred species of epidendrum orchids. The tall, thin, reed-like growths constantly put forth new plantlets. They are free flowering and the colours range from white to yellow, pink, orange and purple, and all shades in between. It has an upright, clumping growth habit with roots emerging from the base of the stems, at or below soil level. They are relatively free of insects and flowers reliably throughout the year.The leaves of epidendrum orchids which grow up the cane are leathery and the small, beautiful one inch mini cattleya shaped flowers appear in a globular heads of 30 to 40 flowers at a time. The long-lasting blooms are borne at the top of a long spike. Many species have a fragrance. After flowering, the spike may be left on the plant and it will generally flower again in a few months. The spike is also prone to producing a keikis (baby plant) after flowering. Once these keikis develop their own 2- to 4-inch-long roots, they can be detached and planted individually.Epidendrium are easily propagated, yielding many plants from one stem and they are tolerant of a wide range of growing conditions, including outdoors. They are propagated by plantlets that form after flowering. These sun loving orchids needs bright light and can be grown in any fine-textured orchid mix. They are best grown in a compost consisting of bark, tree fern fiber and sphagnum moss. They can tolerate wide range of temperatures and are able to stand temperatures in the 100º range without suffering. During the growing season they require plenty of water and fresh air. Don't let the plants completely dry between watering. Epidendrium orchids require copious amounts of fertilizer. Fertilize every two weeks with a

diluted orchid food. When fertilized regularly they respond immediately with denser flower spikes, greener, stronger leaves and more robust roots.To keep the epidendrium plant tidy, remove old flower spikes and stems down to the base by snapping them clean with your fingers or cutting with sterile clippers. Plants grown in low light may need to be staked, while those growing in full sun are usually self-supporting.

Ground Orchid

Scientific Name : Spathoglottis Plicata

Family : Orchidaceae

Common names : Ground Orchid

Flowering Period : Throughout the year

Colour : White, Violet/Lavender, Light pink, Orange-Yellow

Spathoglottis plicata or Ground orchid, native of Southeastern Asia to the Philippines, is the common species of Orchid which blooms round the year. This easily grown terrestrial herb has pretty, arching broad leaves with prominent parallel veins and a few or large cluster of small flowers at the end of a long stalk as tall as 1 metre arising from a basal leaf axil. The flowers are seen from the morecommon purple to white, yellow, peach, pink and magenta shades. and The leaves emerge from round pseudo bulbs that become increasingly multiple and larger as the orchid matures. Ground orchids can be grown as potted plants and also do well in beds and borders.Propagation and Care

It is an easy to grow, extremely adaptable orchid which blooms round the year. Propagation of Spathoglottis plicata is by division. Many plants can be separated from the large clump and can be planted in individual pots or in ground 3 to 6 inches apart. Before planting, enrich the soil with a mixture of garden soil, dried cow dung and leaf mould. Addition of broken bricks and charcoal makes the growing medium loose for roots to spread easily.Heavy watering is essential during the growing season but allow the plant to get almost dry before watering again. Some good fertilizer can be used to enhance its growth. The plant requires medium shade to full sun and should be watered regularly. In warm places, partial shade is ideal.Cut off the flower stems after it finishes blooming. Remove dead or rotted foliage regularly.

Oncidiums Orchid

Common names : Dancing dolls

Colour : yellow

Oncidiums, commonly, referred to as dancing dolls, are easy to grow and are over 750 species and have thousands of hybrids. These dainty yellow and brown, or white and brown flowers are suitable if used alone or in combination with other orchids. The blooms resembles a girl, in full ruffled skirts, tiny hands and hats. When they are in a breeze, it looks like they are dancing. The flower spikes can grow over four feet in height and can be covered with hundreds of blooms. Each bloom will last only a couple of weeks but, with many species, the flower spikes are so long that it could take weeks for all the blooms to open. They come in many shades of colors and have flowers that can be solid in color, spotted or barred.Oncidiums are not hard to grow, but their culture will vary according to the species. Some of them like to be grown mounted on cork bark instead of planted in a pot. They like plenty of bright light and the roots need to have a dry period between watering. They require good air movement and humidity between 40% and 60%. Watering should always be done in the morning to ensure total evaporation from

the leaves by nightfall. Be sure to allow the plants to become totally dry between watering.

