Detailed Contents - SAGE Publications Ltd...The Self in High- and Low-Context Cultures 49 The Self...
Transcript of Detailed Contents - SAGE Publications Ltd...The Self in High- and Low-Context Cultures 49 The Self...
Detailed ContentsPREFACE xxiv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxviii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxx
PART 1: FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER1. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: A FIRST LOOK 1
Learning Objectives 1What Do You Know? 1What Is Interpersonal Communication? 2
Interpersonal Communication Is about Relationships 3
Interpersonal Communication Takes Two 3Interpersonal Communication Is a
Lifelong Project 3TRY THIS: Today, Who Is a Stranger? 4Models of Interpersonal Communication 5ANALYZE THIS: Are You in a Disguise? 6
People 6TRY THIS: Rating Relationships 8
Messages 8Channels 9Noise 9Feedback 10Context 11Effect 12Visualizing Communication 12
How Does Interpersonal Communication Enhance Our Lives? 14
It Fulfills Psychological Functions 14TRY THIS: Making Model Sense 15
It Fulfills Social Functions 16It Fulfills Information Functions 17It Fulfills Influence Functions 17
TRY THIS: Functions in Action 18Understanding Interpersonal Contact:
Characteristics, Patterns, and Axioms of Communication 18
Five Characteristics of Interpersonal Communication 18
Interpersonal Communication Is a Dynamic Process 19
Interpersonal Communication Is Unrepeatable 19
Interpersonal Communication Is Irreversible 19Interpersonal Communication
Is Learned 19Interpersonal Communication Is
Characterized by Wholeness and Nonsummativity 19
Interpersonal Patterns 20Five Communication Axioms 20
Axiom 1: You Cannot Not Communicate 21
Axiom 2: Every Interaction Has Content and Relationship Dimensions 21
Axiom 3: Every Interaction Is Defined by How It Is Punctuated 21
Axiom 4: Messages Consist of Verbal Symbols and Nonverbal Cues 21
Axiom 5: Interactions Are Either Symmetrical or Complementary 22
The Impact of Diversity and Culture 22Diversity and Communication Style 22Orientation and Cultural Context 23
Individual and Collective Orientation 23
High-Context and Low-Context Communication 24
The Impact of Gender 24Gender and Communication Style 24
The Impact of Media and Technology 25
TRY THIS: What’s Okay with You? 26On the Way to Gaining
Communication Competence 27Add to Your Storehouse of
Knowledge about Interpersonal Communication 28
Recognize How Your Relationships Affect You 28
Analyze Your Options 28Interact Ethically, Respect Diversity,
and Think Critically about Your Person-to-Person Contacts 28
REFLECT ON THIS: The Cell Effect 29Practice and Apply Skills to Improve
Interpersonal Performance 29CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of Sylvia and Khalil 30Chapter Summary 31
Check Your Understanding 32Check Your Skills 32Key Terms 33
CHAPTER 2. THE IMPACT OF SELF-CONCEPT 34
Learning Objectives 34What Do You Know? 35The Self-Concept: Your Answer to Who You Are 36ANALYZE THIS: The Clown 37TRY THIS: Who Are You? 38How Are the Self and Self-Concept Related? 37
How Accurate Is the Self-Concept? 38Self-Esteem: Assessing Self-Worth 39
High versus Low Self-Esteem 39Self-Esteem and Performance 39
How Others Shape Our Self-Concept 40We Reflect Others’ Appraisals 40
TRY THIS: Feelings about Age and Physical Ability 41We Compare Ourselves with Others 41We Have Perceived, Ideal, and Expected Selves 42
Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach 42Imagining a Future Self 42
TRY THIS: The “Authentic” Self 43Reactions to You: Confirming, Rejecting, and
Disconfirming Responses 43The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: The Influence
of Positive and Negative Pygmalions 44TRY THIS: Ups and Downs 45
Revising Your Self-Concept: Reexamining Impressions and Conceptions 46
Diversity and Culture in Relationships: How Important Is the “I”? 47
The Self in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures 47
