Designing new energy systems: beyond decision and optimization, design theory...

1

Designing new energy systems:

beyond decision and optimization,

design theory and methods to manage R&D and innovation

5th European Energy Forum

session 2: RDI choices and

consequences on the organization

Pascal LE M ASSON Prof. MINES ParisTech, Chair of Design Theory and Methods for Innovation

Head of the Center of Management Science – i3 UMR CNRS 9217

MINES ParisTech – PSL Research University

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

2

The chair of Design Theory and

Methods for Innovation

International networks: design theory SIG network,

Euram innovation SIG, Chalmers, Imperial college,

HEC Montreal, MIT, Harvard, Stanford,…

3

The Design theory community

• A growing community : 90-100 participants each year; more than 300 people

connected to the SIG; more than 35 institutions represented…

• Under the auspices of the Design Society

• Support an strong renewal of research on Design Theory and Methods for

Innovation:

8th International Workshop on

DESIGN THEORY Special Interest Group

of the Design Society

26th – 27th January 2015

MINES ParisTech

Organized by the Chair of Design Theory and Methods for Innovation ı CGS – MINES ParisTech

Contact: [email protected] - [email protected]

CarnegieMellonUniversityCEAColumbiaTeachersCollegeCopenhagenBusinessSchoolCergyUniversitéDeltUniversityofTechnologyIKBMINRAISCParisSchoolofManagementKrasnowLaboratoryforAppliedOntology,ISTC-CNRLinköpingUniversityMassachuse sIns tuteofTechnologyMetasonicMINESParisTechPolitecnicodiBariPolitecnicodiMlinaloPolytechniqueSKEMASolvayStanfordUniversityTechnionTelAvivUniversityTélécomParisTechTheOpenUniversityTokyoUniversityUniversidadedeLisboaUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunyaUniversitéDauphineUniversitédeGrenobleUniversitédeMontréalUniversitéParisSaclayUniversityofBristolUniversityofCambridgeUniversityofHuddersfieldUniversityofMichigan


DESIGN THEORYSpecial Interest Group


1st-2nd February 2016

MINES ParisTech

Organized by the Chair of Design Theory and Methods for Innovation ı CGS – I3 – MINES ParisTech


AachenUniversityAirbusWSPSverigeABCarnegieMellonUniversityCERNChalmers UniversityCIMENanotechClemsonUniversityCNRSColliersInternationalCRIParisEcoleCentraleESCRennesSchool ofBusinessGeorgeWashingtonUniversityGRePSIKBMINRAINRIAIsrael InstituteofTechnologyLGI– CentraleSupélecLundUniversityMINESParisTechOpenUniversityOrionConsultingPolitecnico diBariRoyalMilitary College ofCanadaSNCFSNECMASTMicroelectronicsStanfordUniversityTechnionTechnische Universität IlmenauTelecomParisTechUniversity ofSussexUNCCharlotteUniversitédeMontréalUniversitéParis-DauphineUniversitéParis-Sud11University ofHuddersfieldUniversity ofLeicesterUniversity ofTelAvivUniversity ofVeniceWarrenCentreforEngineeringInnovation

4

A transdisciplinary research program


DESIGN THEORY Special Interest Group


26th – 27th January 2015

MINES ParisTech

Organized by the Chair of Design Theory and Methods for Innovation ı CGS – MINES ParisTech


CarnegieMellonUniversityCEAColumbiaTeachersCollege

CopenhagenBusinessSchoolCergyUniversitéDeltUniversityofTechnologyIKBMINRAISCParisSchoolofManagementKrasnowLaboratoryforAppliedOntology,ISTC-CNRLinköpingUniversityMassachuse sIns tuteofTechnologyMetasonicMINESParisTechPolitecnicodiBariPolitecnicodiMlinaloPolytechniqueSKEMASolvayStanfordUniversityTechnionTelAvivUniversityTélécomParisTechTheOpenUniversityTokyoUniversityUniversidadedeLisboaUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya

UniversitéDauphineUniversitédeGrenobleUniversitédeMontréalUniversitéParisSaclayUniversityofBristolUniversityofCambridgeUniversityofHuddersfieldUniversityofMichigan

Leading to mulitple awards… Voir : http://cgs-mines-paristech.fr/category/actualites/prix/

5

ICED’15 Reviewers’ favourite paper pour Brun et al. 2015 (non verbal et générativité)

