DETAIL ESTIMATING Earth Grading - Ontario · DETAIL ESTIMATING Earth Grading B206-1 - EARTH GRADING...

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DETAIL ESTIMATING Earth Grading B206-1 - EARTH GRADING - OPSS.PROV 206 206-1.1 GENERAL This section deals with the excavation, haulage, placement, compaction, and management of earth material, as defined in OPSS.PROV 206. This section should be read in conjunction with Section B206-2 - Rock Grading, as the computation methods, balancing of quantities and documentation apply to both. Earth excavation is a main component of highway construction and it includes grading for highways, sideroads, entrances, ditches, detours, etc. 206-1.1.1 Classification of Earth Materials The following materials, when encountered during grading operations, are usually treated the same as earth and are included in the item Earth Excavation, Grading: A. Earth Overburden Stripping and Earth Cut quantities originating from earth overburden on rock formations are estimated and treated as earth excavation in accordance with the geotechnical recommendations. B. Boulders and Fragmented Rock in Earth Cuts The treatment of boulders and fragmented rock smaller than 1.0 m³ encountered in earth cuts is normally stipulated in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report and, unless otherwise directed, they are dealt with as per Ontario Provincial Standard Drawings. C. Fragmented Rock and Weathered Rock Quantities of fragmented and weathered rock, smaller than 1.0 m³, excavated from existing road embankments or cuts, will be included in Earth Excavation, Grading quantities. Certain rock deposits such as shale may be designated as earth to the bottom of excavation or to a designated pay surface, below which it would be classified as solid rock. D. Granular Deposits Any granular or select subgrade material deposits which meet the requirements of OPSS 1010, when obtained from within the right-of-way, is paid for as Earth September 2017 Page 1 of 31 CDED B206-1

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DETAIL ESTIMATING Earth Grading

B206-1 - EARTH GRADING - OPSS.PROV 206 206-1.1 GENERAL

This section deals with the excavation, haulage, placement, compaction, and management of earth material, as defined in OPSS.PROV 206. This section should be read in conjunction with Section B206-2 - Rock Grading, as the computation methods, balancing of quantities and documentation apply to both. Earth excavation is a main component of highway construction and it includes grading for highways, sideroads, entrances, ditches, detours, etc.

206-1.1.1 Classification of Earth Materials The following materials, when encountered during grading operations, are usually treated the same as earth and are included in the item Earth Excavation, Grading: A. Earth Overburden

Stripping and Earth Cut quantities originating from earth overburden on rock formations are estimated and treated as earth excavation in accordance with the geotechnical recommendations.

B. Boulders and Fragmented Rock in Earth Cuts The treatment of boulders and fragmented rock smaller than 1.0 m³ encountered in earth cuts is normally stipulated in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report and, unless otherwise directed, they are dealt with as per Ontario Provincial Standard Drawings.

C. Fragmented Rock and Weathered Rock Quantities of fragmented and weathered rock, smaller than 1.0 m³, excavated from existing road embankments or cuts, will be included in Earth Excavation, Grading quantities. Certain rock deposits such as shale may be designated as earth to the bottom of excavation or to a designated pay surface, below which it would be classified as solid rock.

D. Granular Deposits Any granular or select subgrade material deposits which meet the requirements of OPSS 1010, when obtained from within the right-of-way, is paid for as Earth

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Excavation, Grading. Relevant estimating procedures apply equally to granular material.

206-1.2 REFERENCES

• Commercial Access Manual • Design Criteria - project specific • Drainage Management Manual • Environmental Assessment Report (various names) - project specific • Foundation Investigation and Design Report - project specific • Geometric Design Standards for Ontario Highways • Geotechnical Report - project specific • Highway Design Bulletin 2010-001, Providing Digital Information to Contract,

Special Provision SP 199F61 • Hydrology Report - project specific • Pavement Design Report - project specific • Preliminary Design Report - project specific • Recommended Practice For Establishing Rock Elevation For New Highway

Construction, MERO-030 • Soils Profile - project specific • Survey Information - project specific

206-1.3 TENDER ITEMS

Earth Excavation, Grading

206-1.3.1 Other Tender Items with Earth Excavation Earth excavation for the following is not carried out under the item Earth Excavation, Grading, but under separate items and governing OPS Specifications: • Pavement Widening, when using linear measurement • Culverts • Sewers, Manholes, Catchbasins, Ditch Inlets • Subdrains • Structures These items are detailed elsewhere in this Chapter.

206-1.4 SPECIFICATIONS Details of the work are contained in:

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OPSS.PROV 206 Grading OPSS 209 Embankments Over Swamps and Compressible Soils OPSS 316 Extruded Expanded Polystyrene Frost Heave Treatment OPSS 351 Concrete Sidewalk OPSS 501 Compacting OPSS 510 Removal

206-1.5 SPECIAL PROVISIONS Refer to Chapter “E” of this Manual to review the applicable special provisions. As of the publication date of this CDED section, special provisions are required: 1) When there are pipes and culverts less than 200 mm diameter and/or expanded

polystyrene insulation to be removed as part of the item Earth Excavation, Grading.

2) Where the existing pavement is removed, and the volume of pavement removed is

included in the excavation quantity for the item Earth Excavation, Grading. 3) When there is prime, surface treated, and mulch pavement less than 50 mm thick

to be removed as part of the item Earth Excavation, Grading.