Common names : Moth Orchid

Colour : white, pink, lavender, yellow

Phalaenopsis or Moth orchid is the most popular orchids which are excellent for beginners. Phalaenopsis orchids are pest free, require little maintenance, and thrive in the low light conditions of the modern home. There are about 50 species in this genera with flowers of various shapes and colors. This warm growing species demand plenty of heat and moisture. Moth orchids like bright but indirect sunlight. The ideal temperature is about 60 degrees at night and between 75 to 80 degrees during the day. They should be watered thoroughly and not watered again until the media is nearly dry. The medium should never be allowed to dry out completely. Never let water touch the flowers or stand in the centerfolds of the leaves as doing so may cause rot.Phalaenopsis plants are very easy to grow and have beautiful flowers of vivid colours including white, pink, lavender and yellow. The blooms open along a long flower spike that is sometimes two feet in length. They do not have a smell and may produce up to 15 or more flowers per spike. The flowers measure up to four inches, are long lasting with individual blooms, may remain open for six weeks or longer. The long arching sprays of flowers are thought to resemble a flight of pale moths in moonlight earning the plant the common name of Moth Orchid. The most popular colors are the soft whites with yellow or red lips, and the glowing pinks and blushes. The other shades of this orchid are deep red, vibrant orange and spotted and striped.Potting of Phalaenopsis is done in late spring or early summer after blooming has completed. The plants must be potted in quick draining mixes, such as fir bark, tree fern fiber, chunky sphagnum peat, charcoal, perlite or combinations of these. Root rot will occur if plants are allowed to sit in an old, soggy medium. Young plants should grow fast enough to need repotting yearly and should be potted in a finer grade medium to allow good root contact. Mature plants are potted in a coarser medium may stay in the same pots for years, provided that medium is changed when needed.

To repot, remove all old medium from the roots, trim off rotted roots, and spread the remaining roots over a handful of medium in a pot. Fill the rest of the pot with medium, working through the roots, so that the junction of the upper roots and the stem is slightly below the medium. Be careful not to leave large air pockets in pots. Use a stick to push the medium in between the roots. Keep plants in shade and wait for one to three days before watering.To extend the blooming season, count out 3 nodes (only the fleshy green nodes) from the base of the spike and cut the spike one inch above the third node. If the plant is healthy and it's not too late in the blooming season, this process will wake up one or two of the nodes and it may produce a new spray of fresh blooms. Frequently when a spike is cut, a secondary spike will develop on the old stalk below the original flower head, thus extending the blooming season.

Common names : Vandas

Colour : Yellow, orange, scarlet, deep purple

Vandas (Vandaceous Orchid) are becoming popular among orchid growers and most of these are monopodial in habit, with aerial roots appearing along the stem. They have about 50 species from which the many hybrids are derived from the tropics- Asia and the orient as far down as Australia. The inflorescences appear from the axis of the leaves. Flowers are long lasting and appear in a cluster along the spike. The wide range of colors which includes some fairly good blues and browns has added greatly to their popularity. Yellow, orange, scarlet, deep purple and bright fuschia are all part of the vandaceous color palette. They vary in size and some flowers sport exotic markings or can be covered with spots or stripes. Many Vandas have a powerful fragrance. Many of the orchids in these groups have nicknames like Scorpion Orchids or Spider orchids.Vandas like warm temperatures with plenty of air movement. Potting should be done in a very open media to allow for rapid drying of roots. They prefer coarse media such as fir bark, charcoal, tree fern fiber, coconut chips or any fast draining material. They will continue to grow anytime of the year if given warm temperatures and plenty of sunlight. Vandaceous orchids are fast growing and therefore prefer high light levels, high humidity and frequent watering. They may grow to be very large plants, sometimes 10 to 12 feet high. They normally grow best suspended in wooden baskets and require warm growing conditions with plenty of bright light.