REFLECT ON THIS: Changes 48The Self in High- and Low-Context Cultures 49The Self in High- and Low-Power-Distance
Cultures 49TRY THIS: Are You an “I” or Part of a “We”? 50
Attitudes toward the Self across Cultures 51Gender and Self-Concept 51TRY THIS: Young and Old 52Seeing the Self through the Media and
Technology Looking Glass 52REFLECT ON THIS: Beauty Standards
and Dying to Be Thin 53The Impact of the Media 53The Impact of Technology 54
ANALYZE THIS: MEdia 55Gaining Communication Competence:
Ways to Strengthen Your Self-Concept 55Update Pictures 55Take Lots and Lots of Pictures 56Explore Others’ Pictures of You 56Picture Possibilities 56
CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of Aisha’s Term Paper 57Chapter Summary 58
Check Your Understanding 58Check Your Skills 59Key Terms 59
CHAPTER 3. PERCEPTION 60
Learning Objectives 60What Do You Know? 61Our Perception Defines Our Reality 62
Do We See the Same Realty? 62
Perception in Action: The Process at Work 63Selection 64Organization 65Evaluation and Interpretation 66Memory 66Response 67
ANALYZE THIS: The Deceptiveness of Appearance 68Frameworks of Perception 69
Schemata 69Perceptual Sets and Selectivities 69
REFLECT ON THIS: Attribution Theory 70TRY THIS: Lessons Learned 71
Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes 71Barriers to Accurate Perception 72REFLECT ON THIS: Stereotypes 73
Age and Person Perception 73TRY THIS: The Appearance Factor 74
Fact-Inference Confusions 74TRY THIS: Can You Tell the Difference? 75
Allness 75Indiscrimination 75
ANALYZE THIS: Is That All There Is? 76Frozen Evaluations and Snap Judgments 76Blindering 78Judging Others More Harshly than Ourselves 78
Diversity and Culture: Interpreting through Different I’s 78
Gender and Perception 79The Media, Technology, and Perception 80
The Media and Perception 81Technology and Perception 82
Gaining Communication Competence: Enhancing Your Perceptual Abilities 83
Recognize the Part You Play 83Be a Patient Perceiver 83
TRY THIS: Facebook in Focus 84Become a Perception Checker 84Widen Your Perception 84See through the Eyes of Another 85Build Perceptual Bridges, Not Walls 85Consider How Technology Is Changing
How We Perceive 85CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of Dax’s Trial 86Chapter Summary 87
Check Your Understanding 88Check Your Skills 88Key Terms 89
PART II: MESSAGES
CHAPTER 4. LISTENING 90
Learning Objectives 90What Do You Know? 91Listening in Your Life 92Differences between Hearing
and Listening 93The Differences between Effective
and Ineffective Listeners 93ANALYZE THIS: Understanding
“Understanding” 94Stages of Listening 95TRY THIS: How’s Your LQ (Listening Quotient)? 96
Stage 1: Hearing 97Stage 2: Understanding 97Stage 3: Remembering 97Stage 4: Interpreting 98Stage 5: Evaluating 98Stage 6: Responding 98
Styles and Types of Listening 98Styles of Listening 98
People-Oriented Listening 98REFLECT ON THIS: When Is Listening
Not First and Foremost? 99Action-Oriented Listening 99Content-Oriented Listening 99Time-Oriented Listening 100
Types of Listening 100Appreciative Listening 100Comprehensive Listening 100Critical/Deliberative Listening 100Empathetic Listening 100
Listening Ethics 103Do You Tune Out? 103
ANALYZE THIS: Active and Inactive Listening 104
Do You Fake Attention? 104
Do You Ignore Specific Individuals? 105Do You Lose Emotional Control? 105Do You Avoid Challenging Content? 106Are you Egocentric? 106Do You Waste Potential Listening Time? 106Are You Overly Apprehensive? 106Are You Suffering Symptoms of
Listening Burnout? 106Hurdling Listening Roadblocks 107Responding with Feedback 107
Defining Feedback 108Feedback Options 108
Feedback May Be Immediate or Delayed 109
Feedback May Be Person- or Message-Focused 109
Feedback May Be Low- or High-Monitored 109
Feedback May Be Evaluative or Nonevaluative 109
Culture’s Influence on Listening 111
TRY THIS: It’s in the “I”s 112TRY THIS: Culture, Communication Style,
