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What numbers do you see revealed in the patterns of dots below?

I am color blind, as is about 12 - 20 percent (depending on whose figures youwant to believe) of the white, male population and a tiny fraction of the

female population. ost of these circles are nothing but spots to me. !elow

are the correct answers to what a person with normal color vision would see -

and what I see (and mostpeoplewith "ed-#reen color blindness). $hen you

see what we can%t see, you may understand why it%s so tough to find the right

so& and why we li'e bright colors, which are often identifiable.

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Normal Color Vision Red-Green Color Blind

Left Right Left Right

Top 2 2 Top 2 *pots

Middle + Middle *pots

Bottom Bottom *pots *pots

Another interesting color blindness testis below

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What colorblindness is:

olor blindness (color vision deficiency) is a condition in which certain colors cannot be

distinguished, and is most commonly due to an inherited condition. "ed/#reen color blindness isby far the most common form, about , and causes problems in distinguishing reds and greens.

nother color deficiency !lue/ellow also e&ists, but is rare and there is no commonly available

testfor it. 3epending on 4ust which figures you believe, color blindness seems to occur in about - 12 of

males of 5uropean origin and about one-half of 1 of females. I did not find any figures forfre6uency in other races. 7otal color blindness (seeing in only shades of gray) is e&tremely rare.

7here is no treatment for color blindness, nor is it usually the cause of any significant disability.

8owever, it can be very frustrating for individuals affected by it. 7hose who are not color blindseem to have the misconception that color blindness means that a color blind person sees only in

blac' and white or shades of gray. $hile this sort of condition is possible, it is e&tremely rare.

!eing color blind does 'eep one from performing certain4obsand ma'es others difficult.

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Lifes minor fr!strations "and occasional dangers# for the color blind:

Weatherforecasts- especially the$eatherhannel - where certain colors 4ust can not be

distinguished on their weathermaps.lso, mapsin general because of the color coding on the

legends. Bi-color and tri-color L$%s(9ight 5mitting 3iodes): Is that glowing indicator light red, yellow,

or green;

Trafficlights, and worst of all, aution lights: olor blindpeoplealways 'now the position of the

colors on thetrafficlight - in most states, "ed on top, ellow in the center, #reen (or is that blue;)on the bottom. It isn%t good when we go to a city or state where they puttrafficlights hori they seem to thin' the colors are strange. I 4ust don%t 'now why= *ids and cra'ons:olor vision deficiencies bother affected children from the earliest years. t

school, coloring can become a difficulty when one has to ta'e the blue crayon -and not the pin'

one- to color the ocean.

Teststrips for hard&ater+ p,+ s&imming pools+ etc: color blind person is generally unableto :

o interpret some chemical reactions

o see that litmus paper turns red by acid

o identify a material by the color of its flame such as lead blue or potassium purpleo interpret the chemical testing 'its for swimming pool water,test strips for hard water,soil

or waterp8 tests - all of which rely on subtle color differences and a band of similar

colors to compare against. Cookingand foods:

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o $hencoo'ing,red deficient individuals cannot tell whether their piece of meat is raw or

well done. any can not tell the difference between green and ripe tomatoes or between

'etchup and chocolatesyrup.o *omefoodcan even loo' definitely disgusting to color deficient individuals. Aor

e&ample,peoplewith a green deficiency cannot possibly eat spinach which to them 4ust

loo' li'e cow pat. 7hey can however distinguish some citrus fruits. Branges seem to be

of a brighter yellow than that of lemons. .re 'o! &earing lipstick/any color blindpeoplecannot tell whether a woman is wearinglipstic' or not. ore difficult to handle for some is the inability to ma'e the difference between a

blue-eyed blonde and a green-eyed redhead.

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Clinical information abo!t color blindness:

ones (color sensitive receptors) containingsinglevisual pigments selective for red, green, and

blue light, are present in the normal human eye. 3isturbances of color vision will occur if the

amount of pigment per cone is reduced or if one or more of the three cone systems are absent.

lthough defective color vision may be ac6uired as a result of another eye disorder, the vast

ma4ority of color blind cases are hereditary - present at birth. 7he gene for this is carried in the Cchromosome. *ince males have an C- pairing and females have C-C, color blindness can occurmuch more easily in males and is typically passed to them by their mothers.

olor blindness is rooted in the chromosomal differences between males and females. Aemales

may be carriers of color blindness, but males are more commonly affected.

olor blindness is a malfunction of the retina, which converts light energyinto electircal energy

that is then transmitted to the brain. 7his conversion is accomplished by two types of

photoreceptor cells in the retina: rods and cones.