Vandas are often grown outdoors in hanging baskets during the summer months. Vandas are heavy feeders and should be fed a balanced fertilizer often.

Miltonia

Common names : Pansy Orchid

Colour : Red, white, pink, yellow

Miltonia's are sometimes called the Pansy Orchid because their flat-faced, open flowers resemble pansies in shape and markings. They are named in honour of Earl Fitzwilliam and Viscount Milton. Growers have divided the Pansy orchids into two groups, Miltonia and Miltoniopsis. Miltonias are warm-growing orchids which come from Brazil and Miltoniopsis, come from Columbia, are moderate temperature growers from the foothills. These charming irresistible plants bloom profusely. The richly colored, fragrant flowers are borne on slender arching stems and can reach to sizes of 2-3 inches in width. Flowers vary in colors - Red, white, pink with different colored markings and yellow. Although they may last for up to a month, their bloom time is as short as that of a cut flower.Miltonias may be a little difficult to grow, but if necessary temperature and lighting requirements are provided, they can be grown in the home or greenhouse. Miltonia's like an open compost that does not hold excessive amounts of water. It prefers tree-fern fibre mixed with perlite and bark composts. The day temperature for Miltoniopsis type is 85°F, while the night temperature is 50 to 60°F. For Miltonias, day temperature is 70 to 85°F and night temperatures 55to 65°F.Miltonia grow throughout the entire year and must be kept evenly moist. Depending upon the temperature, Miltonias should be watered twice a week. Water carefully and do not allow water to stand in the leaves or soft rot may occur. Miltonia enjoy moist air, requiring a minimum of 55 to 65% humidity. An increase in humidity is needed to reduce the stress on the plants when the temperature and lighting intensity increases. Miltonias must be fertilized on a regular basis. Fertilize approximately twice per month when new growth is developing. They should be fed regularly with half-strength nitrogenous fertilizer.The leaves on the miltonia plant should be light green. If the leaves are dark green, increase lighting. If the leaves turn yellowish green or reddish, increase shading. Repot the miltonias at least once every 2 years or when the potting medium begins to decay. Common pests associated with Miltonias are scale, spider mites and

aphids. X-Clude, an encapsulated pyrethrum time-release insecticide, and Neem Oil are the most efficient methods of pest control.

Paphiopedilum Orchid

Common names : Lady Slipper

Colour : white, marron, yellow, red, pink, green

Paphiopedilums are one of the best orchid groups to grow under artificial lighting. They make super house plants with their flowers being long lasting. There are many spectacular hybrids available, and are about 60 species from Asia- India and New Guinea. Paphiopedilums prefer filtered light. They require humidity in the range of 40 to 60 percent. Paphiopedilums are curious plants which are often thought to be carnivorous because of the intriguing pouch that forms part of the flower. They are not fragrant, but have very interesting and colorful "lady slipper" shaped flowers. Their cultural requirements are not that hard to obtain making these orchids quite easy to grow in your home.Paphiopedilums are shade-loving plants which will not tolerate excessively high light levels. They can only be raised from seed or division. They require a potting mix that will keep their roots moist. They can be grown in a variety of media, ranging from bark mixtures, coconut chunks and fibres to peat concoctions, chopped sphagnum moss, osmunda fibre and tree-fern fibre. They will grow successfully in almost any compost which is free-draining and retain enough moisture. Sandy loams and garden soil are not recommended for growing paphiopedilums because they are semi-terrestrials. They do not possess pseudo-bulbs like many other orchids. They use their fleshy leaves for storing nutrients. Therefore, the media around the roots should be kept moist and should not be allowed to get completely dry. High concentrations of fertilizers are likely to be detrimental to paphiopedilums in cultivation, as they will tolerate only very weak solutions of feed at frequent intervals.Paphiopedilums come in a myriad of colors. The blooms can be white, maroon, yellow, red, pink, green and the new "vinicolor" which is almost black. Many have hairs, warts, stripes and other markings which make the blooms very interesting in appearance. The top sepal (petal) stands high and full above the pouch, and the two side petals sometimes hang down past the bottom of the pouch. The blooms have a

waxy texture and will last six weeks or longer on the plant. Most plants will have one or two blooms measuring 2" to 5" across. There are some species and hybrids that do form a spike and have more blooms. The leaves grow like a fan and the blooms raise up from the new growth.