and Feedback 113Gender’s Influence on Listening 113Media and Technological Influences
on Listening 114Media Influences 114Technology’s Influences 115
TRY THIS: The Ethics of Illusionary Listening 116
Gaining Communication Competence: Becoming a Better Listener 116
Catch Yourself Exhibiting a Bad Habit 116
Substitute a Good Habit for a Bad Habit 116
Listen with Your Whole Body 116Consistently Use Your Ears,
Not Just Your Mouth 116See the Other Side 117Don’t Listen Assumptively 117Participate Actively 117
CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of Nonlistening Flora 118
Chapter Summary 119Check Your Understanding 119Check Your Skills 120Key Terms 120
CHAPTER 5. COMMUNICATING WITH WORDS 122
Learning Objectives 122What Do You Know? 123Defining Language 124
The Meaning of Words 124The Triangle of Meaning 126Removing Semantic Barriers 126
Differentiate Denotative and Connotative Meaning 127
Recognize How Time and Place May Change Meaning 127
TRY THIS: Measuring Meaning 128Consider the Effect of Your Words 129
Euphemisms and Linguistic Ambiguity 129Recognize Emotive Language 129
TRY THIS: Euphemisms and Strategic Ambiguity 130Acknowledge the Power of
Polarizing Language 130Balance Politically Correct Language 131Beware of Bypassing 132
REFLECT ON THIS: Which Do You Prefer? 133Don’t Be Misled by Labels 133
TRY THIS: Is It Politically Correct or Incorrect? 134
Language and Relationships: Communication Style, Words, and Feelings 134
ANALYZE THIS: Hurtful Words 135Culturespeak 136TRY THIS: The Language-Culture Link 139
Genderspeak 139Language Can Diminish and Stereotype
Women and Men 139
Language Practices Reflect Goals and Feelings about Power 140
Age and Language 141REFLECT ON THIS: The Muted Group 142
Language, Media, and Technology 142Experiencing Media 142
TRY THIS: How Would You Reengineer a Media Image? 143Experiencing Technology 143
Gaining Communication Competence: Making Your Words Work 144
Are My Words Clear? 144Are My Words Appropriate? 144Am I Using Words That Are Concrete? 144Do My Words Speak to the Other Person
and Reflect the Context? 145Do I Share “to Me” Meaning? 145Do I Respect Uniqueness? 145Do I Look for Growth? 146
CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of the Wounding Words 146Chapter Summary 147
Check Your Understanding 148Check Your Skills 148Key Terms 149
CHAPTER 6. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 150
Learning Objectives 150What Do You Know? 151Defining Nonverbal Communication 152The Functions and Characteristics of
Nonverbal Communication 152The Functions of Nonverbal Cues 153Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication 154
All Nonverbal Behavior Has Message Value 154
Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous 155
Nonverbal Communication Is Predominantly Relational 155
Nonverbal Behavior May Reveal Deception 155
TRY THIS: It’s Not Just What You Say . . . 158
Reading Nonverbal Messages 158Kinesics: The Messages of Movement 159
Face and Eye Talk 159Putting on a Face: The Ethics
of Face-Work 161ANALYZE THIS: Facecrime 162
Gestures and Posture: The Body in Motion and at Rest 163
TRY THIS: The Ethics of Impression Creation 164Decoding the Body’s Messages 164
Paralinguistics: The Messages of the Voice 165Pitch 166Volume 166Rate 166Articulation and Pronunciation 166
REFLECT ON THIS: Ummmmmmm . . 167Hesitations and Silence 167
Proxemics: Space and Distance Talks 167Spatial Relationships: Near or Far 168Places and Their Spaces: Decoding
the Environment 169Territoriality: Yours and Mine 170
Haptics: Touch 170Artifactual Communication
and Appearance 172Olfactics: Smell 173Color: Associations and Connections 173Chronemics: The Communicative
Value of Time 174Culture and Nonverbal Behavior 175REFLECT ON THIS: Does Beauty Pay? 176Gender and Nonverbal Behavior 177TRY THIS: The Race Factor 178Nonverbal Cues and Flirting:
Expressing Interest or Disinterest 179TRY THIS: Top Billing 179Media, Technology, and
Nonverbal Messages 180TRY THIS: Can You Read the Cues? 182
