Designing for the Senses: Principles for a Biophilic Adult Daycare

Center for Enhanced Wellbeing

Eugenia Victoria Ellis, PhD, AIA Drexel University Donald L. McEachron, PhD, Drexel University David A. Kratzer, AIA, Philadelphia University

Robert Fryer, Philadelphia University

Continuing Education CreditsArchitects - 22 Credit Hours available• Have your conference badge scanned by the room monitor at the start of each session you attend. • Complete the AIA verification form (be sure to check off the sessions you attend) and retain it for your

records. • CE credits will be uploaded to the AIA transcript system within 4-6 weeks of the close of the conference

and you will receive a certificate of completion via email.

Interior Designers - 22 Credit Hours available• Have your IDCEC verification form STAMPED by the room monitor at the start of each session you

attend.• This is the ONLY proof of attendance that will be accepted. • You will self-submit your credits to the IDCEC system at the conclusion of the conference. • If you have questions about reporting your credits, contact the interior design association that is

responsible for monitoring mandatory continuing education to fulfill membership requirements.

EDAC - 10 Credit Hours available• EDAC Approved Sessions: T01, D01, D02, D03, E01, E03, E09, E10, E12, E13, E15, E16, E18, E21,

E22, E23, E24, E25, E27, E30, E34, E35, E36, E38, E39, E40, E41, E42, E43, E44, E47, E49• Complete the EDAC verification form and retain it for your records• You will self-submit your CE credits to Castle Worldwide at the time of your EDAC renewal. Renewal

notices with login instructions will be sent from Castle Worldwide six months and three months prior to the candidate’s renewal date.

• The verification form is your proof of attendance in case of an audit.

EFA Mobile App and Session Evaluations

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Biophilia Hypothesis

• Contact with nature enhances healing and recovery • Open space proximity reduces health and social problems • Natural lighting and ventilation improve performance • Contact with nature improves cognitive functioning • Contact with natural features promotes healthy children • Human brain responds to natural patterns and cues

Biophilia and Wellbeing

Stress Reduction Restorative Environments

Information–Processing Effectiveness

Biophilia and Photobiology special considerations/project types/populations

• Office workers • Factory workers – shift workers • Medical professionals - shift workers • Special populations such as the elderly/children • Educational Facilities

Photobiological Effects of Light

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Skin Penetration by Light

from Joan E. Roberts, “Therapeutic Effects of Light in Humans”

PinealSCN

Pituitary

PinealSCN

Pituitary295-400 nM

> 400 nM

<295 nM

295-400 nM

> 400 nMRETINA

LENSCORNEA

<295 nM

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

visualcortex

UV-A / UV-B

Visible light

UV-C

from Joan E. Roberts, “Therapeutic Effects of Light in Humans” presentation to Light Congress, 2008

Visual and Non-visual Effects of Light on the Body

Anatomy of the Eye

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Visual and non-Visual Information Processing

Photonic Energy Processing and Distribution in the Body

from George C. Brainard, presentation to the American Society for Photobiology, 2009

Although most of the light energy received by the retina is relayed to the visual cortex for vision, an alternative pathway from the retina relays a small part to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the center of the brain affecting a cascade of hormonal responses

Natural Daylighting and Wellbeing

from George C. Brainard,presentation to the American Society for

Photobiology, 2009

Natural Daylighting and Wellbeing Lighting Technology

from George C. Brainard, presentation to the American Society for Photobiology, 2009

Gradual onset/offset daylight-mimicking 24-hr lighting system

The Aging Eye

from Turner, P.L. and Mainster, M.A. (2008) Circadian photoreception: Ageing and the eye’s important role in systemic health. British Journal of Ophthalmology 92(11): 1441

Eye with cataract –Cannot be corrected with accommodating lens

Eye with normal lens

Age-related Changes to the Eye • Increased sensitivity to glare• Longer time to adapt to changes in brightness• Loss of contrast sensitivity• Distortion of colors due to lens yellowing

filters out desirable circadian short blue violet visible light

• Loss of accommodation*

* Corrective lenses can improve – all others require design of the interior environment to provide quality lighting conditions

Changes in Vision: Altered States of Perception and Glare

disability and backlight glare in design

disability glare

depth perception backlight glare

Issues for Aging Population

• Aging population shows loss of power in SCN

• Aging population suffers from loss in retinal light sensitivity and increased flare

• Conditions lead to loss in rhythm coherence

• Loss of rhythm coherence generates and/or exacerbates physiological and cognitive deficits

Evolutionary Perspective

savanna landscape

Chronodisruption!