7he cones are responsible for encoding color. 5ach cone contains structures or visual pigments

sensitive to one of three wavelengths of light: red, green, and blue. @ormal persons are able tomatch all colors of the spectrum by mi&tures of only three fundamental color sensitivities. 8ence,

the huge variety of colors we perceive stems from the cone cells% response to different

compositions of wavelengths of light.

3efects in color vision occur when one of the three cone cell color coding structures fails to

function properly. Bne of the visual pigments may be present and functioning abnormally, or it

may be absent altogether.

Aor practical purposes, all color-deficient individuals have varieties of red or green deficiency.

!lue deficiencies are very rare. olor deficient patients are not completely red or green blind.

ompared to persons with normal color vision, they have some trouble differentiating between

certain colors, but the severity of the color deficiency is variable.

olor blindness is normally diagnosed through clinical testing. (*ee theIshihara color test- the

one most commontestused) lthough there is no treatment for color blindness, most color

deficient persons compensate well for their defect and may even discover instances in which they

can discern details and images that would escape normal-sighted persons. t one timethe D.*.rmy found that color blind persons can spot ?camouflage? colors where those with normal color

vision are fooled by it.

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,o& color blindness &orks:

7he human eye sees by light stimulating the retina (a neuro-membrane lining the inside bac' of

the eye). 7he retina is made up of what are called "ods and ones. 7he rods, located in the

peripheral retina, give us our night vision, but can not distinguish color. ones, located in the

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center of the retina (called the macula), are not much good at night but do let us perceive color

during daylight conditions.

anypeoplethin' anyone labeled as ?colorblind? only sees blac' and white - li'e watching a

blac' and white movieortelevision. 7his is a big misconception and not true. It is e&tremely rare

to be totally color blind. 7here are many different types and degrees of colorblindness, really they

are ?color deficiencies? since virtually no one is truly blind to all colors.

Eeoplewith normal cones and color vision are able to see all the different colors and subtlemi&tures of them by using cones sensitive to one of three wavelength of light - red, green, and

blue.

mild color deficiency is present when one or more of the three cones functions ?poorly?. more

severe color deficiency is present when one of the cones does not function at ?all? or is missing.

)rotanomal' (one out of 100 males):

Erotanomaly is referred to as ?red-wea'ness?, an apt description of this form of color deficiency.

ny redness seen in a color by a normal observer is seen more wea'ly by the protanomalous

viewer, both in terms of its ?coloring power? (saturation, or depth of color) and its brightness. "ed,orange, yellow, yellow-green, and green, appear somewhat shifted in hue (?hue? is 4ust another

word for ?color?) towards green, and all appear paler than they do to the normal observer. 7he

redness component that a normal observer sees in a violet or lavender color is so wea'ened for the

protanomalous observer that he may fail to detect it, and therefore sees only the blue component.

8ence, to him the color that normals call ?violet? may loo' only li'e another shade of blue.Dnder poor viewing conditions, such as when driving in da

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*ome of the information on this page was ta'en from:

n article by:Diana H. Heath, M.D., a member of the orton Elantmedicalstaff, speciali

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Color blindness

Definition

Color blindness is the word used to describe mild to severe difficulties with identifyingvarious colors and shades of colors. It is a misleading term because colorblind peopleare not blind. Rather, they tend to confuse some colors, and a rare few may not seecolors at all.

Description

Normal color vision requires the use of special cells, called cones, located in the retina

of the eye. There are three types of cones, termed red, blue, and green, which enablepeopleto see a large spectrum of colors. A defect or deficiency of any of the types ofcones will result in abnormal color vision.

The following are three basic types of color blindness

Red!green color blindness. Red!green color blindness is the mostcommon deficiency, affecting "# of Caucasian males and $.%# offemales. &eoplewith red!green color blindness can often distinguishred or green if they can visually compare the colors. 'or e(ample,they can pic) out red or green from a pac)age of colored pencils.*owever, if handed a red pencil, they cannot tell what color the pencilis.

+lue color blindness. +lue color blindness, which is rare, is an inabilityto distinguish both blue and yellow. +lue and yellow are seen as whiteor grey. Although as many females as males have this deficiency, itusually appears in peoplewho have physical disorders, such as liverdisease or diabetesmellitus. *owever, it is not uncommon for youngboys to have blue!green confusion that becomes less pronounced inadulthood.

Total color blindness. Total color blindness is called achromatopsia.This very rare hereditary disorder results in vision that is blac), white,and shades of gray. It affects one person in ,$$$ -!,$$$/ in the0nited 1tates, males and females equally. &eoplewith achromatopsiausually have poor visual acuity and e(treme sensitivity to light. Theirvision is significantly impaired and they protect their light2sensitive

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eyes by squinting in even ordinary light.