Gaining Communication Competence in Nonverbal Communication 182
Pay Attention to Nonverbal Messages 182
When Uncertain about a Nonverbal Cue’s Meaning, Ask! 183
Realize Inconsistent Messages Have Communicative Value 183
Match the Degree of Closeness you Seek with the Nonverbal Behavior You Display 183
Monitor Your Nonverbal Behavior 184
Acknowledge That Abilities to Encode and Decode Nonverbal Messages Vary 184
CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of Surprised Sam 185
Chapter Summary 186Check Your Understanding 186Check Your Skills 187Key Terms 187
CHAPTER 7. CONVERSATIONS 188
Learning Objectives 188What Do You Know? 189The Importance of Conversational Contact 190TRY THIS: Do You Like to Talk? 191What Is Conversation? 191TRY THIS: The Elevator 192
Conversation: Games and Players 192Conversational Structure 192
TRY THIS: Conversational Analysis 193The Greeting 194Topic Priming 194The Heart of the Conversation 195Preliminary Processing 195The Closing 196
Conversational Management 196Turn Taking: Maintaining and Yielding the Floor 197The Cooperation Principle 197
TRY THIS: Whose Turn Is It, Anyway? 198The Dialogue Principle 198
ANALYZE THIS: Relationship Turns 199Repairing Conversational
Damage 200Cultural Differences and Conversation 200Gender Differences and Conversation 201REFLECT ON THIS: Interruptitis 202Media and Technology Talk 202ANALYZE THIS: Don’t Finish My Thoughts 203TRY THIS: Squawk Talk 204
Media Talk 204Technology Talk 204
Gaining Communication Competence: Improving Your Conversation Skills 206
Develop Metaconversational Abilities 206Develop Awareness of How Culture and
Gender Differences Affect Conversation 206Strive to Improve Conversation Initiation,
Management, and Termination Abilities 206CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of the
Company Party 207Chapter Summary 208
Check Your Understanding 208Check Your Skills 209 Key Terms 209
PART III: DYNAMICS
CHAPTER 8. EMOTIONS 210
Learning Objectives 210What Do You Know? 211What Are Emotions? 212
Why Emotional Intelligence Is Important 213
The Look and Feel of Emotions 213
Surprise! 214Anger 214Happiness 215Sadness 215
REFLECT ON THIS: Can Exercise Make You Happy and Less Stressed? 216
Fear 216Disgust 216Emotions: Primary, Mixed,
and Contagious 216Emotions Affect Evaluations 217
TRY THIS: Emotional Checkup 218
Relationships and Emotions 219Are Your Emotions Facilitative or Debilitative? 219What Do You Tell Yourself? 219
TRY THIS: Do You Have Resilience? 220What Do You Tell Another Person? 220
ANALYZE THIS: Should You Tell? 221What Is Your Emotional Attachment Style? 221
Culture and the Expression of Emotion 222TRY THIS: Are You a Face-Saver? 223Gender and the Expression of Emotion 223Media and Technology: Channeling
Feelings 224Media Models 224
TRY THIS: Sharing Feelings 225Technological Channels 226
TRY THIS: Modeling 227Gaining Communication Competence:
Communicating Emotion 227Recognize That Thoughts Cause Feelings 228Choose the Right Words 228Show That You Accept Responsibility for Your
Feelings 229Share Feelings Fully 229Decide When, Where, and to Whom to Reveal
Feelings 229Describe the Response You Seek 229
CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of Late Jean 230Chapter Summary 231
Check Your Understanding 231Check Your Skills 232Key Terms 232
CHAPTER 9. TRUST AND DECEPTION 234
Learning Objectives 234What Do You Know? 235What Is Trust? 236
The Bases of Trust 237
The Components of Trust 237Trusting Behavior 237Trustworthy Behavior 237
TRY THIS: Can I Depend on You? Can You Depend on Me? 238
Failed Trust 238Forgiveness: Rebuilding a
Relationship after Trust Is Betrayed 239ANALYZE THIS: Misplaced Trust 240Cost-Benefit Theory: The Price We Are
Willing to Pay for a Relationship 241Defining the Relational Situation 241TRY THIS: Relationship Balance Sheet 242
Cooperative and Competitive Relationships 242TRY THIS: Cooperative or Competitive? 243