206-1.6 STANDARD DRAWINGS Applicable standard drawings are contained in the OPSD 200 series. To establish the physical limits on which to base quantities, a familiarity with applicable standard drawings is required. It may be required to develop typical sections or modify existing standard drawings for specific situations, such as, but not limited to: • Sideroad Intersections • Commercial Entrances • Private Entrances • Design of Open Channels

In addition, review of the following manuals should be done, where appropriate:

• Commercial Access Manual • Drainage Management Manual • Geometric Design Standards for Ontario Highways

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For Swamps: 1) OPSDs are only valid for where the depth of the swamp, d is less than or equal to

6 metres. 2) For any swamp excavation exceeding 6 metres in depth, project specific

recommendations and applicable drawings are required. Refer to the Foundation Investigation and Design Report.

206-1.7 DESIGN Earth Excavation, Grading item includes material from the following operations: • Stripping in Cuts • Stripping under Fills • Watercourse Correction • Frost Heaves, isolated • Sidewalks, isolated • Entrances • Ditching

- interceptor - intake/offtake • Earth Cut/Fill (integral with roadway Section)

- roadway - side ditches - transition points - sidewalks

- widening - entrances - frost heaves - excavation below subgrade

• Swamp Excavation, when by the cubic metre - roadway - culverts

The benching of existing sideslopes for roadbed widening in fills is a construction operation only; it is not to be computed for inclusion in the item Earth Excavation, Grading. The work of compaction is included in the item Earth Excavation, Grading and does not require any design. The compaction of earth is described in OPSS 501. Pipes and culverts less than 200 mm in diameter including subdrains shall be removed as part of the item Earth Excavation, Grading provided they are located within the excavation. This work is specifically excluded from the work done under OPSS 510 Removal. The locations of the pipes and culverts are to be specified in the Contract Documents as descried in section B510 Removal. Prime, surface treatment, and mulch pavement less than 50 mm in thickness are removed under the item Earth Excavation, Grading.

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206-1.7.1 Source of Information A. Design Criteria

The Design Criteria represents a statement of the application of ministry policy and design standards for a project. The Design Criteria is a concise form for describing the geometric elements and standards that form the basis for the design of a new facility or improvements to an existing facility and the extent of the work to be completed on any project.

B. Survey Information

Survey information is obtained using various methods and technologies depending upon the needs and requirements of each project. Available Survey Information will aid in the design and may include field notes, data, cross-sections, horizontal and vertical alignments, and plans. Field notes are produced by survey crews and provide details of existing surface features on the main roadway, sideroads and entrances, and data.

C. Soils Profile

The Soils Profile, when available, shows the existing ground line, proposed vertical alignment, existing drainage data, and relevant soils data.

D. Reports

A number of reports contain data needed to establish cross-sections upon which cut and fill quantities will be based. These reports are:

• Environmental Assessment Report (various names) • Foundation Investigation and Design Report • Geotechnical Report • Hydrology Report • Pavement Design Report • Preliminary Design Report

E. Field Review

A comprehensive field review at the start of the design phase, with plans to record observations and notes, is invaluable to understand the work and design required. A field review to verify the design should be carried out near the end of the design process.

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206-1.7.2 Establishing the Rock Surface Establishing the rock surface is essential to accurate earth and rock quantity estimates. The survey information, soils information and borehole data is used to establish the rock surface. The final interpretation should be reviewed with the geotechnical staff on the project. Information that can assist in establishing the rock surface is in The Recommended Practice for Establishing Rock Elevation for New Highway Construction, MERO-030.

206-1.7.3 Earth Borrow The item Earth Borrow is required when the breakdown of item quantities indicates a shortage in quantities between earth fill required and earth material available. Smaller differences might be eliminated by widening backslopes in cut sections or by revising the profile grade. With certain types of projects, it will be evident in the planning stage, that insufficient fill material will be generated by the limited excavation opportunities and that an item for Earth Borrow will be required. The item Earth Borrow is discussed in Section B212 - Earth Borrow.

206-1.7.4 Composite Earth and Rock Fills A composite earth and rock fill embankment has an earth core and a rock shell. Embankment fills are typically either earth fill or rock fill. Circumstances may require consideration of a composite earth and rock embankment fill. These circumstances include: 1) Insufficient quantities of earth or rock fill. 2) Haulage distance. 3) Environmental. Design guidelines for composite earth and rock fill embankments are available from the Pavements and Foundations Section, Materials Engineering and Design Office (MERO).

206-1.7.5 Surcharges Surcharges that are removed usually have the material used on the project.

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When the surcharge is fragmented rock smaller than 1.0 m³ rock, the surcharge removal is completed under the item Earth Excavation, Grading. The use of the excavated rock material is determined based on the project needs. When the surcharge is earth, other than fragmented rock smaller than 1.0 m³, the surcharge removal and use is completed under the item Earth Excavation, Grading. When the surcharge is granular, the surcharge removal and use of the granular material in the work is completed under the appropriate tender item, Granular from Stockpile (see OPSS 314).

206-1.7.6 Existing Rock Fills and Rock Stockpiles Excavation of existing rock fills and rock stockpiles, that are shatter, rock fill and previously blasted rock (smaller than 1.0 m³) is completed under the item Earth Excavation, Grading. The use of the excavated rock material is determined based on the project needs.