A. Hatchuel Fellow de la Design Society

E. Berthet, nominée prix ANDESE

Brun et al. Prix du SIG innovation EURAM

Levillain et al. Prix du SIG Business ethics EURAM

Levillain et al. parmi les meilleurs papiers de la conf stratetic management society

E. Berthet médaille vermeil de l’Académie d’Agriculture

Master MTI, 1er des master en mgtde l’innovation (SMBG)

Dubois et al. AIMS best paper

Dubois et al. IPDM Hustad best paper

Prix de thèse de l’Association Internationale de Management Stratégique 2013

6Le Masson 2016

Sources

• Research program on design regimes (French National Research Agency – ANR)

• Papers:

– Agogué, M., Le Masson, P., et Robinson, D. K. R. (2012). “Orphan Innovation, or

when path-creation goes stale: missing entrepreneurs or missing innovation?”

Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 24, (6), pp. 603-616.

– Le Masson, P., Weil, B., Hatchuel, A., et Cogez, P. (2012). “Why aren’t they locked in

waiting games? Unlocking rules and the ecology of concepts in the semiconductor

industry. .” Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 24, (6), pp. 617-630.

– Robinson, D. K. R., Le Masson, P., et Weil, B. (2012). “Waiting Games: innovation

impasses in situations of high uncertainty.” Technology Analysis & Strategic

Management, 24, (6), pp. 543-548.

– Agogué, M., Yström, A., et Le Masson, P. (2013). “Rethinking the Role of

Intermediaries as an architect o f collective exploration and creation fo knowledge in

open innovation.” International Journal of Innovation Management, 17, (2), pp. 24.

– Hooge, S., Kokshagina, O., Le Masson, P., Levillain, K., Weil, B., Fabreguette, V.,

and Popiolek, N. (2014). “Designing generic technologies in Energy Research:

learning from CEA technologies for double unknown management.” European

Academy of Management, Valencia, Spain.

7Le Masson 2016



design theory and methods to manage R&D

and innovation

1. Characterizing the transition challenge: shaping the

unknown

2. A paradigm shift in collective action: from decision-

making to innovative design

3. Consequences: new firms and ecosystems

organizations – cooperative architectures

4. Conclusion: public policies in transition – from

« incentives » policy to « capacity » policy

8Le Masson 2016

Contemporary innovation: from planning and

optimizing to… shaping the unknown

• Stabilized valued, continuousimprovement of performance

• Stabilizedcompetences –technical schools, R-labs,…

• Industrial « filières »

• Value-chain(intégrator, OEM, 1st tiers suppliers, 2nd tiers…)

Aéronautic

Automotive AgronomicNuclear

Household applicances Railways

Electronic

9Le Masson 2016

Contemporary innovation: from planning and

optimizing to… shaping the unknown

• Changing the identityof objects

• Renewing design rules and competences

• New collaborations: alliances, platforms, communities, open innovation, networks…

Vélib’

The house as a power stations

Intel

Architecture Lab

(Gawer et al)

ITRS (International

Technology Roadmap

for Semiconductor ind.)

Lab-on-a-chip

Negawatt & process

Cloud computing, internet of things…

Microfactories Big data

Additive fab

Twizy

Apple Apps,

Android

developers

Local motors, additive fab

Digitalization

10Le Masson 2016

Functional expansion

– a strong phenomena

Iron

Toothbrush

Vacuum cleaner

Bicycle

Freezer

Mobile phone

Refrigerator

GPS nav

El Qaoumi 2016

11Le Masson 2016

Critical issues for expansion

• Fragile giants…

• (Innovation) bubbles – hype

and disappointment

• Limited success of

incubators and start-ups

• Unsuccessful, costly

innovations

• Orphan innovations (Agogué

2012)

• Forever technologies of the

future

12Le Masson 2016

Regime transition? Not only one trajectory…

Regime level: rules,

system, actors

Niche level (entrepren

eurs)

Landscape level

(society)

Generative, interactive model of transition

• Unlocking rules• Collaborating entrepreneurs (college of the unknown)• Ecology of concepts of socio-technical systems

Orphan innovation, “locked” industries

• Locking rules • Competing entrepreneurs • Limited survival – no growth

Evolutionary, substitutive model of transition

• Locking rules • Competing entrepreneurs & incumbents • A weakened system is replaced by a new one

Neither market, nor planning warranty one trajectory…

How can we manage transition? Collectively?