Supportive and Defensive Relationships 243Evaluation versus Description 244Control versus Problem Orientation 245Strategy versus Spontaneity 245
ANALYZE THIS: On the Defensive 246Neutrality versus Empathy 247Superiority versus Equality 247Certainty versus Provisionalism 248
Deception and Relationship Ethics 248TRY THIS: Cornered 249
Why Do We Lie? 249REFLECT ON THIS: Building Company Trust 251
White Lies: Motivation Matters 251Lying to Ourselves: Defensive Strategies 252
Displacement 252Repression 252Rationalization 252
Relational Counterfeiters 252The Effects of Lying 253
REFLECT ON THIS: Richard S. Lazarus and the Case for White Lies 254
The Effects of Gossip 254Culture and Trust 255TRY THIS: How Prepared Are You to Trust? 256Gender and Trust 256Media, Technology, and Lessons
on Trust 257The Media and Trust 257Technology and Trust 258
Gaining Communication Competence: Nurturing a Trusting Relationship 260
Be Willing to Disclose Yourself to Another Person 260
Let the Other Person Know You Accept and Support Him or Her 260
Develop a Cooperative/Supportive Rather than a Competitive/Defensive Orientation 260
Trust Another When Warranted 260CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of the Trusting Agent 261Chapter Summary 262
Check Your Understanding 262Check Your Skills 263Key Terms 263
CHAPTER 10. POWER AND INFLUENCE 264
Learning Objectives 264What Do You Know? 265The Control Factor: Exploring the Balance of
Power in Relationships 266Feeling Powerful versus Powerless 266
Are You Socially Anxious? 266Are You on a Power Trip? 267
Where Does Power Come From? 267Power Categories 267
TRY THIS: What’s Your Power Orientation? 268Reward Power 269Coercive Power 269Expert Power 269Legitimate Power 269Referent Power 269Persuasive Power 270
Exercising Persuasion 270The Role of Attitudes 270
What Is an Attitude? 270TRY THIS: Powerful People and Power Plays 271
Where Do Our Attitudes Come From? 271The Role of Beliefs 272
What Are Beliefs? 272TRY THIS: Assessing Attitudes and Surveying Beliefs 273
Defining and Characterizing Values 275Gaining Compliance in Interpersonal
Relationships 275Strategies for Compliance Gaining 275
ANALYZE THIS: The Diary of a Young Girl 276TRY THIS: Graphing Your Values 277
Strategies for Balancing Attitudes 279Routes to Interpersonal Influence 281
TRY THIS: Tensions and Tactics 282Diversity, Values, and
Relational Power 283Gender and the Balance of Power 284TRY THIS: Who Has the Power? 285REFLECT ON THIS: Power Issues by Gender 286Media, Technology, and Power Shifts 286
Media Power 286Technological Power 287
Gaining Communication Competence: Controlling Relationships 288
Use Power Wisely 288Understand How Beliefs, Values, and
Attitudes Affect Interactions 288Capitalize on the Need for Balance 288
CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of the Power Moment 289
Chapter Summary 290Check Your Understanding 290Check Your Skills 291Key Terms 291
CHAPTER 11. CONFLICT 292
Learning Objectives 292What Do You Know? 293The Meaning of Conflict 294
Conflict Defined 294Conflict Is Based on
Interaction 294Feelings about Conflict 294
Functional Conflict 295Dysfunctional Conflict 295
TRY THIS: Thinking through Conflict 296
Conflict’s Sources 298Interactions among Individuals 298Conflict-Generating Behaviors 299
Preemptive Striking 299Forcing 299Blaming 299
Classifying Conflicts 299The Nature of the Goal 299The Intensity Level of the Conflict 299
TRY THIS: How Verbally Aggressive Are You? 300The Character of the Conflict 301
Conflict Management Styles 302Avoiding 302Competitive 303Compromising 303Accommodative 303Collaborative 304
TRY THIS: Where Are You on the Grid? 304
Communication Behavior in the Face of Conflict 305
Destructive Communication Behaviors 305Constructive Communication Behaviors 306DESC Scripts 307
Describe 307Express 307Specify 307Consequences 307
Your Expressive Style: Nonassertive, Aggressive, or Assertive 308
TRY THIS: A Self-Assessment 309Nonassertiveness 311
Why We Do Not Assert Ourselves 311Nonassertive Language 311