206-1.7.7 Management of Excavated Materials Excavated materials may be utilized in the following ways: • Stripping

- topsoil for graded areas to be sodded or seeded - stockpiled for future use - designing flatter or contoured slopes

• Earth Cut (suitable) - embankment construction backfilling of excavations - designing flatter slopes - berms - stockpiled for future use

• Earth Cut (unsuitable) - embankment construction beyond the minimum specified earth and rock

embankment slopes - berms - designing flatter slopes

• Ditching - as for Earth Cut

• Swamp Excavation - flattening of embankment slopes beyond the minimum specified earth and

rock embankment slopes - berms - topsoil, only when the material has been determined to be acceptable for use

for graded areas to be sodded or seeded • Frost Heaves

- as for Earth Cut

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• Watercourse Correction - disposal in old streambed

• Rock Surcharges, Existing Rock Fills and Rock Stockpiles - embankment construction, under the item Rock Embankment - stockpiled for future use

Notes: 1) Guide rail may be eliminated by the use of slope flattening. 2) Slopes behind guide rail may be flattened, even when the guide rail will still be

required. 3) Excess bituminous pavement, concrete, and masonry surplus to the recycling

requirements on a project may be incorporated into embankments, provided it is acceptable material and is processed as specified elsewhere in the contract.

206-1.7.7.1 Surplus Materials

The maximum of amount of excavated earth material is to be incorporated into the design of a facility to reduce or eliminate surplus earth material. Material that is in excess of embankment requirements should be incorporated into the design. The cross sections and/or locations for such material are to be included in the design. When there is material quantity that is not used in the design, then the material is surplus. To accommodate the surplus material within the project limits, when feasible, there should be “optional” cross-sections and typical sections or locations or both provided for use of surplus material. The quantity that can be accommodated at each location is to be provided. Note that “optional” locations may not have material placed there, and such are not to be used for locations where construction is mandatory, such as but not limited to, locations where guide rail has been eliminated from the design with slope flattening. Whenever possible, use/disposal locations for surplus materials should be identified within the project limits. When this is not feasible, then potential locations within the highway right-of-way and not within the project limits can be used (i.e. slope flattening, interchange locations, etc.). This would cause the project limits to be changed. Costs to accommodate earth material within the right-of-way will usually be cheaper than requiring the contractor to dispose of the material outside the right-of-way. Only

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after all possibilities of incorporation of materials are exhausted, is disposal of surplus materials outside the right-of-way, regardless of the type of materials, contemplated.

206-1.7.7.2 Ownership of Designated Disposal Locations Property designated as a disposal location for excavated material must be owned by MTO, or MTO must have a legal agreement in place. MTO ownership is preferred. In Crown Land areas, additional R.O.W. should be taken into the right-of-way to ensure excavated swamp material can be disposed of adjacent to the swamp excavation. Section B209 should be read for additional information and considerations on disposal of excavated swamp material.

206-1.7.8 Information to be Provided to Bidders The following document contains the requirements for the digital and data information and hard copy information to be provided to all contractors: • Highway Design Bulletin 2010-001, Providing Digital Information to Contractors,

Special Provision SP 199F61 Notes: 1) Soils Data sheets as part of the Contract Drawings. 2) Do not provide a Mass Haul Diagram to bidders.

206-1.8 COMPUTATION Earth Excavation, Grading is a Plan Quantity Payment item. The unit of measure is the cubic metre. The Earth Excavation, Grading item quantity is to be determined for each stage of the work. In computing earth quantities, for cut and fill, subtotal the figures every 350 m along the highway; and on service roads, sideroads, detours, ramps and entrances, where the length justifies such a breakdown. Each subtotal will constitute a single-line entry on the Quantity Sheets. Separation of quantities may be required for left and right sides of a widening project. Drawings and cross-sections are used to establish the physical limits on which to base quantities.

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206-1.8.1 Stage Construction

When stage construction is proposed, quantities must be determined for each separate stage, as material excavated in one stage may not necessarily be available for embankment/fill purposes in a later stage. In order to obtain accurate quantities for material available, fill required, unsuitable material, and earth borrow, both quantity calculation and quantity sheets must be prepared for each stage of the contract. After the initial determination of quantities for each stage, an analysis to determine a more cost effective staging strategy and other design changes is to be done when material is not balancing for each stage. Several iterations may be required to determine the most cost effective and best design for the project.

206-1.8.2 Contingencies and Allowances

Refer to B999-A - APPENDIX “A” to this Chapter for information on “Contingencies and Allowances”.

206-1.8.3 Methods of Calculation Grading quantities are usually determined with electronic computation. However, in instances of small minor areas, it may be efficient and appropriate to use manual methods. The use of manual calculations to determine quantities is to be approved by Ministry management staff in the Planning and Design Section. Excavation quantities are to be determined using the average end area method, except for intersections, roundabouts, parking lots, and other similar locations where other methods achieve better quantity estimates. Computer applications have many methods of calculating volumes and therefore it is important to ensure that the desired method is selected. The current version of the computer application in use with the Ministry for highway design is to be used for the design and determining grading quantities, when electronic computation is to be completed.

206-1.8.4 Cross Sections The interval of cross-sections may vary depending upon the work and roughness of the terrain, up to the usual maximum interval. Closer intervals should be used for tight curves.

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Usual cross-section minimum intervals between sections are: • 25 m, plus break points, for earth, rock embankment (fill), swamp, and borrow

areas • 10 m, plus break points, for rock cut areas • 20 m, plus break points, for possible rock areas Cross-sections normally are plotted at a scale of 1:100 both horizontally and vertically. The following details should be incorporated in the cross-section from input data: • Original Ground • Rock Surface • Design Section including,

- top of pavement; top of granular; subgrade - grading limits; ditching limits; stripping limits - frost treatments; transition point treatment - shatter - swamp excavation limits - any other excavation below subgrade - optional construction sections, when optional areas for disposal of surplus

material are provided (this will require separate quantities to be determined and documented)

In addition the cross-section will include: • cross-section station number • offset distances and elevation for profile grade elevation • offset distances and elevations for original ground surface

206-1.8.5 Mass Haul Diagram

Mass Haul diagrams are to be prepared for all major grading contracts. Mass Haul diagrams are to consider the stages of the project, including physical and environmental restrictions during the stages. A Mass Haul Diagram serves as a guide in the appraisal of moving materials and balancing quantities. The comparison of the availability and usage of the excavation quantities provides guidance as to the feasibility and economy of a grading project. When analyzing a mass haul diagram for rock excavation and embankment consider the possible use of rock materials for aggregate production and other similar uses.