FERNS

Ferns

Order Filicopsida

Types of Ferns

Boston Northen Maidenhair

Christmas

Southern Maidenhair

Spleenwort

Ferns are flowerless plants of the order 'Filicopsida' with beautiful green foliage. This ancient family of plants existed long back, around two hundred million years ago, much before the evolution of flowering plants. These garden plants with more than 12,000 species have long life spans and some of them are good indoor growers as well. Ferns vary in texture, height, shape and range in sizes from the tiniest button fern to the large Boston fern. Some of them forms a low spreading mound, while others create a bold upright clump. Many fern species shed its leaves annually, dying back to the ground for winter. Others are evergreen, providing attractive winter foliage in the garden, or are excellent for cut-flower arrangements. They are vascular plants i.e plants with well developed internal vessels or vein structures that promote the flow of water and nutrients. The large divided leaf of the fern is known as frond and they can be lacy or feathery, plain green or variegated. The fronds vary from simple undivided ribbons to intricately divided and subdivided masses of tiny leaflets and these leaflets that make up the whole frond are called pinnae (leaflet). These pinnae is attached along a long central stem called rachis. On the underneath of a fern frond, there are small clumps, spots or patches which are stuck onto the under surface of the pinnae. These are called spores and they grow inside casings called sporangia. The sporangia are tiny and may clump together into what are called sori. (sorus-singular). They are the reproductive structures of the fern. Some ferns protect their sporangia with thin semi-transparent membranes called indusia. Sometimes the sporangia are tucked under a curled-over part of the margin of the pinnae.

Boston Fern

SpeciesFamilyGenusCommon names

: Nephrolepis exaltata Bostoniensis: Nephrolepidaceae: Nephrolepis: Boston Fern, Sword Fern, Wild Boston Fern

Boston, the most common and favourite fern, has several varieties and is relatively easy to grow. It is a large variety having upright, graceful green foliage with long, elegantly curved fronds divided into small leaflets (pinnae). The foliage arising from underground stems called rhizomes can grow up to 6 feet tall. The 3-5 feet long

fronds are variously cut and the individual pinnae are about 3" and narrow.

The round sori (clusters of spore-bearing organs) occur in two rows near the margins on the underside of the pinnae.Boston fern is usually grown in moist, shady areas. It looks beautiful in hanging pots or on pedestals and can also be used as an indoor plant. Like the other ferns, it likes a moist but not soggy soil, rich in organic matter and high humidity. It requires only indirect lighting and should be watered regularly. Propagation can be done from spores or by division. During their growing season, the fern requires regular fertilization. When roots fill the pot, the fern should be repotted.Only moderate care is needed for its healthy growth. Although they are considered generally pest free, aphids, mealy bugs and mites are the most common insect problems. A good spray with water will usually dislodge any insects on the plant. Root rot may be a problem and adequate drainage should be provided to avoid the condition.

Christmas Fern

SpeciesFamilyGenusCommon names

: Polystichum acrostichoides: Dryopteridaceae: Polystichum: Christmas Fern, Canker Brake, Dagger Fern

The evergreen Christmas fern which resembles Boston fern , has rich green leaves that grow in bouquet-like clusters. The leaves that cascade from the central roots

are spiny toothed which makes them more decorative. They look charming in the shade garden and can be planted in pots and on the ground. They are widely used for floral arrangements.