Autonomy of elderly

people,

2-wheeler safety,…

Mobility devices,

semiconductor

tech,…

13Le Masson 2016




and innovation


unknown

2. A paradigm shift in collective action: from

decision-making to innovative design





14Le Masson 2016

Cognitive obstacles to collective

expansion

• Is it efficient?

A « productivity gap » phenomenon in brainstorming !

Individual and collective cognitive causes

How to make a square by moving

ONE match?

Cognitive fixation on « square » : Square = geometrical shapeSquare = mathematical operation (2x2)

• Open innovation, co-design, design thinking, brainstorming, fablab…

15Le Masson 2016

A paradigm shift in collective action:

from decision making to design

Suppose that a set

of “ideas” is givenIs there a bias? How

to measure it?

If there is a bias, what

are the causes??

In the 50s : optimization capacity? decision theory.

Today : expansion capacity? design theory

How can one

overcome the bias?

Frequency

Ideas

16Le Masson 2016

« Models of thought » : new design

theories for expansive reasoning

Hatchuel, Le Masson, Reich and

Weil 2011 ICED (reviewers favorite)

17Le Masson 2016

Espace KEspace C

Calibration (thinkable imaginaries)

Restrictive

reasoning

Expansive

reasoning

One example – individual fixation (Agogué

Cassotti et al 2013)

You are a designer – propose as many creative solutions as possible on the following design issues:

Make that an hen’s egg launched from 10m height doesn’t break

REFERENTIAL

18Le Masson 2016

One experiment: the egg’s task

1- There is a bias

2- The bias is

related to

restrictive

reasoning

19Le Masson 2016

The impact of example on

individual creativity

20Le Masson 2016

One example: identify fixations in

biomass enery with C-K theory

Calibration

(thinkable imaginary)

Restrictive reasoning (optimization)

Expansive reasoning

Agogué et al.

2012)

A better valorization of biomass energy

Neither a market

issue, nor a

planning issue..

But cognitive

issue!

Organize to

expand

collectively?

21Le Masson 2016




and innovation


unknown







22Le Masson 2016

From R&D to RID

• New methods,

• New organizations

• New strategies

Thales Innovation hub

I

RD

Renault Innovative Design Lab

23Le Masson 2016

Research

(R)

Innovative design

(I)

Rule based design

(D)

Mission Scientific autonomous

question

Innovation field Customer

specifications

Goals Validated knowledge Design strategies

(plateforms, lineages…)

Project fulfillment

Ressources Laboratories,

competence teams,

universities, literature…

Coordinated

exploration groups and

value management

Project team, tasks

Horizon Depends on the

investigation techniques

Contingent & strategic

(strategic milestones)

Project deadline,

standardized

milestones

Economic

value

Value of the initial

question

Risk and optional

strategies + knowledge

reuse

Project value

From R&D to RID

24Le Masson 2016

Innovative design methods and

processes

• Evaluation criteria

• Tuning breakthrough

• Creative leadership

• Collaborative innovative design

25Le Masson 2016

From R&D to RID

• New methods,

• New organizations

• New strategies

Thales Innovation hub

I

RD

Renault Innovative Design Lab

But the firm

alone can not

overcome all

innovative

design issues

new

ecosystems?

26Le Masson 2016

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009

Brevets « chanvre & construction »

FR Patents on Hemp and construction

The firm alone can not overcome all

innovative design issues new ecosystems?

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Obs

2004Calc

2005 2006

Road victims

2RM

Véhicules Légers

Without cooperative architectures:

orphan innovation

Without: only

one path

explored

Hemp for

middle age

houses

restorationAgogué et al.

2012)

Calibration (thinkable imaginary)

Restrictive reasoning

Expansive reasoning

Autonomy of

elderly people

Patents on hemp & construction

27Le Masson 2016

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009

Brevets « chanvre & construction »

FR Patents on Hemp and construction

Cooperative architectures

for innovative design

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Obs

2004Calc

2005 2006

Road victims

2RM

Véhicules Légers

Without cooperative architectures:

orphan innovation

With cooperative architecture:

expansion & growth

Without: only

one path

explored

With cooperative

archi: creation of

multiple paths

Hemp for

middle age

houses

restoration

Hemp beton, hemp for roofs, for

walls, hemp coating, multi-

functions (weight, isolation,

hygro-inertia,…); with new

processes ; for bricks,…Agogué et al.