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After analyzing the diagram, revisions to the set grades or other solutions may be required. Should a grade revision be required, it is necessary to amend the cross-sections accordingly, recalculate the pertinent grading quantities and revise the Mass Haul Diagram.

206-1.8.6 Components of Earth Excavation, Grading

A. Stripping

Stripping consists of the removal of the upper layer of soil, which is predominantly organic and generally known as topsoil. Topsoil is a valuable commodity, to be stockpiled for later use in the contract as topsoil on graded areas, prior to seeding or sodding, or stockpiled for future use. The depths of required stripping under fills and in cuts, also the percentage of stripping considered as suitable for use as topsoil, will be as recommended by the geotechnical staff on the project, based on soils investigations and provided in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report. On projects where all of the excavated earth is unsuitable for embankment construction, or where there are no embankments to be constructed, and there is no need to salvage stripping material for topsoiling on the project or stockpiling for future use, then stripping over cuts need not be computed.

The stockpiling of stripping to be used as topsoil is difficult and may not be feasible on projects where there is a limited work area (i.e. stand-alone bridge and culvert projects in urban areas). (a) Stripping in Cuts

Cut stripping occurs when the subgrade is below the original ground surface. Topsoil is to be removed for the full width of the cut to the depth recommended in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report. In the absence of any recommendation, a depth of 0.15 m is to be used.

(b) Stripping under Fills

i. Stripping under Fills of 1.2 m or less in Height The height of fill is defined as the vertical distance between the top of granular base and the ground surface at centreline.

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Fill stripping occurs when the subgrade is above the original ground surface and less than 1.2 m in height. The width of stripping under shallow embankments coincides with the width of the proposed embankment, i.e. toe to toe of slope. This does not include areas under embankments due to slope flattening. Topsoil is to be removed to the depth recommended in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report. In the absence of such recommendation, a depth of 0.3 m is to be used.

ii. Stripping under Fills more than 1.2 m in Height Stripping is not required under fills more than 1.2 m unless: 1. There is a shortage of topsoil, in which case the height limitation may

be waived and the stripping area extended, rather than resorting to the more expensive operation of importing topsoil.

2. Required by the recommendations in the Geotechnical

Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report.

(c) Stripping in Areas to be Grubbed

Stripping is calculated for all areas to be grubbed within the grading limits. Excavated material is considered lost and not available for further use. The depth of stripping in grubbing areas is that recommended by the geotechnical staff on the project or 0.3 m, whichever is the greater.

(d) Stripping in Swamps Stripping in swamps is not applicable.

(e) Stripping in Areas of Embankment Widening In areas of reconstruction requiring embankment widening, stripping of previously constructed slopes is estimated using a depth of 0.15 m, or as recommended in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report.

(f) Stripping of Sideslopes Prior to Benching

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Although benching of sideslopes is not a measured quantity, stripping is computed over the benched area to the depth recommended in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report. If no depth is recommended, a depth of 0.15 m is to be used.

B. Earth Cut for Roadways, Interchanges, Detours, Sideroads, Entrances and Sidewalks

Earth Cut is material classified as earth as per OPSS.PROV 206, and which is excavated from below the stripping down to subgrade level (i.e. bottom of granular sub-base), as outlined in the theoretical section which applies to that particular project. When the granular and/or subgrade material underlying the pavement is to be removed (ie. in areas of pavement reconstruction) as part of the Earth Excavation, Grading item, the cross-sectional area of the earth cut section is measured from the top of pavement, and the pavement (including concrete base, lean concrete base and asphalt treated base) is included in both the excavation quantity for the item Earth Excavation, Grading and the appropriate OPSS 510 removal of pavement item(s). The inclusion of the pavement removal in both earth excavation and OPSS 510 items is based on a longstanding MTO-industry agreement that eliminated the need for survey after pavement removal. On projects where there is removal of pavement as part of earth excavation, the volume of pavement removed must be subtracted from the excavation quantity when calculating the amount of material available for fill.

The removal of in-place processed pavement material by means of fine grading to specified lines and grades, prior to paving, is considered part of the work of the item In Place Processing of Bituminous Pavement, and must not be computed under the item Earth Excavation, Grading. Quantities are computed separately for roadways, interchanges, detours, etc., and subtotalled at 350 m intervals. Excavated earth, usually, is suitable fill material, and the total volume computed is considered available for embankment construction and backfilling excavated areas. When some of the material is not acceptable, the percentage available for use as earth fill is normally shown on the Soils Profile or contained in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report.

The Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report may be supplemented by other forms of presentation, such as the Soils Profile which may indicate an average percentage waste (unsuitable

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material) for all cut material on the project or an expected percentage waste (unsuitable material) in each individual cut. The percentage waste is based on the earth excavation quantity remaining after deducting stripping volumes, pavement volumes and material removed in grubbing operations. Boulders and fragmented rock measuring 1.0 m³ or larger within earth excavation is regarded as rock and is not included in the earth quantities.