Christmas ferns have 12 to 18 inches fountain like clumps of fronds with leathery, dark green, lance-shaped leaflets. The fronds of these ferns vary in length from 2 to 3 feet. This fern does not spread, however clumps will increase in size over time. Sori (clusters of spore-bearing organs) appear on the undersides of the pinnae only at the ends of the fronds. Christmas ferns can be propagated through division and spores. It is done by replanting the divided rhizomes just below the soil. It prefers humus-rich, loamy, moist but well-drained organic soil in part to full shade. They will tolerate a fair amount of sunlight if the soil is kept reasonably moist.There is no serious insect or disease problems.

Spleenwort Fern

SpeciesFamilyGenusCommon names

: Asplenium Trichomanes: Aspleniaceae: Asplenium: Maidenhair Spleenwort Fern

This hardy evergreen fern grown in clusters is usually found on limestone but may also sometimes be found on other rocks. It somewhat resembles Northern

Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum).Spleenwort fern has sterile fronds 3-6 inches long that are flat and spread from the center. It has dark purple-brown, wiry stiff rachis (stem) and each front is divided into numerous pairs of oblong to oval pinnae (leaflets), toothed on the top and outer edge. The pinnae are perpendicular to the rachis and lie opposite to each other. The pinnae are about 5 mm wide and entire-margined below, but shallowly lobed toward the tip. Spores (sori) are borne in 1-4 clusters arranged along the veins on the underside of the pinnae, and are partially covered by the flap-like indusium.It prefer well-drained, moist, limy loam in partial sun. It needs shade and excellent drainage. Propagation is done by spores or division.

Northern Maidenhair Fern

SpeciesFamilyGenusCommon names

: Adiantum Pedatum: Pteridaceae: Adiantum: Northern Maidenhair Fern

This pretty, dainty and delicate fern with vivid bright green leaves on thin and wiry, shiny black or dark brown petioles (stem) will reach up to a height of 12-18 inches.

The fronds which are feathery and circular , grows outward in a flat, fan-like position; each frond or leaflet has 15 to 35 opposite pairs of smaller leaf segments with jagged margin along upper edge. Clusters of spore sacs are found on the underside of leaflets. Northern Maidenhair ferns are well grown in moist, humus-rich, loose, well-drained soil in part to full shade. Plants can be propagated by dividing the creeping rhizomes and planted them just below the surface.They can be grown as an ornamental fern. They thrive in litter under trees and are favourites of shade gardens. They are relatively easy to grow and there is no serious insect or disease problems.

Southern Maidenhair Fern

SpeciesFamilyGenusCommon names

: Adiantum Capillus - Veneris: Adiantaceae: Adiantum: Southern Maidenhair Fern

Southern Maidenhair is a small, slow-growing evergreen fern found throughout the world. This deciduous (leaf shedding) beautiful and graceful fern reaches 10 to 15 inches tall, growing in stands from its creeping rhizome bearing very-fine textured fan shaped leaves up to 50 cm long. It can be grown as an ornamental plant.

It has clustered fronds (leaves) 10-60cm long which may be erect or spreading. The underground stem is creeping and short, the stalks (rachis) long and slender, dark brown to purplish-black with a smooth, polished appearance. Pinnules (leaflets) are 7-15 mm wide, ovate, slightly asymmetrical with wedge-shape bases and rounded outer edges. They often have deep and irregular finely-toothed lobes. The spores are contained in sporangia which are clustered into sori (clusters of spore-bearing organs).Southern Maidenhair Fern prefer highly organic soil in full shade to partial shade or partial sun. Requires an abundance of moisture in the air and in the soil. Propagation is carried through spores or division. Spores are best sown as soon as they are ripe, on the surface of a humus-rich sterilized soil. Keep the compost moist, preferably by putting a plastic bag over the pot. Germination should take place within 6 weeks. Pot on small clumps of plantlets as soon as they are large enough to handle and keep them damp until they are well established. Do not plant outside until the ferns are at least 2 years old. When planting outside they should be kept a very well sheltered position.Division can be done in spring or autumn but early spring is the best.