Causes & symptoms

The symptom of color blindness is the long2term inability to distinguish colors or noticesome colors entirely. 3ost cases of color blindness are inherited, affecting males almoste(clusively.

Color blindness can be acquired by the following

Chronic illness. Illnesses that can lead to color blindness are

Al4heimer5s disease, diabetes, glaucoma, leu)emia, liver diseases,chronic alcoholism, macular degeneration, multiple sclerosis,&ar)inson5s disease, sic)le cell anemia, and retinitis pigmentosa.

Trauma. Accidents or stro)esthat damage the eye can lead to colorblindness.

3edications. 1ome frequently used medications may cause colorblindness. 1ome antibiotics, barbiturates, anti2tubercular drugs, highblood pressure medications, and a number of medications used totreat nervous disorders and psychological problems may lead to colorblindness.

Industrial to(ins. 1trong chemicals can cause color vision loss. 1omeinclude carbon mono(ide, carbon disulfide, fertili4ers, styrene, andlead2based chemicals.

Aging. After age 6$, changes occur in people5s capacity to see colors.

Diagnosis

1ome of the tests available to detect color vision in the general public include

American 7ptical!*ardy, Rand, and Ritter -A7!*.R.R./

&seudoisochromatic test. This is the testused most often to detectcolor blindness. A person with full color vision loo)ing at a sampleplate from this testwould see a number, composed of blobs of onecolor, clearly located somewhere in the center of a circle of blobs ofanother color. A colorblind person is not able to distinguish thenumber.

Ishihara test. The Ishihara testis made up of eight testplates similar

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to the A7!*.R.R. pseudoisochromatic testplates. The person beingtested loo)s for numbers made up of various colored dots on eachtest plate.

Titmus II 8ision Tester Color &erception test. 9uring this test, a

person loo)s into a stereoscopic machine. The chin rests on a base,and the image comes on only when the forehead touches a pad onthe top of the unit. :ither a series of plates, or only one plate, can beused to testfor color vision. The one most often used in doctor5soffices is one that has si( samples on it. 1i( different designs ornumbers are on a blac) bac)ground, framed in a yellow border. ;hileTitmus II can testone eye at a time, its value is limited because it onlytests for red!green deficiencies and is not highly accurate.

Treatment

There is no treatment or cure for color blindness. 3ost color deficient personscompensate well for their defect and may even discover instances in which they candiscern details and images that would escape normal2sighted persons.

Prognosis

Color blindness that is hereditary is present in both eyes and remains constant throughtime. 1ome cases of acquired color vision loss are not severe and last for only a shorttime. 7ther cases tend to be progressive, becoming worse with time.

Prevention

*ereditary color blindness cannot be prevented. In the case of acquired color blindness,if the cause of the problem is removed, the condition may improve with time. If not,damage may become permanent.

Terms:Acuity

Acuity is the clarity or sharpness of vision.Cone cellsCone cells are special cells in the retina and are responsible for color vision and fine visualdiscrimination.RetinaThe retina is the innermost lining of the eye, containing light sensitive nerve tissue composed of rod andcone cells.Stereoscopic1tereoscopic refers to vision in which things have a three dimensional appearance.

Resources:BOOS

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95Alon4o, T..Newell, 'ran). phthalmology Prin"iples and Con"epts+oston, 3A 3osby, ==6.Rosenthal, 7deda, and Robert *. &hillips. Coping #ith Color$%lindness?arden City &ar), N@ Avery&ublishing ?roup, ==.OR!A"#$AT#O"S

AchromatopsiaNetwor).C!7 'rances 'utterman, &.7. +o( >B, +er)eley, CA =B$2$>B.http!!www.achromat.org!howtoDoin. html.American Academy of 7phthalmology. % 1hattuc) Avenue, +er)eley, CA =B$. -"B/ "B%2$%=.http!!www.geocities.com!*eartland!""!coloreye.htmland http!!www.4ipmall.com!mpm2art2colorbl.html.National 1ociety to &revent +lindness. %$$ :ast Remington Road, 1chaumburg, I< 6$. -$"/ "B2>$>$ or -"$$/ 2>$>$. http!!www.preventblindness.org.

The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medicaladvice for individualconditions or treatments. Tal) to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medicalregimento see if it is safe and effective for you.

Thishealthencyclopedia is made possible by the 9r. Eoseph '. 1mith Trust'und. 9r. 1mith was a

surgeon who resided in ;ausau from =$" to =%>. In addition to his surgical practice, 9r. 1mithpossessed a strong commitment to community service and medicaleducation.The agreement whichcreated the 9r. Eoseph '. 1mith 3edicallibrary was signed in Euly of =B".

Copyright ===2>$$. The Thomson Corporation. All rights reserved. 3y9isease9e(-T3/ is atrademar)of 3icromede(, Inc.

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