Designing the Zero Energy in HOUSING 111
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Transcript of Designing the Zero Energy in HOUSING 111
TOWARD ZERO ENERGY IN HOUSING
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING
IIT KHARAGPUR(WEST BENGAL)
PRESENTED BY- 11AR60R32 ( HEMANT CHANDRAVANSHI) MCP FIRST YEAR
What IS Zero-Energy?
Goal : House is designed to produce as much energy as it consumes on yearly basis.
The toward Zero Energy housing,(building) seminar aims to showcase the processes, design, and technological integrations which may lead to superior energy efficient building without compromising quality performance, health and comfort. Relevant new technological developments and products will also be examined and discussed.
The earth provides enough to satisfy everyone’s needs, but not for everyone’s greed.” Mahatma Gandhi
0BJECTIVE
To prove that a zero-energy, market-viable speculative house is possible. Co competitive(Affordable
Housing ) Beautiful Sustainable
energy independence is important.Because a healthy natural environment is important.
Fig2: Household Distribution of Energy Consumption (DOE 2008)
The Three dynamics pillars of achieving zero energy housing are as follows:- social acceptability:- designing for peopleenvironmental viability:-Resource efficientEconomic feasibility: use local and low maintained materials.
“The Earth belongs to everyone, not part of it to certain people but all of it to everyone, to be enjoyed and cared for.” Michael Foreham
Climate Change is for Real
.Our Planet
has got Fever: Earth’s
surface temperaturecontinuouslyincreasing
over past few decades
Source: http://renewableindia.com/
Energy utilized over the life cycle of building
For commercial buildingsFor residential buildings
Source: Fig2: Household Distribution of Energy Consumption (DOE 2008
5. Toward zero energy ( green building)
Green building brings together a vast array of
practices and techniques to reduce the impacts
of buildings on the environment
Indian private sector led by CII has already
achieved leadership in Green Buildings.
Already approximately 30 rated buildings existing
100 more buildings have registered for certification
7 of existing green buildings are Platinum rated
A strategy should be worked out to increase the
penetration of Green Buildings in India
Green Overhaul of Existing Buildings also to be
looked at
CII-GBC Building
Energy savings of 1,20,000 units per year 40 % less water consumptionContinuous CO2 monitoring 80 per cent recycled material used Discharges zero water 100% Day lighting15 % Power-Solar PV
Most of the energy used in buildings is due to the acclimatization systems (space heating, ventilation and air conditioning) followed by water heating and lighting.
Lowering overall consumption has a direct impact on environment such as increase in indoor air quality, decrease in natural resources use and improved comfort due to improved energy efficiency in buildings.
The pattern of different energy use of a building depends upon the building type and the climate zone where it is located.
This graphic represents the CO2 emission in tones of carbon equivalent per capita.
We should not compare just the emission. Each of us is emitting CO2. We should rather look, how efficient we use our environment depending on our life.
India is planning to invest over Rs 74,000 crore (Rs 740 billion) within the next five years to improve energy efficiency and cut carbon emissions from its power sector. Coal-based power generation plants account for around 60 per cent of India's total carbon emissions.
Source:http://www.business-standard.com/2009
Source: National building code of india,2005, part8 fig-2
DEFINATION OF VARIOUS TYPE OF ZERO BUILDING Net Zero site Energy: Net Zero Source Energy:
as much as renewable a source, when accounted as source.
Net Zero Energy Costs:
Net Zero Emissions: produce enough emissions free renewal energy to offset emission from all energy used in the building annually.
Zero Energy Homes have a number of advantages:• Improved comfort—an energy-efficient building envelope reduces temperature fluctuations.• Reliability—a ZEH can be designed to continue functioning even during blackouts.• Security—a home that produces energy protects its owner from fluctuations in energy prices.• Environmental sustainability—a ZEH saves energy and reduces pollution.
Zero Energy Homes optimize a variety of features:• Climate-specific design• Passive solar heating and cooling• Energy-efficient construction, appliances, and lighting• Solar thermal and solar electric systems.
Source: http://envfor.nic.in/divisions
used for generating and selling energy back to the distribution circuit
Highly Insulated, Tightly Sealed Envelope High Efficiency Mechanical System High-Efficiency Appliances Taking Advantage of Free Energy Solar Power – Heat and Electricity Use geo- thermal energy.
How to achieve Zero-Energy
Environmentally Conscious Investment decisions can allow the countryto leapfrog into an era of carbon efficient
advanced technologies
Beyond Zero-Energy Water efficiency Sustainable materials LEED-H Platinum Rating
Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design for Homes.
Levels (high to low) Platinum Gold Silver Certified
Energy Star Home Public Outreach and Education Market Viability
GREEN ROOF
Benefits of green roof.1.Reduce noise level .