(a) Earth Excavation for Transition Treatment

In order to overcome the variance in bearing and frost heave characteristics found at the transition between cuts and fills, excavation and backfilling is carried out in accordance with OPSDs for Transition Treatments, and the resulting excavation quantities included under “Earth Cut”. Values for “d” (depth of granular base and subbase), “t” (transition treatment depth), and “Do” (depth of organic, leached and accumulate layers) as indicated in the OPSDs are obtained from the geotechnical staff on the project.

(b) Widening of Existing Roadbed

On projects which include the widening of an existing roadbed to increase lane width or add an entire lane, the work is included as part of the item Earth Excavation, Grading. The excavation is computed in cubic metres and, generally, the material is available for fill purposes, unless otherwise recommended by the geotechnical staff on the project. In some instances the work of widening may be included in the item Rental of Motor Grader, see Section B299-1, although this is rarely done. Another alternative to cubic measurement (m³) for this item is linear measurement (m) as discussed in Section B206-3 Excavation for Pavement Widening. In order to maintain traffic during stage construction, cut sections may require widening beyond the limits set in the standards. Where widening to maintain traffic is necessary it should be considered as a detour and the appropriate quantities should be included in the tender.

(c) Excavation for Widening in Cuts to Achieve a Project or Stage Balance

In order to achieve a balance of cut and fill requirements for a grading contract when grade adjustment is not feasible, widening of cut sections beyond the limits set in the standards, or excavating within interchange loops, medians or similar operations are acceptable alternatives.

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These possibilities should always be investigated and if no conflict with design or soils recommendations is apparent, should be implemented, if the total cost of excavating, including the stripping quantity not usable for fill, the haul to the required fill area, and utility relocations is more economical than borrow from outside sources, and property is available.

(d) Frost Treatment

Frost heaving is caused by freezing temperatures acting upon frost-susceptible soils and free water below the subgrade. The combination of these factors results in the formation of frost lenses, which, by expanding upward, cause substantial and costly damage to the pavement structure. Frost heave damage is particularly severe on roads in the northern part of the Province. Frost heave treatment is applied in areas specified by the geotechnical staff on the project and is done according to OPSD standard or as recommended in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report. All frost-susceptible material is excavated to the lengths, widths and depths recommended by the geotechnical staff on the project. Such excavations are backfilled with acceptable material and compacted. Frost heave areas must be given drainage treatment by means of deepening ditches, if possible, or by installing subdrains or French drains. It is important to ensure drainage is provided to an adequate outlet so ponding in the excavated area does not occur. Where the provision of drainage is very costly, the geotechnical staff on the project should be consulted for possible alternative treatments not requiring a drainage outlet. Approval of management staff in the Planning and Design Section is required when a drainage outlet is recommended to not be provided. The treatment of frost heaves using extruded expanded polystyrene is discussed in Section B316 of this Chapter.

(e) Earth Excavation Below Subgrade

In some cases, the geotechnical staff on the project will recommend excavating below subgrade where there are pockets of unsuitable soil. The depths to be excavated will usually not be uniform. The illustrations in Figs. B206-1-1 and B206-1-2 are examples of additional excavation required below subgrade. The upper hatched area indicates the granular base courses, while the lower hatched area indicates the additional excavation below subgrade, which is may be backfilled with earth or granular

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material as stipulated in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report. Note: In Fig. B206-1-1 where it states “Regional Geotechnical Section”, read

this to mean; “in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report”.

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C. Earth Excavation for Ditching and Watercourse Correction

(a) Ditching Any excavation required to construct an open drainage course is defined as ditching, and is subject to the following conditions:

i. the excavation is outside the limits of the theoretical roadway cross-

section, or ii. the excavation is within the limits of the theoretical section, but outside

the point of intersection of the subgrade and the side slope; and the point of intersection is above original ground (see Fig. B206-1-3).

Generally, 50% of the estimated quantity for ditching is considered available for fill when balancing quantities. This percentage is subject to change depending on the recommendations of the geotechnical staff on the project. Ditches of the following types are usually constructed: • side ditches • interceptor ditches • intake and offtake ditches

Note: The designer should review the design earth ditching cross-sections

and, where the intersection of the theoretical earth ditch backslope intersects the original ground surface at an elevation equal to or above the edge of subgrade elevation, then this excavation should be documented as earth cut, (see Fig, B206-1-3A. The left ditch is shown as earth cut and the right ditch is shown as ditching), for the following reasons: i. earth ditching and earth cut require different excavation methods

and equipment, which will affect a contractors bid. ii. earth ditching is considered 50% available for fill.

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(b) Watercourse Correction

A watercourse correction is defined as an alteration to a natural watercourse, up to a culvert or apron face, if flowing through a culvert. Excavation within the limits of a culvert, and its aprons/end section is part of the work of other tender items and is paid for accordingly. The Hydrology Report will have information on the watercourse requirements for the computation of quantities and the incorporation of the final design into the contract drawings. The use of excavated material depends on the material properties. Usually, the excavated material is used for filling-in the old streambed, and a note to that effect placed on the contract drawings. Illustrations Fig. B206-1-4 & B206-1-4A show typical plan, profile and section of a proposed watercourse correction, as they appear on the contract drawings.

