Detail of George Washington arriving by boat in New York on April 23, 1789, for presidential...
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Transcript of Detail of George Washington arriving by boat in New York on April 23, 1789, for presidential...
Detail of George Washington arriving by boat in New York on April 23, 1789, for presidential inauguration.
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The leaders of the new nation face the challenges of establishing a strong economy and a stable, democratic government.
Launching a New Republic, 1789–1800
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SECTION 2
SECTION 1 Washington’s Presidency
SECTION 3 The Federalists in Charge
Challenges to the New Government
Launching a New Republic, 1789–1800
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Section 1
Washington’s Presidency The president and the Congress begin to set up the new government.
Washington Takes Office
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• George Washington inaugurated, sworn in, as 1st U.S. President (1789)
1SECTION
• John Adams, first vice-president
Washington’s Presidency
• Washington knows every action as president will set a precedent
• Congress agrees to call Washington “Mr. President”
Image
Setting Up the Courts
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1SECTION
• Congress passes the Federal Judiciary Act (1789)
• Act also provides for lower federal courts • The number of judges later grows to nine
• Gives Supreme Court six members:- 1 chief justice or judge - 5 associate judges
• John Jay is named chief justice
Washington’s Cabinet
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1SECTION
• Congress creates 3 departments to help the president:- war department - state department - treasury department
• Heads of departments are president’s cabinet
Continued . . .
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1SECTION
• Attorney general, Edmund Randolph, gives legal advice
• Secretary of war, Henry Knox, oversees the nation’s defense
• Secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, manages U.S. finances
Continued Washington’s Cabinet
• Secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, oversees diplomatic relations
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Economic Problems
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1SECTION
• By 1789, U.S. has huge national debt—$52 million
• Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan shows his belief in: - a strong central government- government encouraging business, industry - pay debt to nation’s wealthy, gain their
support for government
• U.S. must pay debt to gain respect of other countries
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
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1SECTION
• Alexander Hamilton proposes 3-step financial plan to Congress (1790)- pay off all war debts- raise government revenues- create a national bank
• To gain southern support, U.S. agrees to place capital in South
• Many southern states have paid war debts, northern states have not
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Continued . . .
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1SECTION
• Hamilton supports tariffs (tax on imported goods) because:- raises money for U.S. government - encourages growth of U.S. industry - encourages people to buy American goods
• Hamilton calls for National bank, safe for government investments
• Bank would make loans to businesses, issue bank notes
Continued Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Interpreting the Constitution
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1SECTION
• Thomas Jefferson, James Madison against a national bank
• Alexander Hamilton has more flexible interpretation of Constitution
• Claim that the Constitution does not allow for a national bank
• Claims Congress has power to set up bank • George Washington approves a national bank
(1791)
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Washington establishes central authority at home and avoids war with European powers.
Section 2
Challenges to the New Government
Securing the Northwest Territory
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2SECTION
• Trans-Appalachian West between the Appalachians, Mississippi River
• Spain threatens to close New Orleans’ port to American trade
• Spain, Britain, U.S., Native Americans all claim parts of land
Challenges to the New Government
• Stirs up trouble between white settlers, Native Americans
• Supports Native Americans who clash with American settlers
• Britain violates Treaty of Paris, holds forts in Northwest Territory
Map
Battle of Fallen Timbers
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2SECTION
• President Washington sends troops into Northwest Territory
• Defeat Native Americans at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
• Washington sends more troops led by Anthony Wayne
• Native American tribes defeat U.S. troops twice
• 12 tribes sign Treaty of Greenville with United States (1795)- surrender much of present-day Ohio,
Indiana to the U.S.
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The Whiskey Rebellion
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2SECTION
• Farmers resist U.S. tax on whiskey • More economical for farmers to sell rye
whiskey than bushels of rye• Use whiskey as money to get supplies • In Pennsylvania, farmers stage Whiskey
Rebellion against tax (1794) • Troops subdue rebellion, show government
has power to enforce laws
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The French Revolution
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2SECTION
• French Revolution—French people rebel against their government
• Some Americans want U.S. to support revolution and the cause of liberty
• France declares war on Britain, Holland, Spain
• U.S. remains neutral, not siding with one country or other (1793)
• Others do not want war with Britain
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2SECTION
• British seize cargoes of American ships from the French West Indies
• British pay for damages to U.S. vessels, leave Ohio Valley by 1796
• U.S. Chief Justice John Jay convinces British to sign Jay’s Treaty (1794)
• Seizures make it difficult for the U.S. to remain neutral
• Jay fails to open profitable British West Indies trade to Americans
Remaining Neutral
Continued . . .
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2SECTION
• Thomas Pinckney convinces Spain to sign Pinckney’s Treaty (1795):- allows Americans to travel freely on the
Mississippi River- store goods at New Orleans without custom
duties• Spain accepts 31st parallel as boundary
between Florida, U.S.
Continued Remaining Neutral
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Section 3
The Federalists in ChargeThe split between Hamilton and Jefferson leads to the growth of political parties.
Washington Retires
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• During second term, George Washington receives some criticism
3SECTION
• Washington warns that political divisions can weaken the nation
• Relations with governments of other countries—foreign policy
• Washington urges U.S. not to form permanent alliances with nations
The Federalists in Charge
Growth of Political Parties
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3SECTION
• Alexander Hamilton’s views:- opposes French Revolution- for strong central government- promotes trade, manufacturing, cities
• Thomas Jefferson’s and James Madison’s views:- for French Revolution- strong government could lead to tyranny- promote farming
• Differences lead to the nation’s first political parties
Continued . . .
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3SECTION
• Political party: group that promotes its ideas, influences government
• Alexander Hamilton and friends start the Federalist Party
• Thomas Jefferson, James Madison start Democratic-Republican Party
Continued Growth of Political Parties
Chart
John Adams Takes Office
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3SECTION
• John Adams is presidential candidate for Federalists
• Adams wins election; runner-up, Jefferson, is vice-president (1797)
• Thomas Jefferson is candidate for Democratic-Republicans
Problems with France
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3SECTION
• In 1797, Britain and France still at war
• Federalists want war with France
• French seize U.S. ships, prevent trade with British
• President Adams wants to restore calm
Image
Continued . . .
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3SECTION
• President Adams sends diplomats to France, they are ignored
• Americans are outraged by XYZ Affair
• 3 French agents (known as X,Y, Z) ask for loan, bribe from diplomats
Continued Problems with France
• Congress cancels treaties, allows U.S. to seize French ships
Image
The Alien and Sedition Acts
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3SECTION
• Democratic-Republicans, Federalists criticize each other
• Many immigrants are Democratic-Republicans
• To stop criticism of Federalists, President Adams targets immigrants
• Federalist Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798):- power to arrest disloyal aliens during
wartime- outlaws saying, writing anything false,
harmful against government
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Continued . . .
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3SECTION
• Alien and Sedition Acts clamp down on freedom of speech
• State can refuse to pass a federal law if it sees law as unconstitutional
• Democratic-Republicans use states’ rights to fight acts
Continued The Alien and Sedition Acts
• Kentucky, Virginia find Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional
• Repeal acts or let them expire between 1800 and 1802
• Democratic-Republicans gain control of Congress
Peace with France
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3SECTION
• U.S. and France make peace, sign Convention of 1800:- stops naval attacks between France and
U.S.- allows U.S., French ships to sail the ocean
in peace
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