(sound reflection by up to 3 dB and improve sound insulation by up to 8 dB)2. Thermal Insulation3. Heat Shield4.Use of Space
Public Benefits1.Natural Habitat for Animals and Plants. 2.Stormwater Retention (result less or smaller dimensioned sewerage systems can be installed)3. Urban Heat Island Effect4. Cities and Landscapes5. Reduction of Dust and Smog Levels
Source: © 2011, International Green Roof Association
THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Comfort Aesthetics Efficiency Sustainability Cost Context
Building Demolition & Construction Waste
Neighbors offered materials from existing house Cabinets, Flooring Fixtures Windows & Doors
Contractor salvaged all usable materials for reuse/recycling.
Very little waste sent to landfill. Framing lumber being ordered to minimize
waste. All waste is being tracked. Waste materials will be sorted and recycled to
greatest degree possible.
Envelope – Insulation
The cheapest energy to buy is the energy you don’t use.
Continuous Air-Barrier, sealed at all openings and edge
High-reflectivity roofing to reduce heat island
Windows/Doors U-factor = 0.32 (R3) Solar Heat Gain Coeff.
(SHGC) = 0.28
Envelope – Windows
Limit East and West facing Glass At least 50% more glass on North and South
than on East and West. Shade South-facing Windows and Doors
exclude heat in summer, admit it in winter
SOUTH
Passive Mechanical Systems – Nature’s Services
Natural ventilation during swing months Operable windows Cross-ventilation Timed or Humidistat
controlled fans in bathrooms. Awnings and trees reduce
cooling requirements in summer. South orientation allows for
some passive heating in winter.
Ground Character
Different ground materials reflect, store and absorb heat to different.
This type of paver should used
Wind catchers
Integration of vegetation in the building to minimize heat gain
Minimizing the surface area to volume ratio minimizes heat transfer
Various roof forms and their areas of exposure
Basic roof forms and their effect on ventilation
Roof Materials
Makes saving on cost of this slab compared to the traditional slab by about 23%.Reduces use of concrete and saves cement and steel by about 40%.
vegetation Pattern
Water Bodies
Active Mechanical Systems – Heating & Cooling
Geothermal – Ground Source Heat Pump Energy Recover Ventilator Sealed duct work, all INSIDE the Envelope. Mechanical Ventilation – “seal tight, ventilate
right” – 0.35 air changes per hour. House zoned to allow upstairs and basement to
be ‘shut down’ when not in use. Master bedroom is also a separate zone for day-night differential control.
APPLIANCES Energy Star Appliances
Refrigerator. Convection ovens. Induction cook top. Dishwasher. Clothes Washer (no dryer is energy
efficient. – consider clothesline instead).
Compact Fluorescent (CFL) and LED Lights, Energy Star Ceiling Fans. Gas fireplace w/ Electronic Ignition
ENERGY BALANCE
Zero was our goal, but don’t have to go that far to save money and the environment.
High efficiency envelope, HVAC and appliances cuts demand to manageable level.
Cut usage first before buying more PV panels.
Knowing when to stop – the better it is, the harder it is to improve.
WATER EFFICIENCY
No irrigation system required. Plants are drought tolerant.
Low-flow fixtures 1.75 gpm shower head 1.5 gpm lavatory
faucets 1.1 gallon per flush
toilets Clothes Washer –
Water Factor ≤ 5.5 Recirculation pump
– water recalculated to tank until desired temperature is reached.
Fixture-by-fixture gray water reuse –
Still considering rainwater harvesting
AQUS system from AquaPro Solutions
s s sMotion Sensor
Hot water heater
Motion Sensor Motion Sensor
warm water recirculates in cold water line
RECIRCULATION PUMP
sink
sink
tub
shower
FINISH MATERIALS – SUSTAINABILITY
LEED Recognizes following materials as ‘environmentally preferred’: FSC Certified (Forrest
Stewardship Council) Recycled (including
rubber) Reclaimed Local Rapidly Renewable
(bamboo, linoleum) Low VOC (Volatile
Organic Compounds). No urea-formaldehyde No exotic woods Durability – more
about how and where materials are installed than materials themselves.
Landscaping
Keeping rainwater on-site Nearly 100% Pervious
surfaces. Light colored surfaces to
reduce heat island effect Rainwater harvesting (still
being considered) Green Roof (planned as an
OPTION)
LANDSCAPING
Shading the House (but not the panels)
Saving potable water 100% Drought tolerant High-efficiency irrigation
system (we need NO irrigation system)
Native Species Only Protecting house
No materials that attract termites within 2 ft. of house.
Minimize site disturbance, add plantings to eliminate erosion.
COST ADVANTAGES OF GREEN BUILDING
Basically prepaying your energy bills for next 25 years. It’s (relatively) inflation-proof It’s deductible
Comfort Sustainable materials are healthier for you and
your family to live with. Tight, energy-efficient construction is more
comfortable to live in (when properly designed). Grants and Tax Rebates
Federal State Local
Cooperatives offer additional discounts.