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D. Swamps and Compressible Soils

This section should be read in conjunction with Section B209 Embankments Over Swamps and Compressible Soils. Refer to Section B209 for fill design and computation information for embankments in swamp excavation locations. The Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report will contain specific excavation, backfill and embankment material recommendations to be used for each swamp. OPSDs show typical swamp excavation and backfill sections and they should be reviewed with the excavation and backfill recommendations. (a) Swamp Removal by Excavation Method

Swamp excavation is completed either as an Earth Excavation, Grading tender item, or as an hourly rental tender item under OPSS 209. Recommendations for the design and construction of embankments over swamps and compressible soils/soft ground are contained in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report. These reports typically contain site-specific investigations and recommendations including a description of the behaviour and properties of the soil in the swamp, method of construction, borehole locations, and soil strata drawings. The above reports will recommend how the excavation is to be completed. It will identify swamps for excavation using an Earth Excavation, Grading tender item with a volume (m³) unit-of-measure, and excavation using Rental of Swamp Excavation Equipment item(s) with a time (hour) unit-of-measure.

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Different swamps can vary widely in depth, consistency, and groundwater conditions. However, the following general guidelines can be provided: i. Where depth is less than or equal to 2m, swamps are usually administered

by the Earth Excavation, Grading item, regardless of material consistency, however Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report should confirm.

ii. Where depth is greater than 2m, a recommendation on the excavation

method and item(s) to be used will be provided in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report.

Excavation depth may vary across a swamp. A founding elevation for the embankment backfill and a practical excavation cut geometry is normally part of the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report. The report will also address the stability and settlement characteristics of excavated material and its suitability for subsequent use. When a surcharge is to be used, refer to Section B209 for design and computation information. In highway reconstruction, other than specifying excavation on the widened portion of the embankment, the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report may recommend excavation of the existing embankment (in whole or part) and the underlying material. In such cases, the cross-sectional area of the embankment is measured separately from that of the swamp excavation and is considered available for fill purposes. The limit of embankment excavation is the surface joining the toes of existing embankment slopes. Both the adjacent and underlying swamp materials are excavated, either by an hourly rental tender item under OPSS 209, or by cubic measurement with the item Earth Excavation, Grading, with the material considered not available for fill. The bottom limits of swamp excavation must be shown on the contract profiles, as described in Section 206-1.9 Documentation.

(b) Swamp Removal by Displacement Method

Refer to Section B209 for fill design and computation information. (c) Swamp Removal by Floatation Method

Refer to Section B209 for fill design and computation information.

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(d) Swamp Excavation for Culverts

Swamp excavation for placing culverts is considered part of the item Earth Excavation, Grading, and is included in the main swamp excavation quantity.

If the culvert is being placed in a swamp displacement area, any excavation required to place the culvert is calculated as culvert excavation under the other items.

E. Rock Surcharges, Existing Rock Fills and Rock Stockpiles

Excavation of existing rock surcharges, existing rock fills and rock stockpiles is done under the item Earth Excavation, Grading when the rock material is smaller than 1.0 m³.

206-1.8.7 Utilization Excavated Materials

Based on the recommendations of the geotechnical staff on the project, indicate in the calculations, which cut materials are suitable and available for embankment construction, and those, which are marginal or unsuitable for embankment construction. Materials not recommended for roadway embankment construction are either incorporated into the work within the right-of-way, other than in designed roadway embankments, or disposed of outside the right-of-way. The use of the excavated rock material from rock surcharges, existing rock fills and rock stockpiles is determined based on the project needs. When the rock material is to be used in embankment construction, it is used under the item Rock Embankment, and therefore is not available as earth fill. (a) Embankment Construction (Earth Fill)

Earth fill is excavated earth material that is placed within the design section, from the bottom surface of the design up to the subgrade elevation. In estimating fill quantities, where displacement or settlement is anticipated, an allowance should be made for the material needed to compensate for these occurrences. (1) Combination Fills (Rock and Earth) that are not Composite Earth and Rock

Fills

Combination earth and rock fills are rare and not done as a matter of the usual design practice, but are sometimes done to use the material available. Ministry geotechnical staff is to be involved in the decision to use combination fills.

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Embankments may consist of both earth and rock materials in varying proportions. Earth fill should not be placed over rock fill due to the risk of future distortion due to earth moving into rock voids. Also the materials should be placed full width i.e., no longitudinal transitions between earth and rock. Transverse transitions are to be as per OPSD. When earth is the predominant grading material, the earth fill section standard is applied even though the project contains some rock material. Below is an example (fictional) calculation to show the process: volume of fill (based on earth fill section) 10 000 m³ less: available rock fill (includes bulking factor) 2 000 m³ earth fill volume 8 000 m³ earth fill required (assuming a 15% volume adjustment factor) 9 200 m³ When rock is the predominant grading material, the rock fill section standard is applied even though the project contains some earth excavation. The method of calculation is as follows: volume of fill (based on rock fill section) 10 000 m³ less: available rock fill (includes expansion factor) 9 000 m³ earth fill volume 1 000 m³ earth fill required (assuming a 15% volume adjustment factor) 1 150 m³ In these examples, note that in each case the total quantity of available rock material (major or minor) is utilized before computing earth fill requirements.

(2) Rock Fill (Boulders) In earth embankments where boulders from adjacent cuts are used for fill, quantities are adjusted. Below is an example (fictional) calculation to show the process: volume of fill 12 000 m³ less: rock fill (boulders)* 1 000 m³ earth fill volume 11 000 m³ earth fill required (assuming a 15% volume adjustment factor) 12 650 m³ *The rock bulking factor is not applied to boulders placed in fills.

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(b) Stripping Backfill

In fill sections where stripping is required, an allowance equal to the depth of stripping, as recommended in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report, must be made in order to fill the resultant voids. In sections where the profile grade is close to the original ground surface, analyze carefully the extent of stripping backfill since the area of stripping may, in part or totally; correspond to the area of the granular base and/or subbase.