• Humans are the result of biological evolution

• Biological evolution generates legacy or history effects

• Humans primarily adapted to a pre-existing environment and lifestyle

• Conclusion – humans may not be fully adapted to current environment

The Many Frequencies of Biological Rhythms

Milliseconds - Neuron Activity

Seconds - Heart Beat

20 minutes - Glycolytic Cycles

Hourly – Hormone Secretion

90-120 Minutes - REM/NREM

24 hours - Sleep/Wake Cycles (and everything else!)

4-5 Days - Estrous in Rats/Mice/Hamsters

28 Days - Human Menstrual Cycle

Yearly - Human Suicides/Births

10-11 Years - Lynx/Hare Population Cycles

Examples of Biological Rhythms

Daily Rhythms Play a Central Organizing Role

Circadian Rhythms Matter!

Conroy et al. Journal of Circadian Rhythms 2005 3:3 doi:10.1186/1740-3391-3-3 From: http://www.jcircadianrhythms.com/content/3/1/3

A Hierarchy of Clocks

A Hierarchy of Clocks

Chronodisruption – ‘Jet Lag’ • Business travelers surveyed by Rogers and Reilly (2002)

– 74% report from form of ‘jet lag’ – 50% of those report fatigue/tiredness – 28% indicate sleeping issues – 5% report difficult concentrating – 5% report eating problems

• Reports that psychiatric disorders exacerbated by time zone

travel

• Altered menstrual cycles Iglesias, et al. (1980) reported that 48% of stewardesses report some form of menstrual cycle change or disruption with repeated time zone travel

Chronodisruption – Shift Work • Two Levels of Effects

– Physiological – Behavioral

• Physiological

– Abnormal/disrupted sleep – Reproductive issues – Gastrointestinal issues – Metabolic abnormalities – Increased cardiovascular risks – Increased risk for certain cancers – breast, prostate, skin

• Behavioral

– Decreased performance/productivity – Depressed mood – Increased neuropsychological issues – Increased suicide risk

Circadian entrainment of rotating-shift nurses Circadian entrainment of day-shift nurses

Evidence from Nursing Profession

from Mariana G. Figueiro, PhD , Associate Professor, Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, July 2010

Growing Consensus that

Chronodisruption is harmful

from Satchidananda Panda, Circadian Physiology of Metabolism

• Circadian Rhythms are Generated by an Internal Clock/Oscillator

• Frequency Not Quite 1 Cycle/24 Hours

• Must Be Adjusted to Synchronize with Environment = Entrainment

• Properly Applied, a Light/Dark Cycle is a Powerful Entrainment Signal

• Light Pulses can Phase Shift Circadian Rhythms

• Light Intensity can Change Clock Speed

• Daylength (Photoperiod) Can Alter Physiology and Behavior

• Light Can Directly Stimulate and Enhance Alertness

Light & Dark Have Many Effects

Model

Evening Chronotype/Shift Worker/Jet Traveler

Sleep Duration/Quality*

MealTiming

Timing of Light

Exposure

CircadianDisruption/

Misalignment

Cardiometabolic& Other

DiseasesM

Modified from

Circadi

Misalignm

* Own direct effects

IntensitiesNatural – 10-4 lux at night/30,000-132,000 lux at mid day (http/::stjarnhimlen.se:comp:radfaq.html – 10): 6-9 orders of magnitudeArtificial – Varies but 10/15 lux at night/1000 lux for short periods would not be unusual: 2-3 orders of magnitude

PatternNatural – Gradual onset and offset Artificial - Highly varied/variable

TimingNatural – Gradual changes over seasonsArtificial – Abrupt and often unpredictable changes unrelated to environmental conditions

Wavelengths (as already discussed)