Summary – the Fundamentals
Site selection Energy
efficiency Water efficiency Sustainable
materials Recycled Reclaimed Local Certified
Demolition and construction waste management.
CASE STUDY –1RETREAT , GURGAON(resources efficient Teri retreat or
environmental awareness and training)Site Plot Area =36 HectareBuilt up Area= 3000sq mtsParking = Adequate ParkingLandscaping =Entrance is flanked by local trees. The campus is Blooming with flowers all year round maximum number of native species planted.Accessibility = Front approaching road. situated in Teri’s gual Pahari campus, about 30 km south of Delhi.Topography =the building is standing on contoured site.Orientation = north facingSurrounding Buildings=vacant plots & only a few building.Fig no. Bird view of retreat,gurgaon
fig no. North face of Retreat::the entrance block
Plan: RETREAT, a residential training facility for executives, is designed to be self – sufficient , and independent of any extra power supply. It consists of two semicircular blocks arranged one behind the other. The south block comprises the conference centre with a lange hall, a dining room, a lounge, recreational facilities, and a library.Part of the building is sunken into the ground in order to take advantage of ground storage, which stabilizes internal temperature.DSIGN FEATURESOrientation, Insulation and design of buildingWall insulation with 40mm thick expanded polystyrene and roof insulation using vermiculate concrete (vermiculate,a porous material,is mixed with concrete to form a homogenous mix)topped with china mosaic for heat reflectionBuilding oriented to face south for winter gains;summer gains offset using deciduous tree and shading .South side partially sunk into ground to reduce heat gains and losses.East and west walls devoid of opening and are shaded.
Earth air tunnel for south block•Four tunnels of 70m length and 70cm diameter each laid at a depth of 4m below the ground to supply conditioned air to the rooms.•At a depth of 4m below ground, temperature remaining at 26 deg. Centigrade (in gorgon) through the year.•Four fans of 2hp each forcing the air in and solar chimneys forcing the air out of rooms.•Assisted cooling by air washer in dry summer and a 10 TR dehumidifier in monsoon.
south face of retreat showing solar water heater and solar chimney showing earth air tunnel layout
Ammonia absorption chillers for the north blockGas based system with minimal electrical requirement (maximum 9kw)Chlorofluorocarbon free refrigent (ammonia)Photovoltaic gasifier hybrid system50 kw gasifier and 10.7 kwp solar photovoltaic.Generates producer gas(containing methane),which runs a diesel generating set with 70% diesel replacement1unit of electricity produced needs 1kg of biomass and 90 ml of desil900 amp-hours batteries at 240v.36-kva bi-directional inverter.Load manager controls and manages loads.Solar hot water system24 solar water heating panels(inclined at 70 degrees) integrated with parapet walls.
LightingLighting load 9 kw(reduced from a minimum of 28kw in a conventional building).Ligiting provided by compact fluorescent lamp,high efficiency fluorescent tubes with electronic chokesLighting controls to reduce consumption(timer, key-tag system)Innovative daylight by means of skylights
Waste-water management system by root zone systemCleans waste water (5cu m/day)from toilets,kitchen etc.A bed of reed plants(phragmites)Treating the water ,the output used for irrigationPlants taking up nutrients from water and thriving on the same, in the process cleaning the water.Building management systemMonitors building parameters(temperature, humidity, consumption, etc)Monitors electricity generated from each sourceDecides on load-sharing and load shedding to optimize energy usageRecords at regular intervals.
Source:-http://www.teriin.org
T-ZED HOME BANGLORESite: Plot Aear = 5.5 Acres having 95 (75 apartment +15 independent villas)Super Built up =2155 to 3537 sq.ftParking =daylight basement Landscaping = plant are indigenous species Accessibility= Front approaching road connected to airport road . the building stand on flat landOrientation = east-west axisSurrounding building= many housing projects are in construction.
Plan: The total number of homes is based on the carrying capacity of the land: to ensure the autonomy in water the amount of water harvested from the annual rainfall is calculated and gives the feeding capacity of the land which is divided by the annual average consumption of a modern family, giving at last the maximum figures for settlement. The master plan consists in two parallel four-floor buildings containing a street for pedestrian and vehicles movements along it. The south-facing buildings are segmented into blocks in order to provide maximum natural light to the street and homes located in the second row of buildings. These cavities called “e-zone” are treated as garden for recreation.