(c) Stripping Backfill in Grubbing Areas Where grubbing is required within embankment grading limits, an allowance, equal to the depth of stripping, of additional fill material must be provided to compensate for stripping.

(d) Backfill below Subgrade Where the geotechnical staff on the project has recommended excavation of earth material from below the subgrade, the resultant voids must be backfilled with acceptable earth, rock or granular material.

(e) Frost Heave Backfill Roadbeds excavated for frost heave treatment will be backfilled with granular material in accordance with Ontario Provincial Standard Drawings, as set out in Section B314 of this Chapter.

(f) Swamp Backfill (Earth)

Earth may be used as backfill to swamp excavation, if the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report states earth may be used as the swamp backfill material. Reports will contain specific excavation, backfill and embankment material recommendations to be used for each swamp. Any material that is outside of the theoretical neat lines for swamp excavation, that is expected to be excavated to obtain stable slopes, needs to be included in the fill requirements. This will be discussed in the Geotechnical Report/Pavement Design Report/Foundation Investigation and Design Report. Where displacement of swamp is required, the fill in that area will consist of the actual embankment required for roadway construction plus the earth material required to effect the swamp displacement. The additional fill material is

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designated as Swamp Backfill (Earth), and is equal in volume to the displaced swamp material.

(g) Benching of Earth Slopes and Widening Existing Embankments Where benching of earth slopes is required (in widening existing embankments), no measurement or payment will be made in respect of quantities excavated during this operation. Stripping, however, if required as a separate operation, will be measured and included for payment under the item Earth Excavation, Grading. Additional earth quantities will be computed as Stripping Backfill, but no quantities, cut or backfill, will be computed for benching. Existing embankment slopes should be benched as specified in the OPSDs. When widening existing embankments, the constructability of narrow widenings needs to be considered, and it may be necessary to design a wider embankment so that the embankment is constructable with safe access and it can be built and compacted with construction equipment.

(h) Use of Unsuitable Materials Every effort should be made to incorporate all excavated material into the work. When unsuitable material is used for areas where an errant vehicle could travel, then the material must be able to support the vehicle. Areas within the right-of-way where marginal, unsuitable or swamp material may be utilized are:

i. Designing flatter slopes, beyond the minimum design requirements. This

improves the safety of the highway and may eliminate the need for guide rail.

Note: Drainage gaps must be provided when slope flattening rock or granular embankments with poor draining material, in accordance with the appropriate OPSD. The drainage gap locations must be identified on the plans. The slope flattening limits and the volumes involved must also be shown on the plans.

ii. Designing berms - which may improve the aesthetics of the highway; improve

landscaping; shield drivers from roadside distractions, and provide noise and dust control.

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(i) Optional Locations for Surplus Materials Refer to the section 206-1.7.7.1 Surplus Materials for information on the use of surplus material in “optional” cross-sections, typical sections, and locations. Quantity calculations are required.

206-1.9 DOCUMENTATION

206-1.9.1 Contract Drawings Drawings are to show the embankment dimensions, including shape, grades and limits. This is done with standard OPSDs, plans, profiles, cross-sections and typical drawings. Profiles show graphically information from the design cross-sections. Modifications to standard drawings and project typical sections may be required for the locations where material excavated is to be incorporated into the design, or used, or disposed of within the right-of-way. Modifications to standard drawings and project typical sections may be required for the locations where additional fill material must be placed after expected displacement or settlement has occurred, to achieve the design profile and cross section. Material that is to be incorporated within the right-of-way must have its location shown on the plans. The notation “unsuitable, or swamp material’ should be used on the drawings, at locations where these materials are to be used, or may be disposed. To accommodate the surplus material within the project limits there should be “optional” cross-sections and typical sections or locations or both specified for such material. Where OPSDs do not reflect the project requirements, typical design cross-sections are to be included in the contract drawings. Typicals are usually required to reflect the project requirements. Typical cross sections are required for frost heave treatment areas (where the OPSD is not typical), and areas where excavation below subgrade is needed, showing the full extent of treatment necessary, including provision for drainage, where required. When OPSDs for Transition Treatments are used, values for “t” (transition treatment depth) and “d” (depth granular base and subbase) and “Do” (depth of organic, leached and accumulate layers) are included in the drawings. This is shown on the Profile drawings.

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When OPSDs for Frost Heave Treatments are used, values for “d” (depth of granular base and subbase) and “k” (depth of frost treatment below profile grade) are included in the drawings. This is shown on the Profile drawings, in a table, or typical sections. Plans are to clearly show the full extent of drainage improvements to achieve positive drainage of the subgrade for frost heaves. When flared guiderail terminations are required, show the location of the widened embankment. This may mean that interpolated cross-sections have to be inserted at the termination points. Existing fills that are excavated and that contain shatter, rock fill, and previously blasted rock, require the areas to be clearly defined in terms of location, depth, etc. in the drawings or in a NSSP. When a particular type of material is to be used at a specific location, that material must be identified on the drawings or in a NSSP. Swamp must be plotted on profile and treatment (by OPSD No., or typical section) indicated.

For swamp excavation locations, the profile drawings must indicate the elevation the swamp is to be excavated to. Include the following note for each swamp; - “Excavate to an Elevation of _______m”. For each swamp, the total quantity of embedment, settlement and construction loss for material below the waterline quantities is to be included in the special provisions or the contract drawings. Refer to Section B209 for additional information. Any excavations below subgrade must be shown on the profile sheets. The location of the drainage gaps should be indicated on the contract drawings by station and standard number.