2012)

Calibration (thinkable imaginary)

Restrictive reasoning

Expansive reasoning

Autonomy of

elderly people

Patents on hemp & construction

28Le Masson 2016

Cooperative architecture

to address Moore’s law: ITRS

• Involve the whole industry every 4 months

• Free map of all the « unknown », needed technologies: open agenda of innovations!

• « We are not picking winners or losers » - NOT planning a single path NOT

decision, but cooperation for expansion

193nm

193nm immersion with water

193nm immersion water193nm immersion other fluidsEUV

EUV193nm, other fluids, other lensesImprint, ML2

32

EUVinnov 193nm immersionImprint, ML2

22

Innovative technology,

innov EUV, imprint, ML216

65

45

ITRS, International

Technology

Roadmap for

Semiconductors

Example photolithography

cooperative, expansive reasoning

29Le Masson 2016

• Larger set of concepts, increase defixation

• Improved methods at the archi level

• Improve innovative design capacities inside companies

• Limit false expectations

• Better risk management at the ecosystem level

• Open to new partners

The logic of cooperative

architecture for innovative design

Variety of forms: « pôles », NGOs, professional associations,

(some) research labs, schools, universities,…

Cooperation of

innovative

designers

(firms, labs,

users,…) to

expand

« common

unknown »

30Le Masson 2016




and innovation


unknown





4. Conclusion: public policies for system design–

from « incentives » policy to « capacity » policy

31Le Masson 2016

Public policies for system design– from


• Issue: collective venture into the unknown

• Optimization & planning: fixation, low hanging

fruits, no knowledge regeneration, orphan

innovation

• Incentives ? risks: reinforce fixation,

speculative bubbles

• Capacity building policy ? education,

« innovation quality » reports, design referential

at ecosystem level

32Le Masson 2016



design theory and methods to manage R&D and innovation

5th European Energy Forum

session 2: RDI choices and

consequences on the organization

Pascal LE M ASSON Prof. MINES ParisTech, Chair of Design Theory and Methods for Innovation

Head of the Center of Management Science – i3 UMR CNRS 9217

MINES ParisTech – PSL Research University

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

33Le Masson 2016

34Le Masson 2016

Optimization…

and its risks

Innovative

design

Incentives

policy?

Capacity

policy?

Reasoning Decision-

optimization

fixation

Expansion Fixation ++ Education

Organization R&D no

regeneration

RID Only delay

collapse?

« Innovation

quality » norms

Governance Asset mgt « low

hanging fruits »

Growth Perverse

incentives

Innovation report

Ecosystem Value chain

orphan innov, self-

destruction

Cooperative

architecture

Speculative

bubbles

Design

referentials

Characterizing the capacities

needed for transition

What kind of public

policy for innovative

design?

35Le Masson 2016

Risks of an « incentive » public policy

Optimization…

and its risks

Innovative

design

Incentives

policy?

Capacity

policy?

Reasoning Decision-

optimization

fixation


Organization R&D no

regeneration

RID Only delay

collapse?

« Innovation

quality » norms


hanging fruits »

Growth Perverse

incentives

Innovation report


orphan innov, self-

destruction

Cooperative

architecture

Speculative

bubbles

Design

referentials

« Incentive » public policy: support to entrepreneurs, to research,…

Not adapted to innovative design and transition

And even risky

36Le Masson 2016

L’enjeu de politiques

« capacitaires »

• jkk Optimization…

and its risks

Innovative

design

Incentives

policy?

Capacity

policy?

Reasoning Decision-

optimization

fixation


Organization R&D no

regeneration

RID Only delay

collapse?

« Innovation

quality » norms


hanging fruits »

Growth Perverse

incentives

Innovation report


orphan innov, self-

destruction

Cooperative

architecture

Speculative

bubbles

Design

referentials

52

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Cumul Fer à repasser Cumul Aspirateur Cumul Congélateur Cumul Réfrigérateur

Cumul Brosse à dents Cumul Bicycle Cumul téléphone mobile Cumul GPS

Problématisation Méthodologie Résultats

R2: La transformation des biens de consommation est permanente

Limites & perspectives

Designing new energy systems: beyond decision and optimization, design theory...

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Transcript of Designing new energy systems: beyond decision and optimization, design theory...