Aggressiveness 311Why We Act Aggressively 312Aggressive Language 312
Assertiveness 313Learning Assertive Behavior 313Assertive Language 313
Culture and Conflict Resolution 315ANALYZE THIS: Edward de Bono 316Gender and Conflict Resolution 316Media, Technology, and Conflict Resolution:
Models or Madness 317Media Portrayals: Model the Way 317
REFLECT ON THIS: Lessons Learned 318Technology: Real and Unreal 318
TRY THIS: It’s War! 320Gaining Communication Competence:
Guidelines for Resolving Conflict 320Recognize That Conflict Can Be
Resolved Rationally 320
Agree about How to Define the Conflict 321Exchange Perceptions: Describe, Express,
Specify, and Note Behavioral Consequences 321Assess Alternative Solutions and Choose
the One That Seems Best 321Implement and Evaluate the Selected Solution 321
CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of the Jousting Roommates 322
Chapter Summary 323Check Your Understanding 324Check Your Skills 324Key Terms 325
PART IV: RELATIONSHIPS IN CONTEXT
CHAPTER 12. RELATIONSHIP DYNAMICS 326
Learning Objectives 326What Do You Know? 327Why Do We Need Relationships? 328
Relationships Preserve Happiness and Health 328Relationships Prevent Isolation 329Relationships Meet Interpersonal Needs 329
ANALYZE THIS: By Yourself 332Relationships Serve as Behavioral Anchors 332Relationships Function as Communication Conduits 332
TRY THIS: How Do You Feel about Being In /Out, Up/Down, or Close/Far? 333
When Good, Relationships Help Maintain Our Sense of Worth 333
Relationship Characteristics 334Duration 334Contact Frequency 334Sharing 334Support 334Interaction Variability 334Goals 335
Forming Friendships 335The Nature of Intimacy 335The Nature of Acquaintanceship 335
TRY THIS: Measuring Intimacy 336The Nature of Friendship 336
Role-Limited Interaction 337Friendly Relations 338Moving toward Friendship 338Nascent Friendship 338Stabilized Friendship 338Waning Friendship 338
Romance: Coming Together and Breaking Apart 339
Love’s Dimensions 339
The Triangle of Love 340
Love’s Stages 340Stage 1: Initiating 341Stage 2: Experimenting 341Stage 3: Intensifying 341Stage 4: Integrating 342Stage 5: Bonding 342Stage 6: Differentiating 342Stage 7: Circumscribing 342
ANALYZE THIS: Status Updates 343Stage 8: Stagnating 343Stage 9: Avoiding 343Stage 10: Terminating 344
TRY THIS: Looking at Your Relationships 345Relationship Attractors 345
Physical Attractiveness 346
Social Attractiveness 346REFLECT ON THIS: The Romantic Attraction Factor 347
Task Attractiveness 348
Proximity 348
Reinforcement 348Similarity 349Complementarity 349
TRY THIS: Attractors 350
Culture and Connection 350Does the Culture Place More Stress on
Individuals or on Social Relationships? 351Does the Culture Promote the Development
of Short- or Long-Term Relationships? 352Does the Culture Value Results or the
Interactional Process? 352
Gender and Relationship Formation 352Media, Technology, and Social Worlds 353
Media Portrayals of Friendship and Romance 353TRY THIS: Ties That Bind 354
Technology: Meeting in Cyberspace 354
Gaining Communication Competence: Mastering Relationship Complexities 356
Understand That Relationships Don’t Just Happen 356Recognize Why We Need Others 357Understand the Nature of Friendship
and Romantic Relationships 357Meet the Challenges Posed by Media
and Technology 357CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of the Job Promotion 358Chapter Summary 359
Check Your Understanding 360Check Your Skills 360Key Terms 361
CHAPTER 13. INTIMACY AND DISTANCE IN RELATIONSHIPS 362
Learning Objectives 362What Do You Know? 363Self-Disclosure and Intimacy 364Social Penetration Theory 365TRY THIS: Social Penetration—in Casual and Intimate
Relationships 367The Johari Window and Self-Disclosure 367REFLECT ON THIS: Sharing in Close Relationships 369Using Relational Dialectics to Understand
Relationships 371TRY THIS: Window Gazing 372
Integration-Separation 372Stability-Change 372Expression-Privacy 373Working through Dialectical Tensions 373