Where excavated materials have disposal sites, the drawings are to show the disposal site design and generally are to indicate: • the area boundaries; • maximum height; • side slope angles; • setbacks from sensitive areas; • estimated capacity should be indicated on the contract drawings for each disposal

site; • specify/label the sites for swamp material disposal (typically the sites closest to

swamp excavations);

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• retaining embankment requirements; • drainage requirements; • environmental protection; and • other information as required, such as but not limited to, temporary haul roads,

berms and other works required so that the disposal sites may be used. Soils Data sheets as part of the Contract Drawings and contain, when applicable: • title block (date(s) of investigation, name of firm, type of equipment used, and

disclaimers); • soils borehole logs; • soils and aggregates laboratory testing data; and • other information as required.

206-1.9.1.1 Quantity Sheets (Q-sheets)

Quantity sheets are usually provided in 11X17 format. Information on Quantity sheets is contained in Chapter F of this manual. The quantities are documented on the “Quantities - Grading” sheet. When stage construction is proposed, quantities must be documented for each separate stage. The quantities for the following locations are shown separately for 350 m intervals: • Highways • Service Roads • Ramps and Loops (when separate profiles are shown) • Sideroads • Detours Separation of quantities may also be required for left and right sides where it will clarify the quantity information. This could apply to widening projects, reconstruction projects and other work as appropriate. The quantities for the following locations are shown for the total contract: • Entrances • Sidewalk (isolated locations not part of grading section)

The quantities for the following components of Earth Excavation, Grading are shown separately in individual rows for each location:

• Cut/Fill

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• Stripping, (cut and fill stripping quantities need not be separated on Q-sheets; only a single heading “Stripping” need be shown)

• Ditching/Sidewalk • Swamp • Frost Heaves (isolated locations not part of grading section) • Watercourse Corrections • Unusually large entrance quantities • Other (specify: stockpiles, surcharges, etc.)

Totals for each component location are entered in columns designated for:

• Earth Excavation, Grading • Earth Available • Earth Fill Required • Optional Earth Fill The Earth Available and Earth Fill Required may be separated into two uses:

• Suitable Material available for use as fill within the designed embankment slopes. • Surplus, unsuitable or swamp material is available for use as fill beyond the

designed embankment slopes, unless otherwise recommended by the geotechnical staff on the project. Typical uses indicated in the quantity sheets are optional Slope Flattening and Earth Berms.

The totals of suitable earth quantities resulting from the work of culverts, structures, etc. are transferred from their respective quantity sheets to the quantity grading sheets as materials available for fill when the quantities are significant. Rock material from rock surcharges, existing rock fills and rock stockpiles excavated under the item Earth Excavation, Grading that is to be used to construct rock embankments under the item Rock Embankment must have its location and quantity shown, and it must be indicated that the rock material is to be used for the item Rock Embankment. Material that is in the design to be incorporated inside the right-of-way must have its location and quantity shown on the quantity sheet. Material that is “optional” for use inside the right-of-way must have its location and quantity shown on the quantity sheet. The location, extent, and quantity of unsuitable material below subgrade, other than swamps, to be removed are to be documented. Where there is a shortage of material available for the fill required, the “Earth Borrow” item entry must be completed on the quantity sheet for each stage of the project (see Section B212).

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The total quantity of stripping available, for topsoil, for the project is transferred to the stripping breakdown in the bottom left hand corner of the quantity sheet. The top soil required and the stripping balance are calculated and recorded. The Earth Excavation, Grading column is totalled and the quantity is transferred to the Tender documentation. All other columns on the quantity sheets are totalled and the tender item box is crossed out as they are non-tender item quantities.

206-1.9.2 Non-Standard Special Provisions (NSSPs)

Write project and item specific requirements in a NSSP using the standard format described in this manual. Topics that require a NSSP are: • Changes to the earth layer compaction method. • Where alternative materials are required or allowed in embankment construction

(e.g. expanded polystyrene, wood chips, bark or granular blast furnace slag). • Areas where larger or interlocking materials, such as but not limited to boulders,

rock, etc., are not to be used in the embankment or fills (i.e. where there are future structures or other areas where these materials are not to be placed).

• Existing fills that are excavated and that contain shatter, rock fill, and previously blasted rock, should have the areas clearly defined in terms of location, depth, etc. in a the drawings or in a NSSP.

• The maximum limit of open excavation allowed adjacent to the travelled roadway, when the normal contract provisions will not suffice. Restrictions may be needed for stability of the existing roadway.

• Excavation and embankment fill restrictions. • Embankment construction requirements that influence the use of designated

disposal areas. • Disposal site requirements. • For each swamp, the total quantity of embedment, settlement and construction

loss for material below the waterline quantities is to be included in the special provisions or the contract drawings. Refer to Section B209 for additional information.

• When a particular type of material is to be used at a specific location, that material must be identified on the drawings or in a NSSP.

• Staged embankment construction requirements over compressible soil. • When a material is stockpiled for use on a future job the details are to be provided

including how hauling and placement is paid. • Restrictions on use of excavated swamp material. • Detour and staging requirements. • Environmental considerations.

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206-1.9.2.1 Operational Constraint for Mandatory Construction Sequence

The sequence of excavation and embankment construction must be such that disposal areas that are specified will be available when the associated material is excavated. A NSSP may be required to establish a mandatory construction sequence to ensure the specified disposal areas are available when the associated material is excavated.

206-1.9.3 Documentation Accuracy All quantities are rounded to whole numbers.

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