A Temporal Storm: Artificial vs. Natural Lighting

From: Chapter 6 – The Circle Game: Mathematics, Models and Rhythms by Dr. Bahrad Sokhansanj in McEachron, D.L. (2012). Chronobioengineering, Volume 1. Morgan and Claypool, Publishers

Not Just Daily – Seasonal as Well

Program: Daily Occupancy vs Circadian Rhythm

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Clock time (24 hr)

Daily Occupancy

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Occupancy (%) vs Melatonin

Arrival Departure

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Occupancy (%) vs Cortisol

Arrival Departure

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Occupancy (%) vs Core Body Temperature

Sources: Hofstra & de Weerd, 2008; Fryer 2017

Arrival Departure

Program: Annual Occupancy Challenges

Seasonal time frames that

require careful consideration

Challenges of the Urban Environment

Sources: BAU 2015; Fryer 2015; https://heatisland.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/front_slideshow/heatisland-main_0.jpg

• Limited access to natural environments in cities (daylight, ventilation and vegetation)

• Urban density limits ability to incorporate outdoor spaces into design

• Urban geography limits access to natural daylight (canyons, overshadowing) and orientation

• Urban heat island effect increases air temperatures beyond desirable levels

tan = H/X X=H/tan

Street

H

X

Winter Sun

Shadow

Biophilic Design

Patterns

Red box = patterns relevant to an Adult Day Care

Pattern: Visual Connection to Nature and Non-visual Connection

Pattern: Visual Connection to Nature and Non-visual Connection

Source: Terrapin Bright Green, 2014

Pattern: Presence of Water and Dynamic / Diffuse Lighting and Biomorphic Forms

Pattern: Presence of Water and Dynamic / Diffuse Lighting and Biomorphic Forms

Source: Terrapin Bright Green, 2014

Pattern: Connection with Natural Systems

Pattern: Connection with Natural Systems

Source: Terrapin Bright Green, 2014

Pattern: Material Connection with Nature

Pattern: Material Connection with Nature

Source: DiBartolo, 2016 S DiB l 2016

Pattern: Prospect and Refuge

Pattern: Prospect and Refuge

Source: Terrapin Bright Green, 2014

Holistic Process: Inclusive of stakeholders

Charrettes

Example Guiding Principles (from senior center charrette pictured)

- Health & Well being: Create a nurturing and

healthy environment by providing access to natural elements

- Community: Enhance community connections by providing spaces the create opportunities for social interaction

- Equity: Encourage equity by creating spaces that are accessible and can be experienced by everyone

- Safety & Privacy: Provide a sense of safety and privacy through the application of nature

Holistic Process: Cross Scalar

Sources: Bhatt 2015, DiBartolo 2016, Basunbul 2016, Bandakothur 2015

SITE SCALE

SITE/BUILDING SCALE

BUILDING/INTERIOR SCALE

Adult Day Care Clients Especially Sensitive to

• Lighting – – Natural & Artificial Circadian Rhythms – Tasks

• Vegetation – Lack of Biodiversity & Abundance • Space & Scale – Prospect & Refuge • Privacy & Security - Dichotomy • Ventilation & Air Quality • Views & Orientation • Physical Activity & Cognitive Exercise

The Biowall

Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square PA

The Air Filtration Biowall

The Active Modular Phytoremediation System (AMPS), Center for Architecture Science and Ecology (CASE), is designed to clean the building’s air from within. Jason Vollen, an architect and former associate director of CASE, was the principal investigator on the development of AMPS with Matt Gindlesparger, PhilaU

The Air Filtration Biowall

Tulip Adult Day Care Centers

• 125 Client Single Level Facility – 75 present at one time • Industrial Manufacturing Building • Large Open Spaces With Little Relation to Exterior

Biophilic Design at Tulip Adult Day Care

Tulip Adult Day Care Center Program

The Biophilic Space

View to outdoors/nature Prospect

Public Refuge

Private

Private

View to other interior spaces

p

Biowall

Sensory Node Modular System

Circadian Lighting Ceiling Spatial Perf Closure Material Privacy Screening Vertical or Horizontal Tray Biowall With Options: Interactive Monitors Working Desks Seating Exercising Equipment Water & Equipment

Thank you!

Questions?