TRY THIS: Try to See It My Way 374Relationship Maintenance 374TRY THIS: What’s Fair? 376Relationship Repair: Fix It or End It 376
Identify the Problem 376Identify Strategies to Repair the Problem 377Decide to Dissolve or Save the Relationship 377
The Dark Side of Relationships: Dysfunctions and Toxic Communication 377
REFLECT ON THIS: Abusive Relationships 379Relationships and Death: Processing Grief 380Culture and Relational Intimacy 381Gender, Intimacy, and Distance 382ANALYZE THIS: Feelings 383Media and Technology: The Decline of Privacy
and Distance 383Gaining Communication Competence: Handling
Both Relational Closeness and Distance 384TRY THIS: At a Distance 385
How Important to You Is This Person? 385Are You Willing to Initiate Interaction? 385How Much and What Kind of Intimacy Do You
Desire? 385How Accepting Are You of the Other Person? 386How Are You Willing to Support the Other Person? 386Do You Recognize That Your Relationship Will
Change? 386Can Your Relationship Survive the Distance Test? 386Do You Know When to Continue and When to End
a Relationship? 386CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of the Plane Trip 387Chapter Summary 388
Check Your Understanding 389Check Your Skills 389Key Terms 389
CHAPTER 14. RELATIONSHIPS IN OUR LIVES: FAMILY, WORK, AND HEALTH-RELATED CONTEXTS 390
Learning Objectives 390What Do You Know? 391The Nature of Familial Communication 392
The Family as Communication System 393
Family Members Are Interdependent 393The Family Is Greater than the
Sum of Its Parts 394Family Members Engage in
Mutual Influence 394TRY THIS: Virginia Satir on “Peoplemaking” 395
Family Communication: Roles and Rules 395ANALYZE THIS: Transitions 396TRY THIS: The Rules We Live By 398
Communication Patterns in Families 398Problematic Communication Patterns 398Productive Communication Patterns 399Your Family Network 399
Culture and the Family 400Varying Family Composition 401Varying Communication Styles 401Varying Family Roles 401
TRY THIS: Role Call 402Gender and the Family 402Media, Technology, and the Family 403
Interpersonal Communication at Work 404TRY THIS: The TV Family 405
Relationships Are the Organization 405The Dyad and the Organization 405
A Question of Dependence and Independence 406
A Question of Trust 406A Question of Perception 406
Networks, Interaction, and Relationship Satisfaction 407
Working in Teams 407Create Healthy Work Climates 407Practice Effective Decision Making 408
REFLECT ON THIS: The Effects of Groupthink 410Culture and the Workplace 410
Are Workers Dominant or Submissive? 410Are Workers Individualistic or
Collectivistic? 411How Do Workers Perceive the Need for
Space? 411How Do Workers Perceive Time? 411How Diverse Are the Interpersonal
Needs and Skills of Workers? 412Are Members of Different Generations
Prepared to Work Together? 413Gender and the Workplace 413
TRY THIS: Culture Can Shock 414Stereotypes of Women in
Organizations 414Stereotypes of Men in Organizations 415Gender and Work-Life Balance 415Leadership and Management Style 415Workplace Pathologies: Bullying and
Sexual Harassment 416
Media, Technology, and the Workplace 417
Media Portrayals 417Technological Realities 417
Interpersonal Communication in Health Care Settings 418
The Consumer–Health Care Provider Dyad 419
Sensitivity Matters 419Clear Communication
Matters 419Perceptions Matter 420Decision Making Matters 420
Culture and Health Communication 421Gender and Health Care 422Media, Technology, and
Health Care 422Media Messages 422Technology Messages 423
Gaining Communication Competence across Contexts 423
Prepare to Handle Conflict across Contexts 424Recognize That You Cannot
Stay as You Are or Always Be Happy and in Good Health 424
Learn about Each Other 424CONNECT THE CASE: The Case of the
Problematic Reunion 425Chapter Summary 426
Check Your Understanding 427Check Your Skills 427Key Terms 428
GLOSSARY 429
NOTES 436
PHOTO CREDITS 454
INDEX 456