Appartment view villa view
Salient feature of T zed homes‘ A self sufficient and secure water supply system is also provided, using the rainwater collected from the roofs, which is stored in shallow aquifers, through a system of drains, percolation pits, trenches and wells. Around 44 recharge wells are dug to help water percolation through the ground into the shallow zone. Four bore wells act as backup for water in extreme conditions of shortage of harvested water,Energy:Centralized district refrigeration system and air conditioning system using an ammonia-based chilling unit (non ozone depleting product) has been provided to the campus.Materials:BCIL has used filler slabs, incorporating fly ash blocks, to save the amount of steel and cement used. External walls are built using soil-stabilised blocks. Rubber wood, a non-forest timber, is used for door shutters and as flooring.
Source:- http://www.archidev.org/rubrique
Kitchen wastes They segregated into organic /inorganic wastes. Organic waste goes to the vermicomposting pits where they are converted into Vermicompost, a nutrient-rich natural fertilizer and soil conditioner to be used for the garden.Some achievementsT Zed is a campus that has no water supply connection from the outside.There is no sewerage connection for this campus. All wastewater is treated and reused for gardens in a way that such water eventually percolates into the open wells and so completes the loop of use and generation.The Capital savings of approx 20,000 tonnes of Carbon emissions.The Revenue savings of approx 1500 tonnes of Carbon emissions.Tzed consumes only 60 per cent of energy demand of a 100 houses anywhere else. Residents pay 30 % less on power and 20 % less on monthly maintenance.Every resident gains Rs. 12,000/- on an annual basis, thanks to carbon credit savings in T-Zed..
Points design Retreat Tzed inferanceDesign Efficient utilization of energy, sustainable use
of both natural resources and renenable energy technology
Energy efficency under clean development mechanism
Towards zero energy building
Description Built up 3000sq.m having tranning hostel ,conference, computer & library
5 Acres site Compariss of 95 homes(70 flats+15 villas),clube hous having canteen,gym,library
Appartment & Villas
Orientation East west Axis East west Axis East west AxisForm & Planning
South side patially sunk into ground Reduce building surface volume
Fanestration R.C.c chaaja’s and jali designed to cut off summer sun and let in winter sun.devoid east west window
Form provide maximum natural light to street & homes
Proper daylight & cross ventilation
Material Wall insulation with 400mm th expanded polystyrene,toped with china mosaic for heat reflection`
T zed used filler slab, latarite brick,and non forest timber used for door shutter and flooring.
Use filler slab,flyash with rat trap.non forest timber
Energy 24 water heater inclined @ 70 delivered 500 ⁰lit/4h
34 water heater for 95 homes delivered 600 lit/4h.
Providing solar water heaterSoalr water heaterPhotovoltaic panels
Panels generate 55 units of electricity/h & consumption is about 40 units.
T zed Generate only 60 % of energy demand of a 100 houses .
Providing solar panels
Battery bank Surplus energy generated is used to recharge the battery bank.
Small battery of 12v are Recharge for back up.
Provide small battery for reharge
Biomass Gasifier
50kl-watt Gasifier runs diesel generator .for back –up or in winter days.
2 Generator of 120kb. run by 90 %diesel+ 10% vegetable oil.
Generators provided
Bio gas plant Not having Kitchen waste biogas plant Kitchen based biogas plant
Automated system
Monitoring System (How much Power is consumed)
Mobile Home Automation. Mobile home automation
ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING
Fluorescent lamp are installed. Compact fluorescent lamps and Light Emitting Diodes.
AIR CONDITION SYSTEM
UNDERGROUND EARTH TUNNELS South block maintained 20 c to 30 c ⁰ ⁰ around the year.
Centralized Refrigeration system and air conditioning system using an ammonia-based chilling unit .
Cooling tower
A TYPICSL ZERO ENERGY HOME
India: Current Scenario…cont.
According to survey conducted by Global Market Institute-a Seattle-based group-
Indians are most concernedfor climate change
Indians are Responsible too
Recommendations/conclusion There is a need of policies that encourage for more energy
efficient buildings, policies regarding energy pricing and taxation, awareness, education, technology access and building safety norms.
Regularities must provide a necessary framework for energy efficient buildings under different conditions and different climate zones. Such regularities should cover the energy use over the entire life span of buildings.
Government financing and incentives for the construction of more energy efficient and environment friendly buildings should be given.
Building codes, guidelines and equipment standards should be developed in consultation with industry to minimize adverse impacts on environment.
ELIMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL zero ENERGY Program
ITC Green Building, Gurgaon
CII Godgej Green Building, Hyderabad
Climate Change: Impacts on India
Indian 7500-km long densely populated and low-lying
coastline would be worst hit due to rise in sea level.
20% of coastal population may need to migrate.
25% of country’s population would be exposed to
increased cyclone.
70% plants may not be able to adapt to new conditions
More than 20,000 villages may be deserted.
Adverse impact on agricultural yield.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES MISSIONDevelop technologies, tools, and standards for making residential and commercial buildings and appliances more energy-efficient, productive, and affordable.
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